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Process Management in OS

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17 views

Process Management in OS

Uploaded by

awaisbaryal25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course Title: Operating System

Topic: Process Management


Instructure: Umar Aslam

What is a Process?
Process is the execution of a program that performs the actions specified in
that program. It can be defined as an execution unit where a program runs.
The OS helps you to create, schedule, and terminates the processes which
is used by CPU. A process created by the main process is called a child
process.

Process operations can be easily controlled with the help of PCB (Process
Control Block). You can consider it as the brain of the process, which
contains all the crucial information related to processing like process id,
priority, state, CPU registers, etc.

What is Process Management?


Process management involves various tasks like creation, scheduling,
termination of processes, and a dead lock. Process is a program that is under
execution, which is an important part of modern-day operating systems. The
OS must allocate resources that enable processes to share and exchange
information. It also protects the resources of each process from other
methods and allows synchronization among processes.
It is the job of OS to manage all the running processes of the system. It
handles operations by performing tasks like process scheduling and such as
resource allocation.

Process Architecture

Process architecture Image

Here, is an Architecture diagram of the Process

 Stack: The Stack stores temporary data like function parameters, returns
addresses, and local variables.
 Heap: Allocates memory, which may be processed during its run time.
 Data: It contains the variable.
 Text: Text Section includes the current activity, which is represented by
the value of the Program Counter.
Process Control Blocks
The PCB is a full form of Process Control Block. It is a data structure that is
maintained by the Operating System for every process. The PCB should be
identified by an integer Process ID (PID). It helps you to store all the
information required to keep track of all the running processes.

It is also accountable for storing the contents of processor registers. These


are saved when the process moves from the running state and then returns
back to it. The information is quickly updated in the PCB by the OS as soon
as the process makes the state transition.

Process States

Process States Diagram


A process state is a condition of the process at a specific instant of time. It
also defines the current position of the process.

There are mainly seven stages of a process which are:

 New: The new process is created when a specific program calls from
secondary memory/ hard disk to primary memory/ RAM a
 Ready: In a ready state, the process should be loaded into the primary
memory, which is ready for execution.
 Waiting: The process is waiting for the allocation of CPU time and other
resources for execution.
 Executing: The process is an execution state.
 Blocked: It is a time interval when a process is waiting for an event like
I/O operations to complete.
 Suspended: Suspended state defines the time when a process is ready
for execution but has not been placed in the ready queue by OS.
 Terminated: Terminated state specifies the time when a process is
terminated

After completing every step, all the resources are used by a process, and
memory becomes free.

Process Control Block (PCB)


Every process is represented in the operating system by a process control
block, which is also called a task control block.

Here, are important components of PCB


Process Control Block (PCB)

 Process state: A process can be new, ready, running, waiting, etc.


 Program counter: The program counter lets you know the address of
the next instruction, which should be executed for that process.
 CPU registers: This component includes accumulators, index and
general-purpose registers, and information of condition code.
 CPU scheduling information: This component includes a process
priority, pointers for scheduling queues, and various other scheduling
parameters.
 Accounting and business information: It includes the amount of
CPU and time utilities like real time used, job or process numbers, etc.
 Memory-management information: This information includes the
value of the base and limit registers, the page, or segment tables. This
depends on the memory system, which is used by the operating
system.
 I/O status information: This block includes a list of open files, the list
of I/O devices that are allocated to the process, etc.

Summary:
 A process is defined as the execution of a program that performs the
actions specified in that program.
 Process management involves various tasks like creation, scheduling,
termination of processes, and a dead lock.
 The important elements of Process architecture are 1) Stack 2) Heap
3) Data, and 4) Text
 The PCB is a full form of Process Control Block. It is a data structure
that is maintained by the Operating System for every process
 A process state is a condition of the process at a specific instant of
time.
 Every process is represented in the operating system by a process
control block, which is also called a task control block.

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