Subject Name: Programming For Problem Solving Subject Code: ESC 103 Introduction To C

Subject Name: Programming for Problem Solving
Subject Code: ESC 103
Introduction to C
C is a programming language developed at AT & T’s Bell Laboratories of USA
in 1972.
It was designed and written by a man named Dennis Ritchie.
In the late seventies C began to replace the more familiar languages of that time
like PL/I, ALGOL, etc
ANSI C standard emerged in the early 1980s, this book was split into two
titles: The original was still called Programming in C, and the title that covered
ANSI C was called Programming in ANSI C.
This was done because it took several years for the compiler vendors to
release their ANSI C compilers and for them to become ubiquitous.
It was initially designed for programming UNIX operating system. Now the
software tool as well as the C compiler is written in C.
Major parts of popular operating systems like Windows, UNIX, Linux is still
written in C.
This is because even today when it comes to performance (speed of

execution) nothing beats C.
Moreover, if one is to extend the operating system to work with new

devices one needs to write device driver programs. These programs are
exclusively written in C.
C seems so popular is because it is reliable, simple and easy to use. often

heard today is – “C has been already superceded by languages like C++, C# and
Java.
Program
There is a close analogy between learning English language and learning C
language. The classical method of learning English is to first learn the alphabets
used in the language, then learn to combine these alphabets to form words, which
in turn are combined to form sentences and sentences are combined to form
paragraphs. Learning C is similar and easier. Instead of straight-away learning how
to write programs, we must first know what alphabets, numbers and special
symbols are used in C, then how using them constants, variables and keywords are
constructed, and finally how are these combined to form an instruction. A group
of instructions would be combined later on to form a program. So
a computer program is just a collection of the instructions necessary to solve a

specific problem. The basic operations of a computer system form what is known
as the computer’s instruction set. And the approach or method that is used to solve
the problem is known as an algorithm.
So for as programming language concern these are of two types.
1) Low level language
2) High level language
Low level language:

Low level languages are machine level and assembly level language. In
machine level language computer only understand digital numbers i.e. in the
form of 0 and 1. So, instruction given to the computer is in the form binary digit,
which is difficult to implement instruction in binary code. This type of program is
not portable, difficult to maintain and also error prone. The assembly language is
on other hand modified version of machine level language. Where instructions
are given in English like word as ADD, SUM, MOV etc. It is easy to write and
understand but not understand by the machine. So, the translator used here is
assembler to translate into machine level. Although language is bit easier,
programmer has to know low level details related to low level language. In the
assembly level language, the data are stored in the computer register, which
varies for different computer. Hence it is not portable.
High level language:
These languages are machine independent, means it is portable. The language in

this category is Pascal, Cobol, Fortran etc. High level languages are understood by
the machine. So, it needs to translate by the translator into machine level. A
translator is software which is used to translate high level language as well as low
level language in to machine level language.
Three types of translators are there:
Compiler
Interpreter
Assembler
Compiler and interpreter are used to convert the high-level language into
machine level language. The program written in high level language is known as
source program and the corresponding machine level language program is called
as object program. Both compiler and interpreter perform the same task but there
working is different. Compiler read the program at-a-time and searches the error
and lists them. If the program is error free then it is converted into object program.
When program size is large then compiler is preferred. Whereas interpreter read
only one line of the source code and convert it to object code. If it checks error,
statement by statement and hence of take more time.
An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a
pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some
people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.
The Assembler is a Software that converts an assembly language code to machine code. It takes
basic Computer commands and converts them into Binary Code that Computer's Processor can use to
perform its Basic Operations.
Integrated Development Environments (IDE)
The process of editing, compiling, running, and debugging programs is often

managed by a single integrated application known as an Integrated Development
Environment, or IDE for short. An IDE is a windows-based program that allows us
to easily manage large software programs, edit files in windows, and compile, link,
run, and debug programs.
On Mac OS X, CodeWarrior and Xcode are two IDEs that are used by many
programmers. Under Windows, Microsoft Visual Studio is a good example of a
popular IDE. Kylix is a popular IDE for developing applications under Linux.
Most IDEs also support program development in several different programming
languages in addition to C, such as C# and C++.
What is Programming?
Computer programming is a medium for us to communicate with computers, just like we use Hindi or English
to communicate with each other. Programming is a way for us to deliver our instructions to the computer.
What is C?
C is a programming language. C is one of the oldest and finest programming languages. C was developed by
Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
Uses of C
C is a language that is used to program a wide variety of systems. Some of the uses of C are as follows:
1. Major parts of Windows, Linux, and other operating systems are written in C.
2. C is used to write driver programs for devices like Tablets, Printers, etc.
3. C language is used to program embedded systems where programs need to run faster in limited
memory.
4. C is used to develop games, an area where latency is very important, i.e., a computer has to react
quickly to user input.
Lecture Note: 2
Structure of C Language program
1 ) Comment line
2) Preprocessor directive
3 ) Global variable declaration
4) main function( )
Local variables;
Statements;
User defined function
Comment line
It indicates the purpose of the program. It is represented as
/*……………………………..*/
// Comment line is used for increasing the readability of the program.
It is useful in explaining the program and generally used for documentation.
It is enclosed within the decimeters.
Comment line can be single or multiple line but should not be nested.
10
It can be anywhere in the program except inside string constant & character
constant.
Preprocessor Directive:
#include<stdio.h> tells the compiler to include information about the

standard input/output library.
It is also used in symbolic constant such as #define PI 3.14(value).
The stdio.h (standard input output header file) contains definition &declaration
of system defined function such as printf( ), scanf( ), pow( ) etc. Generally printf()
function used to display and scanf() function used to read value
Global Declaration:
This is the section where variable are declared globally so that it can be access by
all the functions used in the program. And it is generally declared outside the
function :
main()
It is the user defined function and every function has one main() function from
where actually program is started and it is encloses within the pair of curly braces.
The main( ) function can be anywhere in the program but in general practice it is
placed in the first position.
Syntax :
main()
……..
……..
}
11
The main( ) function return value when it declared by data type as
int main( )
return 0
12
}
The main function does not return any value when void (means
null/empty) as void main(void ) or void main()
printf (“C language”);
Output: C language
The program execution start with opening braces and end with closing
brace.
And in between the two braces declaration part as well as

executable part is mentioned. And at the end of each line, the
semi-colon is given which indicates statement termination.
/*First c program with return statement*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf ("welcome to c Programming language.\n");
return 0;
}
Output: welcome to c programming language.
13

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Subject Name: Programming for Problem Solving

Subject Code: ESC 103

It was designed and written by a man named Dennis Ritchie.

This is because even today when it comes to performance (speed of

Moreover, if one is to extend the operating system to work with new

C seems so popular is because it is reliable, simple and easy to use. often

a computer program is just a collection of the instructions necessary to solve a

So for as programming language concern these are of two types.

1) Low level language

2) High level language

Low level language:

High level language:

These languages are machine independent, means it is portable. The language in

Three types of translators are there:

The process of editing, compiling, running, and debugging programs is often

Structure of C Language program

3 ) Global variable declaration

User defined function

It indicates the purpose of the program. It is represented as

It is enclosed within the decimeters.

#include<stdio.h> tells the compiler to include information about the

null/empty) as void main(void ) or void main()

printf (“C language”);

And in between the two braces declaration part as well as

/*First c program with return statement*/

Output: welcome to c programming language.

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/First c program with return statement/