Basic Electrical Engineering-Unit - 3 - Generation, Electricty Bill Calculations

What is energy?
The energy is generated by the movement of electrons from one point

to another.
units for energy is KWH, Generally, one kWh is called one unit.
What is a conventional source of energy?

When we cannot reuse a source of energy after using it once we
call them “conventional sources of energy” or “non-renewable
energy resources”. They are the most important conventional
sources of energy
Ex:Coal,Petroleum,Natural gas,Nuclear energy etc
What is a Non-conventional source of energy?
These are energy sources that are continuously produced in nature and
are limitless.
Ex:Wind energy,Solar energy,tidal energy etc

HYDEL POWER PLANT or HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Dam and Reservoir: The dam is constructed on a large river in hilly areas
to ensure sufficient water storage at height. The dam forms a large reservoir
behind it. The height of water level (called as water head) in the reservoir
determines how much of potential energy is stored in it.
Control Gate: Water from the reservoir is allowed to flow through the
penstock to the turbine. The amount of water which is to be released in the
penstock can be controlled by a control gate. When the control gate is fully
opened, maximum amount of water is released through the penstock.
Penstock: A penstock is a huge steel pipe which carries water from the
reservoir to the turbine. Potential energy of the water is converted into
kinetic energy as it flows down through the penstock due to gravity.
Water Turbine: Water from the penstock is taken into the water turbine. The
turbine is mechanically coupled to an electric generator. Kinetic energy of
the water drives the turbine and consequently the generator gets driven.
There are two main types of water turbine; (i) Impulse turbine and (ii)
Reaction turbine. Impulse turbines are used for large heads and reaction
turbines are used for low and medium heads.
Generator: A generator is mounted in the power house and it is
mechanically coupled to the turbine shaft. When the turbine blades are
rotated, it drives the generator and electricity is generated which is then
stepped up with the help of a transformer for the transmission purpose.
Surge Tank:
Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium head power plants
when considerably long penstock is required. A surge tank is a small
reservoir or tank which is open at the top. It is fitted between the reservoir
and the power house.
WIND POWER PLANT
WIND POWER PLANT
WIND POWER PLANT
Parts of Wind Turbine

Following are the different parts of the wind turbine:
1.Blades
2.The rotor
3.Nacelle
4.A gearbox and coupling (transmission system)
5.Aero turbine
6.Controller
7.Electrical generator
8.Supporting structure.
Blade
Lifting-style wind turbine blades. These are designed most
efficiently, especially to capture the energy of strong, fast winds.
Some European companies actually manufacture single-blade
turbines.
The Rotor
The rotor is aerodynamically designed to occupy the maximum
surface area of the wind to spin the most ergonomically. The blades
are lightweight, durable, and corrosion-resistant material. The best
materials are composites of fiberglass and reinforced plastic.
WIND POWER PLANT
Nacelle
A housing that contains all the components which are essential to
operate the turbine efficiently is called a nacelle. It is mounted on top
of a tower and includes gearboxes, generators, low and high-speed
shafts, controllers, and brakes.
Aeroturbine
Aeroturbine converts wind energy into rotary mechanical energy.
A Gearbox and Coupling (Transmission System)

A gearbox magnifies or amplifies the energy output of the rotor. The
gearbox is located directly between the rotor and the generator. A rotor
rotates the generator as directed by the tail vane.
WIND POWER PLANT
WIND POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Working of Nuclear Power Plants
Ø Basically, nuclear power plants work in the same way as coal and gas fired plants
converting heat to electricity.
Ø Whereas fossil fuel fired power plants run on energy media such as oil, lignite or hard
coal, nuclear power plants use the heat given off when atomic nuclei split.
Ø Nuclear fission inside the reactor pressure vessel generates heat, which heats water
until it evaporates, turning thermal energy into latent energy in steam.
Ø This Steam which is under high pressure then drives the turbines, which turn the
generators connected to them generating electrical energy like a bicycle dynamo.
Condensing the steam required to drive the turbines is done either by direct flow or
seawater cooling or via a cooling system using a cooling tower.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
SOLAR POWER PLANT
SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT
SOLAR PV POWER PLANT
SOLAR PV POWER PLANT
Calculation of Electrical Energy for Domestic Purpose
Energy for 30 Days
Tariff
The rate at which electrical energy is supplied to a consumer is known as tariff
Two-part tariff:
Ø When the rate of electrical energy is charged on the basis of maximum demand of
the consumer and the units consumed, it is called a two-part tariff.
Ø In two-part tariff, the total charge to be made from the consumer is split into two
components viz., fixed charges and running charges.
Ø This type of tariff is mostly applicable to industrial consumers who have

appreciable maximum demand.
Advantages of two part Tariff:

Ø It is easily understood by the consumers.
Ø It recovers the fixed charges which depend upon the
maximum demand of the consumer.
Ø It is independent of the units consumed.
Disadvantages two part Tariff:

Ø The consumer has to pay the fixed charges irrespective of energy consumed
Ø There is always error in assessing the maximum demand of the consumer.
FUSE
Ø Electric fuse works on the principle of the heating effect of electric current.
Ø It is placed in series with the device.
Ø A fuse consists of a piece of wire made of a metal or an alloy of an appropriate
melting point, for example, aluminum, copper, iron, lead etc.
Ø If a current larger than the specified value flows through the circuit, the temperature of
the fuse wire increases.
Ø This melts the fuse wire and breaks the circuit
What is electric shock?
Our bodies conduct electricity. If any part of your body meets live electricity an electric
current flows through the tissues, which causes an electric shock.
Some causes of electric shock include:
Ø faulty appliances
Ø damaged or frayed cords or extension leads
Ø electrical appliances in contact with water
Ø incorrect, damaged or deteriorated household wiring
Ø downed powerlines
Ø lightning strike.
Symptoms of electric shock

Ø unconsciousness
Ø difficulties in breathing or no breathing at all
Ø a weak, erratic pulse or no pulse at all
Ø burns, particularly at the place where the electricity entered and left the body (entrance and
exit burns)
Types of Earthing
There are three types of earthing, they are:
Pipe earthing
Plate earthing
Strip earthing
Pipe earthing is the best and most efficient way of earthing and is also easily affordable.
Pipe earthing uses 38mm diametre and 2 metres length pipe vertically embedded in the
ground to work as earth electrodes.
In plate earthing, an earthing plate made of copper or G.I. is buried into the ground at a
depth more than 3 metres from the ground level. This earthing plate is embedded in an
alternative layer of coke and salts.
Strip earthing is used in transmission processes. Strip electrodes of cross section not less
than 25mm X 1.6mm of copper or 25 mm X 4mm of G.I. or steel are buried in horizontal
trenches of a minimum depth of 0.5m.

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What is energy?

The energy is generated by the movement of electrons from one point

What is a conventional source of energy?

Ex:Wind energy,Solar energy,tidal energy etc

Parts of Wind Turbine

A Gearbox and Coupling (Transmission System)

Ø This type of tariff is mostly applicable to industrial consumers who have

Advantages of two part Tariff:

Disadvantages two part Tariff:

Some causes of electric shock include:

Symptoms of electric shock

There are three types of earthing, they are:

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