Introduction to

C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
Introduction to C++ Fundamentals

Week 1 - Fundamentals Summary

Vahan Hovhannisyan

12/Jan/2017
 Introduction to
Introduction to C++ C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

I Your first C++ course Summary

I To prepare for Quantitative Finance with C++

I Tutorials will be integrated into lectures
I Bjarne Stroustrup ’The C++ programming language’ -
for reference
 Introduction to
Course Syllabus C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
I Fundamentals Summary

I Functions
I Arrays
I Pointers
I Object Oriented Programming
 Introduction to
Teachers C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Teaching team: Summary

I Vahan Hovhannisyan and

I Juan Campos Salazar
both from the Department of Computing
 Introduction to
This Week C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
Introduction
Summary

Your First C++ program

Fundamentals
 Introduction to
What is C++? C++

Motivation Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

I C++ is based on C with extra features (Object Oriented program

Fundamentals
Programming)
Summary
I C++ was first released in 1983 and is still hugely popular
I Produces extremely efficient programs
I Has both high and low level features
I Has huge code base
I Constantly evolves (last release was in 2014)
I It is a language of choice for high performance
applications, including in finance
I Many other popular languages (C, Java, C#) have very
similar syntax to C++
 Introduction to
Technical Remarks C++

Compiling Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
I .cpp extension for source files with C++ code Summary

I Compile the code into a binary source code

I Locate and fix errors
I Object module
I Program is linked
I Find objects and functions from external libraries
I Gives a complete machine executable program
 Introduction to
Breakdown of C++ Code C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Summary
I Keyboard→ cin → code (”assign an integer value to a
variable”)→ cout → screen
I cin and cout are objects from the <iostream> library
- contains objects performing input/output operations
 Introduction to
Hello World! C++

Vahan
We start with the simplest possible program Hovhannisyan

I Create a new file and write the code (copy) Introduction

Your First C++

// Your f i r s t C++ code program

#i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m > Fundamentals

u s i n g namespace s t d ; Summary

i n t main ( )
{
c o u t << ” H e l l o World ! ” << e n d l ;
return 0;
}
I Use Cygwin to compile:
cd /cygdrive/h
g++ -o hello hello.cpp
I and run:
./hello
 Introduction to
Breakdown of Hello World C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I Comments are ignored, but are very useful Fundamentals
I // one line comment Summary
I /* multi-line
comment */
I #include <iostream> - links the library to our code
I preprocessing is in red
I using namespace std; - groups all standard libraries
together
I reserved words are in blue
 Introduction to
Breakdown of Hello World C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction
I int main() - the main function of the program Your First C++
program
I function with return type int
Fundamentals
I name main (fixed and unique)
Summary
I parameters in () and
I the program goes in {}
I cout - console output
I << - insertion operator (always follows cout)
I output string in ""
I another << to separate outputs and
I endl - output manipulator (add a new line)
I return 0; - return value, end of function.
Up to two return statements are allowed.
 Introduction to
Playing with the Code C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I Empty int main() {} will compile, but do nothing
Fundamentals
I Try without endl or with "\n" instead Summary

I Output multiple messages using <<

c o u t << ” H e l l o ” << ” World ! ”
<< ” What ’ s up ?\ n” ;
I Try other escape sequences
I ”\n” - new line
I ”\t” - horizontal tab
 Introduction to
Summary of the Example C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I #include and using are preprocessing derivatives
Fundamentals
I #include <iostream> - add an external library
Summary
I using namespace std; - declare that we will be using
objects and functions from a particular group
I cout<<"string"<<endl; - prints out on the screen
I return 0; could be omitted by using
void main() {statements;}
without return 0, but is not encouraged anymore
I Exactly one main() function is allowed
 Introduction to
Structure of a C++ Program C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
preprocessing Fundamentals

int main() Summary

{
First statement;
...
Last statement;
return 0;
}
 Introduction to
Math Example C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan
Read in a real number and print out its
Introduction
1. square root and
Your First C++
2. cosine program

Fundamentals

#i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m > Summary

#i n c l u d e <cmath>
u s i n g namespace s t d ;
i n t main ( )
{
d o u b l e num ;
c i n >> num ;
c o u t << s q r t (num) << ”\ t ”
<< c o s (num) << e n d l ;
return 0;
}
 Introduction to
Breakdown of the Math Example C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I #include <cmath> - library with mathematical Fundamentals
functions Summary

I cin >> - input and extraction operators (always go

together)
I int and double - declaring integer and real variables
I sqrt and cos from the cmath libarary
I Running the program
I Input using new line or spaces
 Introduction to
Basic Operations C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

I Operators: +, *, -, =, == Fundamentals

Summary
I Operator priorities: * and / before + and -
I Formatting and aligning the code
- White space/alignment and comments are very
important for the readability of the code, but are not
necessary. Except for #include and strings
I Choose meaningful names
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Quadratic Equation C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Write a program that solves a given quadratic equation Summary

ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
assuming it has real roots.
Test on x 2 − 2x + 1 = 0.
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Quadratic Equation C++

Solution Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction
#i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m > Your First C++
program
#i n c l u d e <cmath>
Fundamentals
u s i n g namespace s t d ;
Summary
i n t main ( )
{
double a , b , c , root1 , root2 ;
c i n >> a >> b >> c ;
d o u b l e d i s c r i m i n a n t = b∗b − 4∗ a ∗ c ;
r o o t 1 = (−b+s q r t ( d i s c r i m i n a n t ) ) / ( 2 ∗ a ) ;
r o o t 2 = (−b−s q r t ( d i s c r i m i n a n t ) ) / ( 2 ∗ a ) ;
c o u t << r o o t 1 << ”\ t ” << r o o t 2 << e n d l ;
return 0;
}
 Introduction to
Identifiers C++

Data Types Vahan

Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I Data types: Fundamentals
I void - means ”nothing” or ”no type” Summary
I char - integer to represent one character
I short, int, long - integer variables of various sizes
I enum - enumerations
I float, double - real numbers
I Type modifiers:
I unsigned - restricts a particular integer type to only
non-negative variables
I const - the value of the variable cannot be changed
 Introduction to
Identifiers C++

Reserved words Vahan

Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Summary
I Decision Making - if else, switch case default
I Loops - for, while, break, continue
I return - immediate return from function
I Dynamic memory allocation - new, delete
I Object oriented keywords - class, private, public...
 Introduction to
Identifiers C++

Other Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I sizeof - get the size of a type or variable during Fundamentals

compilation time Summary

I Library identifiers - e.g. cin, cout, abs... Should not

be overwritten by the programmer unless there is a very
good reason to do so
I Programmer supplied identifiers: names of variables,
functions, classes etc
I Case sensitive, consists of letters, numbers and ,
starting with a letter or , can’t use reserved words
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Variable Names C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Which of the following declarations are legal? Your First C++

program

1. int root; Fundamentals

Summary
2. int ROOT;
3. int rOOT6;
4. int 44root;
5. int 44root;
6. int +r00t;
7. int root-11;
8. int root ;
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Variable Names C++

Solution Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

Which of the following declarations are legal? program

Fundamentals
1. int root; // legal
Summary
2. int ROOT; // legal
3. int rOOT6; // legal
4. int 44root; // ILLEGAL
5. int 44root; // legal
6. int +r00t; // ILLEGAL
7. int root-11; // ILLEGAL
8. int root ; // legal
 Introduction to
Integer Types C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I Set space in memory for a particular type, example: Fundamentals
unsigned int m, n; - reserves memory for two Summary
non-negative integers
I There are certain rules to follow:
1. Decimal points cannot be used - 5.6 is not an integer
2. Commas cannot be used - 12, 345 must be written as
12345
3. Cannot start with a leading 0 - 011 will be interpreted
as a base eight number with value 9
 Introduction to
Integer Types C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

I Some of integer types in C++: program

Fundamentals

type bytes range Summary

char 1 -128 to 127

short 2 -32768 to 32767
int 4 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long 4 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned short 2 0 to 65,535
I Varies depending on the particular architecture (32-bit
and 64-bit). Use sizeof() to check.
 Introduction to
Operators C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I +, -, *, /, % Fundamentals

I Be careful when applying / on integers, try Summary

cout << 9/2 << endl;

and
cout << 9.0/2 << endl;
I Examples
I 10 % 3 is 1
I abs(-4) is 4
 Introduction to
Real Numbers C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

I Can use . or e to represent real numbers Summary

Example: 3.14 or −2.5e3

I There are three types for real numbers:
float, double and long double
I Can’t use unsigned with real numbers
 Introduction to
Real Numbers C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
type size range digits Summary

float 4 +/ − 3.4 × 10+/−38 7

double 8 +/ − 1.7 × 10+/−308 15
long double 8 +/ − 1.7 × 10+/−308 15

The size depends on machine architecture, use sizeof() to

check
 Introduction to
Type Casting C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
Type casting to solve the problem with integer division
Summary
I answer = double(numerator) / denominator;
I do NOT use
answer = double(numerator / denominator);
Example: int(8.799) gives 8
Example: double(9)/2 gives 4.5
 Introduction to
Characters C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
I char is an integer, Summary
example: ’x’ == 120, ’5’ == 53
I Uses ASCII code to translate integers into chars
I char is a subset of int
I We can even do arithmetic on char variables:
’9’ - ’0’ == 57 - 48 == 9
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Chars and Integers C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
Find the ASCII code for
Summary
1. ’5’
2. ’H’
3. ’h’
4. ’#’
5. ’-’
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Chars and Integers C++

Solution Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

#i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m > program
u s i n g namespace s t d ; Fundamentals

i n t main ( ) Summary

{
char character ;
i n t number ;
c i n >> c h a r a c t e r ;
number = c h a r a c t e r ;
c o u t << c h a r a c t e r << ”\ t ”
<< number << e n d l ;
return 0;
}
 Introduction to
Constants C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
I Constants cannot be changed after initialization Summary
I Example
I const float pi = 3.14159;
I The <cmath> library has a constant M PI
I In general use
const <type> name;
 Introduction to
Enumerations C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

I Enumerations are a compact way to declare constants Fundamentals

Summary
I Example: enum {MON, TUES, WED, THURS, FRI,
SAT, SUN};
I Default values are 0, 1, 2, ...
I Can give any values: enum {MON=1, TUES, WED=-5,
THURS=0, FRI, SAT, SUN};
I Constant values can be repeated
 Introduction to
Boolean Values C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Summary
I Basis for decisions and loops
I Used to be integer 1 for True and integer 0 for False,
but could lead to confusions
I Now C++ includes enum bool {false, true}
 Introduction to
Some More <cmath> Functions C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Summary
I The <cmath> library contains many mathematical
functions, such as
I cos acos, sqrt, abs, etc
I const float pi = atan(1.0);
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Triangle C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
Write C++ code to calculate the
Summary
1. hypotenuse of a right triangle given:
I the other two sides
I one side and its adjacent angle
I its area and one of the angles
2. average length of all sides of the triangle
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Triangle C++

Solution Vahan
Hovhannisyan
#i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m >
Introduction
#i n c l u d e <cmath>
Your First C++
u s i n g namespace s t d ; program

i n t main ( ) Fundamentals

{ Summary

double a , b , c , area , angle ;

c i n >> a >> b ; // p a r t 1
c = s q r t ( a ∗ a + b∗b ) ;
c o u t << c << e n d l ;
c i n >> a >> a l p h a ; // p a r t 2
c = a / sin ( alpha ) ;
c o u t << c << e n d l ;
c i n >> a r e a >> a l p h a ; // p a r t 3
c = s q r t (4 ∗ area / s i n (2 ∗ alpha ) ) ;
c o u t << c << e n d l ;
return 0;
}
 Introduction to
Increment/Decrement Operators C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
I ++, -- increment/decrement the value of a variable
Summary
I Pre-increment and post-increment are different:
int a = 3;
c o u t << ++a ; // p r i n t s o u t 4
c o u t << a++; /∗ p r i n t s o u t 4 ,
but t h e v a l u e o f a i s changed t o 5 ∗/
 Introduction to
Summary C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Summary
I Introduction to C++
I Your first C++ code
I Variables and arithmetic in C++
 Introduction to
Next Week C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Summary
I Blocks and scope
I Decision making
I Loops