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Mean Median Mode

Mean median mode

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Atiqa Amjad
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17 views45 pages

Mean Median Mode

Mean median mode

Uploaded by

Atiqa Amjad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measures of Spread or Dispersion

• Figure shows the frequency polygons for two populations that have equal means but
different amounts of variability.

• Population B, which is more variable than population A, is more spread out.

• If the values are widely scattered, the dispersion is greater.

Figure: Two frequency distributions with equal means but different amounts of dispersion.
Measures of Spread or Dispersion

• The figure represents two samples of cholesterol measurements, each on the same
person, but using different measurement techniques.

• The arithmetic means for both samples are same, i.e., 200 mg/dL.

• Visually, however, the two samples appear radically different.

• This difference lies in the greater variability, or spread, of the Autoanalyzer method
relative to the Microenzymatic method.
Absolute Measure of dispersion

The measures of dispersion which are expressed in


terms of original units of a data are termed
as Absolute Measures.
Relative Measure of dispersion
Relative measures of dispersion, are also known as
coefficients of dispersion, are obtained as ratios or
percentages.

• It is used to compare more than one group.


• It is free of unit.
• It can help to compare the values with
different units.
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The Range

Example-1: Find the range in the sample of birthweights given in the table.

Solution:
R=?
xL = 4146
xS = 2069

R = xL – xS
R = 4146 − 2069
R = 2077 g
The Range

Example-2: Compute the ranges for the Autoanalyzer- and Microenzymatic-method


data in the figure and compare the variability of the two methods.

Solution:

• The range for the Autoanalyzer method = 226 − 177 = 49 mg/dL.


• The range for the Microenzymatic method = 209 - 192 = 17 mg/dL.
• The Autoanalyzer method clearly seems more variable.
The Range

Example-3: Compute the range of the ages of the sample subjects in the table.

Table: Sample of 10 Ages Drawn from the Ages population

Solution:
• The youngest subject in the sample is 38 years old and the oldest is 66 years old.
• The range to be R = 66 - 38 = 28 years.
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MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
POPULATION VARIANCE

• The population variance is the mean squared


deviation from the population mean:
N

(x i  )
2  i 1
N

• Where 2 stands for the population variance


•  is the population mean
• N is the total number of values in the population
• xi is the value of the i-th observation.
•  represents a summation
An example related to deviation
about the central value
• There are five SAT scores as below:
584, 613, 622, 693, 755.
• The mean is
(584+613+622+693+755)/5 = 653.4
• The deviation for each score can be
computed by subtracting mean from each
score:
755-653.4 = 101.6
An example related to deviation
about the central value (cont..)
693-653.4 = 39.6
622-653.4 = -31.4
613.653.4 = -40.4
584-653.4 = -69.4
These deviations may be summarized by
the collective measure that considers each
deviation.
An example related to deviation
about the central value (cont..)
With the previous data, this procedure results in
(101.6) 2  (40.4) 2  (69.4) 2  (39.6) 2  (31.4) 2 19325.2
  3.865.04
5 5
More Measures of Variation

 Standard deviation is a measure


of how each value in a data set
varies or deviates from the mean
The Standard Deviation (s)

• The standard deviation often abbreviated as SD or sd.

• The standard deviation measures the dispersion or spread about the mean.

• The bigger value of s shows that the more variability present in the data.

• The standard deviation can equal to zero if there is no spread.

• The units of standard deviation are the same as the units of the data.
Steps to Finding Standard Deviation

1. Find the mean of the set of data: x


2. Find the difference between each
value and the mean: x  x
3. Square the difference: ( x  x ) 2
4. Find the average (mean) of these
squares:  ( x  x ) 2
n
5. Take the square root to find the
standard deviation  ( x  x)2
n
Standard Deviation
Find the mean and the standard deviation for the values 78.2, 90.5,
98.1, 93.7, 94.5.

x = (78.2 + 90.5 + 98.1 +93.7 +94.5) = 91 Find the mean.


5

x x x–x (x – x)2 Organize the next


steps in a table.
78.2 91 –12.8 163.84
90.5 91 –0.5 .25
98.1 91 7.1 50.41
(x – x)2
93.7 91 2.7 7.29 = Find the standard
94.5 91 3.5 12.25 n
deviation.

= 234.04 6.8
5

The mean is 91, and the standard deviation is about 6.8.


The Variance (s2)

Example: A simple random sample of 10 subjects from the population of subjects


represented in the table. Compute the variance of the ages of the subjects from the
sample.
Table: Sample of 10 Ages Drawn from the Ages of a population
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The Coefficient of Variation (CV)
Example-1: Suppose two samples of human males yield the results shown in the
table. Find that which is more variable, the weights of the 25-year-olds or the
weights of the 11-year-olds.

CV for the 25-year-olds

CV for the 11-year-olds

• A comparison of the standard deviations show that the two samples possess equal
variability.
• However, It is clear from this example that variation is much higher in the sample of 11-
year-olds than in the sample of 25-year-olds.
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Standard error of mean SE
A measure of variability among means of
samples selected from certain population

S
SE (Mean) = n
The standard error of the sample mean depends on both the
standard deviation and the sample size, by the simple relation
SE = SD/√(sample size). The standard error falls as the sample
size increases
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