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Solved Problem 8

Fluid Mechanics

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Gabriel Omondi
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25 views

Solved Problem 8

Fluid Mechanics

Uploaded by

Gabriel Omondi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solved problems – 8th exercise

Solved problem 8.1

A rectangular concrete drive channel was constructed to conduct water to


small hydro-electric power plant. Concrete of both bed and walls of the channel has
been done in a current way. Width of the channel bed is b = 2,0 m, longitudinal slope
of channel bed i0 = 0,6 ‰. What discharge will flow to the hydro-power plant,
supposing that flow in the channel is uniform? Depth of water in channel should be
y0 = 1,20 m.

SolutIon

Rectangular area S = b.y = 2,0 . 1,2 = 2,4 m2.


Wetted perimeter O = b + 2.y = 2,0 + 2 . 1,2 = 4,4 m.
Hydraulic radius R = S / O = 0,545 m.
Slope 0,6 ‰ – for calculation it has to be expressed as a dimensionless
number, i.e. i0 = 0,0006.

Velocity will be calculated from Chezy equation v = C ⋅ Ri and consequently,


discharge will be calculated from continuity equation Q = C ⋅ S ⋅ Ri
Velocity coefficient C can be calculated e.g. from Manning formula. Value of
roughness coefficient n will be determined from tab. 12 – usual value for concrete
channels should be n = 0,014.

1
1 1 1
C = ⋅R 6 = 0,545 6 = 64,5 m0,5.s-1
n 0,014

Q = C ⋅ S ⋅ Ri = 64,5 ⋅ 2,4 ⋅ 0,545 ⋅ 0,0006 = 2,80 m3.s-1.

K141 HYAE 1 exercise 8


Solved problem 8.2

Calculate the depth yo in which the discharge Q = 1,5 m3s-1 will flow through
the channel with trapezoid-shaped cross section. Width of the channel bed is
b = 2 m, slope of bed io = 0,05 %, slope of sides is 1 : 1,5. The channel is excavated
in gravel sends, representative grain size was determined from grain size curve
de = 0,02 m, Determine the roughness coefficient from Strickler formula.

S o l u t I o n:
1 21,1
Strickler formula: = , where ks ~ de. Solving the formula → n = 0, 0247.
n k 1/6
s

Step-by-step method will be used to determine depth yo → discharge Q is calculated


for elective depths:

yo S O R C v Q
1,0 3,500 5,610 0,624 37,44 0,661 2,314 "mistake"
0,5 1,375 3,805 0,361 34,17 0,459 0,631 "mistake"
0,8 2,560 4,888 0,524 36,36 0,588 1,506 "accord"

Discharge Q = 1,5 m3s-1 flows through the channel with the depth yo ≅ 0,8 m.

K141 HYAE 2 exercise 8


Solved problem 8.3

Determine diameter D of a circular conduit in such a way that discharge


Q = 6,5 m3s-1 will flow through it with a free water level. Values of diameters of
produced profiles vary after 200 mm. Longitudinal slope of conduit i0 = 0,003,
roughness coefficient n = 0,011. Determine the maximum depth yo and velocity of
flow v.
What longitudinal slope i0 [‰] should have the conduit in order to the indicated
discharge was maximum discharge in conduit.

S o l u t I o n:
Discharge Q is to flow through the conduit with free water level. In order to the
conduit is suggested in the most economic way, it is necessary to choose from the
production range such a diameter – minimum diameter – which will have the capacity
to conduct requested discharge with free level.

Diameter D can be calculated from Chezy equation + continuity equation


supposing that the requested discharge is considered to be a capacity discharge
(related to full profile) QD.
To solve Chezy and continuity equations, velocity coefficient C can be
D
calculated from Manning formula. Hydraulic radius R =
4
2/3
1 π D2 ⎛ D ⎞ 1 D8 / 3
6,5 = C⋅S R⋅ i o = ⋅ ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅ i1o/ 2 = ⋅π ⋅ 5 / 3 ⋅ i1o/ 2
n 4 ⎝4⎠ n 4
Solving this equation, the result will be D = 1,711m. The proximate larger
diameter from the production range will be selected ⇒ suggested diameter is
Dn = 1,8m and its cross sectional area S = 2,5434m2.

Review of suggested profile:

Under uniform flow and full circular profile


v D,n = CD,n. RD,n ⋅ io = 2,92 ms -1
Q D,n = CD,n .S D,n R D,n ⋅ i o = 7,441 m 3 s -1

For discharge Q = 6,5 m3s-1 which will flow through the conduit, the ratio

Q / QD,n = 6,5 / 7,441 = 0,874.

For this relative value of discharge, also relative values of depth and velocity can be
determined from tab. 13 .

y / Dn = 0,7156 v / vDn = 1,1417

From these values

yo = 0,7156⋅1,8 = 1,288 m , v = 1,1417⋅2,92 = 3,33 m⋅s-1.

K141 HYAE 3 exercise 8


Close profile, when full, does not carry the maximum discharge, but the
maximum discharge is reached at a smaller depth (see the graph of tab. 13). To
determine longitudinal slope io at which the discharge Q = 6,5 m3s-1 will be maximum
discharge, Chezy equation and continuity equations will be used again:

Q2 Q2
io = = ; (C from Manning formula)
C 2 .S 2 .R K 2

Conveyance at full profile (i.e. when y = D):


1/ 6 1/ 2
1 ⎛D⎞ πD 21 π
⎛D⎞
K D = CD ⋅ S D ⋅ R D = ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⋅⋅⎜ ⎟
1/ 6
=
D 8 / 3 = 135,85 m 3 s -1
n ⎝4⎠ 4 ⎝4⎠
n 8.4
y
From tab. 13: for Qmax and Kmax (i.e. at relative depth = 0,95 ) →
D
K
→ = 1,087 ⇒ K = 1,087⋅KD = 1,087⋅135,85 = 147,67 m3s-1.
KD
Q2
From Chezy equation Q = C ⋅ S ⋅ R ⋅ i = K ⋅ i ⇒ i = 2 = 0,00194 = 1,94‰.
K

K141 HYAE 4 exercise 8


Solved problem 8.4

Discharge Q = 12 m3s-1 flows through the rectangular channel. Width of the


channel is b = 3,0 m. Calculate and draw in graph a dependancy of energy head
(specific energy) of cross section on channel depth Ed = f(y). Find out the minimum
specific energy Ed min. Determine kind of flow in channel for two depths: 0,6 m and
2,4 m.

S o l u t I o n:

Q 12 4
Velocity in channel – from continuity equation: v= = =
S b.y y
α.v 2
Specific energy of cross section: Ed = y +
2.g

⇒ Ed = y +
(4 / y )2 =y+
0,815
(estimated α = 1,0)
2.g y2

Ed is calculated for elective depths:

y (m) 0,3 0,6 0,9 1,2 1,5 1,8 2,1 2,4


Ed (m) 9,36 2,86 1,91 1,77 1,86 2,05 2,28 2,54

Course of the dependancy can be seen at graph:

y
2,0
1,5
yk
1,0
0,5
Edmin Ed
0 2 4 6 8 10

Results coming from the graphical dependancy: Ed min ≅ 1,7m, yk ≅ 1,15m.


More precise result – by calculation:

for rectangular cross section


3
Ed min = Ek = y k = 1,76m.
2

α.Q2
yk =
= 1,18m 3
g.b2
(ykk calculated from formula derived from the general condition of critical flow)

K141 HYAE 5 exercise 8

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