, 2010 No.8 , 28 Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.

* College of Engineering, University of Al-Nahreen/ Baghdad

**Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology/ Baghdad
1634
Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-Section Pipes With
Different End Conditions
Dr.Muhsin J.Jweeg* & Zahid Ibrahim Mohammad**
Received on: 29 / 9 / 2009
Accepted on: 16 / 2 /2010

Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of end conditions on the vibration characteristics
of a pipe conveying fluid with different cross sections such as (sudden enlargement
and sudden contraction). The governing equation of motion for this system is derived
by using beam theory. Three types of end pipe supports (flexible, simply and rigid)
were adopted to investigate their effects on the vibration characteristics. Also, the
effect of some design parameters like pipe diameter, length, pipe material, and the
effect of fluid velocity were investigated.
Two different pipe systems of different diameters were investigated, model-1
[12.7mm, 25.4mm, 12.7mm] and model-2 [6.35mm, 12.7mm, 6.35mm] with length
[0.25m, 0.5m, 0.25m] and model-3 with same diameter for model-1 but with length
[0.5m, 0.5m, 0.5m]. Three pipe materials were tried, copper, steel and aluminum. The
effect of Reynolds number between (500 - 1500) was also investigated. The dynamic
behavior of a pipe conveying fluid is described by means of transfer matrix method. A
Matlab- R2007 language computer program has been developed in this study to predict
the vibration response.
The results of Matlab program were compared with those from ANSYS-11
program and it is found that there is a good agreement between them.

Keywords: Vibration characteristics, End support, End condition.





) ( .
) (beam . ) (

) (
. ] .7 mm 12 [ 12.7 mm , 25.4 mm ,
] 6.35 mm , [ 6.35 mm , 12.7 mm ] 0.25mm , 0.5mm
, 0.25mm [ .

0.5 m , 0.5m , 0.5 m ] [ .
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




] [ .
) 500 1500
Re .(
20
) ( .
R2007 ] MATLAB [
] ANSYS-11 [ .
Nomenclature
A
f
Cross-section area of fluid m
2
A
p
Cross-sectional area of the pipe m
2

F
o
External force N
Fi Filed matrix -
F Fluid force applied to the pipe N
Do Outer diameter for the pipe M
Di Inner diameter for the pipe M
E

Modulus of elasticity for pipe N/m
2
E
m
Mean modulus of elasticity for pipe N/m
2
Friction factor -
G Modulus of rigidity N/m
2
I Second moment of area for pipe m
4

I
m
Mean second moment of area for pipe m
4

L Length of the pipe M
L
i
Element length M
L
m
Mean element length M
M Bending moment N.m
m
f
Mass of fluid per unit length kg/m
m
p
Mass of pipe per unit length kg/m
P
f
Fluid pressure N/m
2
P
1
Inlet pressure to the pipe N/m
2
P
3
Outlet pressure from the pipe N/m
2
th Thickness of the pipe M
u
1
Inlet fluid velocity to the pipe m/s
u
2
Fluid velocity after enlargement m/s
u
3
Fluid velocity after contraction m/s
Q

Transverse shear force in the pipe N
W Coriolis &Compressive forces N
X Longitudinal coordinate -
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




Y Transverse displacement of pipe M
Z
i
State vector -
Dimensionless Groups
Re
Reynolds number based on hydrualic diameter
and velocity
i
D . u

C
e
Constant related to losses in enlargement
2
2
1
A
A
1
1
]
1

,
_

C
c
Constant related to losses in contraction
2
2
1 ) (
1
]
1

c
A
A

Greek Letters
Slope of the pipe rad
Dynamic viscosity of the fluid kg/m.s
Density of the fluid kg/m
3
Shear stress on the internal surface of the pipe N/m
2

Kinematic viscosity of the fluid m
2
/s

Numerical factor -
Excitation ferquency rad/sec
n
Natural ferquency rad/sec
Subscripts
f Fluid
i State vector
p Pipe
Superscripts
Dimensionless notation -
L,R Left and right of the state vector -
Notations
/
x

-
t

-


Introduction
The subject of vibration deals
with the oscillatory motion of
dynamic systems. All systems
possessing mass and elasticity are
capable of vibration. The mass is
the inherent of the body, and the
elasticity is due to the relative
motion of the parts of the body [1].
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




The fluid flow and structure are
interactive systems, and their
interaction is dynamic. These
systems are coupled by the forces
exerted on the structure by the
fluid. The fluid force causes the
structure to deform. As the structure
deforms it changes its orientation
and hence affects the characteristics
of the flow (pressure and velocity).
A mathem-atical model has been
developed for the structure and for
the fluid. The dynamic interaction
of the structure and the fluid models
is described by linear oscillatory
equation [2].
The flow through a pipe with
sudden enlargement and contraction
occurs in many industrial
applications and is characterized by
increased pressure losses caused by
flow separation close to the change
in the cross sectional area. This
increasing in pressure losses will
increase the erosion rates and the
heat in the regions where separated
flow occurs [3]. Also, the fluid
flowing through the pipe may
impose pressures on the pipe walls
which deflect the pipe, where at a
high velocity flow through a thin
wall pipe it can either buckle the
pipe or cause it to fail. In certain
applications involving very high
velocity flows through flexible thin
wall pipes combined with vibration
such as (the feed lines to rockets
and water turbines) the pipe may
become susceptible to resonance
and fatigue failure if its natural
frequency falls below certain limits
[4].
The complete set of equations
of motion for pipe conveying fluid
by using Timoshenko beam theories
derived by [5]. They also used
Lagrange strain-displacement
theory but taking the longitudinal
strain only and neglected all other
strains, then using extended
Hamilton's principle to drive the
equations of motion for the
longitudinal and transverse
displacements. The output included.
1. Forces due to the flowing
fluid in the beam.
2. Kinetic energy of the
flowing fluid.
3. Finite element
models of the
governing equations.
The vibration system consisted
of a rotating cantilever pipe
conveying fluid and a tip mass
studied by [6]. The equation of
motion was derived by using the
Lagrange's equation. This paper
included:
1. Studying the influences of
the rotating angular velocity
and the velocity of fluid
flow on the dynamic
behavior of a cantilever
pipe.
2. Studying the effects of a tip
mass on the dynamic
behavior of a rotating
cantilever pipe.
They found that the natural
frequencies of a cantilever pipe
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




conveying fluid are proportional to
the angular velocity of the pipe and
the tip mass.

Motion of Equation Governing - 1

Consider a straight pipe
conveying uniform internal flow as
shown in figure (1). The straight
pipe, clamped at both ends, has
dimensions given by the length (L),
the cross-sectional outer diameter
(D) and the thickness (th). It is
assumed that the pipe is sufficiently
slender, that is, (D/L) << 0.1, this
ratio makes it considered as a beam.
Moreover, the fluid in the pipe is
assumed to be incompressible so
that its velocity is uniform inside
the pipe. This means that the so-
called Laminar flow is assumed,
where the secondary flow effects
are negligible.
The equation of motion for free
vibration of pipe conveying fluid
derived and may be written as:
as
( )
( ) 0
t
y
m m
t x
y
u 2m
x
y
A u u m
x
y
EI
2
2
p f
2
1 f
2
2
p f 2 1 f 4
4

+ +

+ +

Where:
4
4
x
y
EI

: Stiffness term
( )
2
2
p f 2 1 f
x
y
A P u u m

+ : Curvature
term
t x
y
u m 2
2
1 f

: Coriolis force term

( )
2
2
p f
t
y
m m

+ : Inertia force term

The equation of motion for
forced vibration of pipe conveying
fluid which derived may be written
as:
( )
( ) ( ) t x, F y m m y u m 2
y u u m A P y I E
p f 1 f
2 1 f P f
////
+ +
+ + +
& & &

Where:
F(X,t) is the non-dimensional
external force applied normal to the
pip axis in (y-direction).
The dimensionless variables are:
m
L
x
X ,
m
L
y
Y
m f
2 / 1
f
L u
I E
m
U
,
_

2 / 1
p f
f
m m
m

,
_

+

P
2
m
A P
I E
L

,
_

,
_

,
_

2
m
2 / 1
p f
L
t
m m
I E

Then the equations for free
vibration become:

( )
0 Y
1
U 2
U U Y
2
/
2 1
////
+
+

+ +

& &

Y
Y
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




And the equations for forced
vibration become :

( )
( )

, X F Y
1
U 2
Y U U Y
2
/
2 1
////
+
+ + +

& &
Y

2-Investigation of the flow stream
The value of inlet velocity (u
1
) can
be found from inlet Reynolds
number where:

i
1
D .
Re .
u

While the velocity through the
enlargement (u
2
) and through
contraction (u
3
) of the pipe can be
determined by using the following
formula:

2 2 3 1 1 2
u u & u u
Where:
1
= Area ratio for sudden
enlargement pipe.
2
=Area ratio for sudden
contraction pipe.
The pressure change due to friction
for flow in pipe for any uniform
cross section is given as follows
[7].
2
u .
D
L
2
i

f
Where: ) ( f Is the friction factor for
laminar flow in pipe given by
:
Re
64
f
Re = Reynolds Number
=

D u
i

D
i
= inner diameter of pipe (flow
diameter).
Since the fluid discharge to
atmosphere; therefore, the out let
pressure of the pipe (P
3
) = 1 atm
and the inlet pressure to the pipe
(P
1
) can be found from Bernoulli's
equation as follows:
Losses
g 2
u
g
P
Z
g 2
u
g
P
3
2
3 3
1
2
1 1
+ +

For horizontal pipe (z
1
=z
3
=0)
substitute in above equation gives:
* Losses
2
u u
P P
2
1
2
3
3 1

,
_

+
Where:
Losses = P
L1
+ P
Le
+P
L2
+P
Lc
+P
L3

P
L1
= losses for the first part of pipe
(before enlargement).
P
L2
= losses for the second part of
pipe (after enlargement).
P
L3
= losses for the third part of pipe
(after contraction).
P
Le
= losses at enlargement
= [
2
1
u . . C
2
1
e
]
C
e
= constant =
2
2
1
A
A
1
1
]
1

P
Lc
= losses at contraction
= [
2
3
u . . C
2
1

c
]
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




C
c
= constant =
2
2
1
A
A
c
1
]
1

3-The Transfer matrix method

In this method the system can be
converted to a mathematical model
consist of number of stations
represented by point matrix where
the mass concentrated at each
station, each station joined with
massless element which is
represented by field matrix, then it
can be found that the equations of
deflection (Y), slope (), bending
moment (M), shear force ( Q),
velocity (U), Pressure (P) for the
vibrated pipe conveying fluid, these
equations are:

a-The Equations For field Matrix

( ) ( )
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

i
i
i
3
i
m
i
i
p
i
i
3
i
m
R
1 i
m i
2
i
R
1 - i
m
i R
1 i
R
1 - i
L
i
) (GA
L .
48(EI)
L
L .
W
GA
L
EI 6
L
L .
1
.
L 2(EI)
L M
L
L
Y Y

i
2
i i
i
2
i
R
1 - i
i
i R
1 - i
R
1 - i
L
i
8(EI)
L W
2(EI)
L
(EI)
L
M

+ +
Q

. 2
L W
L
M M
i i
i R
1 i
R
1 - i
L
i

+

Q

i
R
1 i
L
i
W

Q Q
m i
2
1
f
i
L U
EI
m
U
1
]
1

,
R
1 i
L
i
U U


1
i
2
f i R
1 i
L
i
P D
L u 2f
P P

Where:
m
2
m
(EI)
L
,
m
m
(EI)
L
,
1 - n
L
L
n
1 i
i
m

,
1 - n
I
I
n
1 i
i
m

,
1 - n
E
E
n
1 i
i
m

b-The Equations for The
Particular Node

R
i
L
i
Y Y ,
R
i
L
i
,
R
i
L
i
M M ,

i i
2
L
i
R
i
F Y Q Q ,
R
i
L
i
U U ,

R
i
L
i
P P

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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




C-The Equations for The
Supported Node

R
i
L
i
Y Y ,
R
i
L
i
,
R
i
L
i
M M ,
R
i
L
i
U U ,
R
i
L
i
P P

i m
2
t
L
i
R
i
. .L K). . (m Q Q


d-The Equations Of The Sudden
Enlargements

R
i
L
i
Y Y ,
R
i
L
i
,
R
i
L
i
M M
inlet
2
e
L
i
R
i
l
i
1
R
i
. 2
u . . C
, U . U

Where:
2
1
1
A
A

A
1
=cross-section area of the pipe
before enlargement.
A
2
=cross-section area of the pipe
after enlargement.
P
inlet
= inlet pressure to the pipe.
u = fluid velocity
Ce=constant = 5 . 0
A
A
1
2
2
1

1
]
1

e-The Equations Of The Sudden
Contraction

R
i
L
i
Y Y ,
R
i
L
i
,
R
i
L
i
M M
inlet
2
C
L
i
R
i
l
i
2
R
i
. 2
u . . C
, U . U

,
3
2
2
A
A
,

1
]
1

1
A
A
C
c
2
c
constant
A
2
=cross-section area of the pipe
before contraction
A
3
=cross-section area of the pipe
after contraction
P
inlet
= inlet pressure to the pipe.
u

= fluid velocity

4-Result and discussion
A suitable MATLAB_R2007
language program has been
developed to embrace the
theoretical work. The pipe span was
discrtized into twenty element and
twenty one point station and the
forced vibration at different
excitation frequencies is imposed at
station eleven with represented the
mid span of the pipe system shown
in figure (2). This program is uses
to determine (natural frequencies,
mode shape, deflection, slope,
bending moment, and shear force)
for different [diameter, material,
length, supports and fluid velocity]

A-Effect of support
The deflection at mid length of pipe
without fluid with various
excitation frequencies for different
kinds of supports [flexible, simply,
rigid] for model-1 are presented in
fig. (3). Also, it may be observed
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




the values of the natural frequencies
from the peaks of this figure which
are given in table (A-1) for different
cases of pipe support. Fig (1-a, b, c)
show the values of natural
frequencies for flexible support are
less than that for simply and rigid
support, also the values of natural
frequencies for simply support are
less than that rigid support. This
because the flexible support have
the ability to move in Y-direction
therefore, its flexibility is very high
compares with simply and rigid
support, that leads to decrease the
pipe stiffness and hence its natural
frequency. While rigid support is
tightly supported more than the
other two kinds of supports
[Y(0,t)=0 &Y(L,t)=0] also there is
no slope at the supports position of
pipe[dY/dX(0,t)=0 &dY/dX(L,t)=0]
which leads to increase the stiffness
of the pipe at supports position and
thus decreases the natural
frequencies more than the other two
kinds of supports.
B-Effect of diameter size
In order to study the effect of the
diameter size on the natural
frequencies of the pipe system with
different types of supports, two
different pipe diameters were used
with two models. The first model
with diameters (12.7mm, 25.4mm,
12.7mm) and the second model
with diameters (6.35mm, 12.7mm,
6.35mm). It seems that the first
model has the highest natural
frequencies values than the second
model for all kind of supports.
Figures (4) show the three lowest
natural frequencies for copper pipe
system without fluid with different
support for (model-2).
Table (A-2) shows the
comparison of natural frequencies
values of pipe with different
diameters and supported with
flexible, simply and rigid supports,
respectively. Its obviously seen
that the natural frequency is
affected by the diameter size for all
kind of selected supports. The
natural frequencies for (model-1)
are twice the natural frequencies for
(model-2). So, the increasing in
diameter size will cause an
increasing in inertia, therefore
increasing in stiffness yields
increasing in natural frequency. The
values of natural frequencies in
rigid support case are higher than
those in flexible and simply
supports, because the overall
stiffness of the system is higher.
C-Effect of pipe material
To study the effect of pipe
material on the natural frequencies,
three pipe materials were selected
which are copper, steel and
aluminum. Their mechanical
properties are listed in Table (A-3).
Figure (5), show the (1
st
, 2
nd
and
3
rd
) natural frequencies for the steel
pipe material while figure (6), show
the (1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
) natural
frequencies for aluminum pipe
material. These figures indicate that
the natural frequencies values of
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




steel pipe are higher than those of
copper pipe for all kinds of supports
as well as the natural frequencies
values of aluminum pipe are higher
than those copper and steel with
different ratios as listed in Table
(A-4). This is because the steel and
aluminum have more stiffness than
copper because of their physical
properties.
D-Effect of Pipe Length
In order to study the effect of
pipe length on the natural
frequencies of the pipe system with
different types of supports, two
different pipe lengths were used
with the same diameter (12.7mm,
25.4mm, 12.7 mm). Model one is
with a length (0.25m, 0.5m, 0.25m)
and the other model are with a
length (0.5m, 0.5m, 0.5m). It seems
that the first model has the highest
natural frequencies values than the
third model for all kind of supports.
Figure (7) show the three lowest
natural frequencies for copper pipe
(model-1) and (model-3).
Table (A-5) shows the
comparison of natural frequencies
values of pipe with different pipe
lengths and supported with flexible,
simply and rigid supports,
respectively. It is obviously seen
that the natural frequency is
affected by the pipe length for all
kinds of selected supports. The
natural frequencies for (model-1)
are higher than the natural
frequencies for (model-3).

E-Effect of Fluid Velocity
Table (A-6) shows the effect of
increasing the Reynolds number on
the natural frequencies.
Where;

D u
Re
In the present study, at mid length
of pipe conveying fluid with
various velocities for different
kinds of supports (flexible, simply
and rigid) the deflections are
presented in Figures. (8) and (9).
The values of the natural
frequencies from the peaks of these
figures are given in the above table
for different cases of pipe supports.
It can be noticed from these figures
and tables that the values of the
natural frequency for the case of
vibrated pipe system conveying
fluid remain constant with the
increasing of Reynolds number
because increasing Reynolds
number leads to increasing the fluid
velocity and this increase doesnt
affect the properties of the pipe
system material (stiffness and
mass). Table (A-7) shows that the
values of the natural frequencies for
the case of vibrated pipe system
conveying fluid are less than the
values of the natural frequencies for
the case of vibrated pipe system
without fluid. This can be related to
the effect of the fluid mass which is
added to the mass of the system and
it is inversely proportional to the
natural frequencies.
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




F-Results of the comparison
between the ANSYS-11 and
MATALAB-R2007 program
The comparisons are made for
different cases of support pipe
model-1 without fluid. Some of the
numerical results obtained from
transfer matrix method by adopting
[MATLAB-R2007] program were
compared with finite element
method by using [ANSYS -11]
program. The comparisons between
the results for these two programs
show a good agreement with a
maximum difference of (2.027 %)
and a minimum difference of (0.032
%). The comparisons are presented
in the tables (B-1).
G-Conclusions
From the results of the present
work, the following conclusions
may be deduced:
1-The values of the fundamental
natural frequency for the pipe with
flexible support are less than those
obtained for rigid support for the
adopted stiffness values with a
percent [49.7%, 41.9%, and 31.5%]
for three lowest natural frequencies,
respectively. Also, the natural
frequencies for simply supported
are less than those obtained for
rigid support with a percent [47.4%,
36.7%, and 19.4%] for three lowest
natural frequencies, respectively.
2- The decreasing in the system
pipe diameter will reduce the
natural frequencies.
3-The increasing in the system pipe
length will reduce the natural
frequencies.
4-The natural frequencies values of
aluminum system are higher than
those for steel and copper system
pipe for all kinds of supports.
5-The natural frequencies for pipe
system conveying fluid is less than
the natural frequencies for pipe
system without fluid.
6- The natural frequencies for pipe
system conveying fluid stay
constant with the increasing of
Reynolds number (fluid velocity).
7- The results of the transfer matrix
method by using (MATLB-R2007)
Program and finite element method
by using (ANSYS-11) Program,
gives a good agreement with
percentage for a maximum
difference of (2.027%) and a
minimum difference of (0.032%).
References
[1]S. S. Rao, Mechanical
Vibration, 5
th
Edition,
Addison-Wesley, USA, 1995
[2] Blevins, Flow Induced
Vibration, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York, London,
1977.
[3] Blevins, Formulas for
Natural Frequency and Mode
Shape, 3
rd
Edition, Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York,
1979.
[4] A. A. Mahdi, The Effect of
Induced Vibration on a Pipe
with a Restriction Conveying
Fluid, Ph.D. Thesis,
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




Mechanical Engineering
Department, University of
Technology, Baghdad, Iraq,
2001.
[5] J. N. Reddy and C. M. Wang,
Dynamics of Fluid Conveying
Beams: Governing Equations
and Finite Element Models,
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Texas A&M
University, U.S.A., 2004.
[6] H. Yoon and I. Son, Dynamic
Response of Rotating Flexible
Cantilever Pipe Conveying
Fluid with Tip Mass, Journal
of Mechanical Sciences, Vol.
49, Issue 7, pp. (878-887),
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[7] K. L. Kumar, Engineering
Fluid Mechanics, 5
th
Edition,
Boston, 1990.
[8] E.J. Hearm, Mechanics of
Material , Vol. 1, First Edition,
New York, 1977.


Tables (A)

Copper pipe ( model-1)
Flexible Support Simply Support Rigid Support

n1
(rad/sec)

n2
(rad/sec)

n3
(rad/sec)

n1
(rad/sec)

n2
(rad/sec)

n3
(rad/sec)

n1
(rad/sec)

n2
(rad/sec)

n3
(rad/sec)
195 585 1634 204 637 1921 388 1007 2386








Table(A-1) The natural frequencies values of copper pipe with different types of

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Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




Table (A-2) Comparison of natural frequencies values with
different pipe diameter.

Copper pipe
Flexible Support Simply Support Rigid Support
Diameter
(mm)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)
Model-1 195 585 1634 204 637 1921 388 1007 2386
Model-2 93 290 904 94 293 917 180 465 1137


Table (A-3) Properties of pipe material [8].
(kg/m
3
) G(N/m
2
) E(N/m
2
) Material
8933 40*10
9
120*10
9
Copper
7860 79*10
9
200*10
9
Steel
2710 26*10
9
70*10
9
Aluminum

Flexible Support Simply Support Rigid Support
Material

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)
Copper 195 585 1634 204 637 1921 388 1007 2386
Steel 260 764 2022 281 878 2649 535 1389 3292
Aluminum
275 841 2437 283 884 2667 539 1398 3313


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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




Table (A-5) Comparison of natural frequencies values
with different pipe lengths.
Copper pipe
Flexible Support Simply Support Rigid Support
Model

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)
Model-1 195 585 1634 204 637 1921 388 1007 2386
Model-3 163 556 1511 168 590 1850 342 913 2496

Table (A-6) Comparison of natural frequencies values
with different Reynolds number
Flexible Support Simply Support Rigid Support
Re

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)
500 161 502 1430 169 544 1661 320 853 2051
1000 161 502 1430 169 544 1661 320 853 2051
1500
161 502 1430 169 544 1661 320 853 2051








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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




.

Table ( B)
Table (B-1) Results of comparison between the T.M.M by using MATLAB-
R2007 program and F.E.M by using ANSYS-11 program for copper pipe
without fluid.
Copper pipe [model-1] , Without fluid
Re = 0
n1
(rad/s)
n2
(rad/s)
n3
(rad/s)
Flexible
Support
T.M.M 195 585 1634
F.E.M 195.407 589.564 1634.527
Error % 0.208 0.774 0.032
Simply
Support
T.M.M 204 637 1921
F.E.M 204.832 642.996 1930.194
Error % 0.406 0.932 0.476
Rigid
Support
T.M.M 388 1007 2386
F.E.M 389.928 1018.027 2405.832
Error % 0.494 1.083 0.824
Copper pipe [ model-1 ]
Flexible Support Simply Support Rigid Support

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)

n1
(rad/s)

n2
(rad/s)

n3
(rad/s)
Without fluid 195 585 1634 204 637 1921 388 1007 2386
With fluid 161 502 1430 169 544 1661 320 853 2051
Table (A-7) Comparison of natural frequencies valuetys with and without fluid for
different supports.
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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions




Y
X





Figure (1) Pipe conveying fluid.


















Figure (2) Pipe with discrete elements and masses.
1
6 16
21
Li
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Section Pipes With Different End Conditions






























0 200 400 600 800 1000
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Flexible Support - model -2
0 200 400 600 800 1000
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Simply Support - model - 2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Rigid Support - model - 2
Figure (4) Deflection for (flexible, simply, rigid) supports pipe without fluid with various e xcitation frequencies at mid span of copper
pipe (model-2) represent three lowest natural frequency.

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Flexible Support - model - 1
(a)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Simply Support - model - 1
(b)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Rigid Support - model - 1
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
(c)
Figure (3) Deflection for (flexible, simply, rigid) supports pipe without fluid with various excitation frequencies at
mid span of copper pipe (model-1) represent three lowest natural frequency .

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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions































0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Flexible Support
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Simply Support
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Rigid Support
Figure (5) Deflection for (flexible, simply, rigid) supports pipe without fluid with various excitation frequencies at mid
span of steel pipe (model-1) represent three lowest natural frequency.

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Flexible Support
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Simply Support
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
Rigid Support
Figure (6) Deflection for (flexible, simply, rigid) supports pipe without fluid with various excitation frequencies at mid
span of aluminum pipe (model-1) represent three lowest natural frequency.

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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions































0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Flexible Support - model - 1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Rigid Support - model - 1
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Simply Support - model - 1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Flexible Support , model - 3
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Rigid Support , model - 3
0 500 1000 1500 2000
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Simply Support , model - 3
Figure (7) Deflection for (flexible, simply, rigid) supports pipe without fluid with various excitation frequencies at mid span of copper
pipe with different lengths (model-1, model-3) represent three lowest natural frequency.

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Eng. & Tech. Journal, Vol.28, No.8, 2010 Vibration Characteristics of Different Cross-
Section Pipes With Different End Conditions































0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Re=500
F-Sup
S-Sup
R-Sup
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
Re=500
F-Sup
S-Sup
R-Sup
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Re=500
F-Sup
S-Sup
R-Sup
Figure (8) Deflection for (flexible, simply, rigid) supports pipe conveying fluid with various excitation frequencies at mid span of copper
pipe (model-1) represent (1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
) natural frequency for Re=500.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Re=1500
F-Sup
S-Sup
R-Sup
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
Re=1500
F-Sup
S-Sup
R-Sup
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
Excitat ion Frequency (rad/sec)
D
e
f
le
c
t
io
n

(
m
)
Re=1500
F-Sup
S-Sup
R-Sup
Figure (9) Deflection for (flexible, simply, rigi d) supports pipe conveying fluid with various excitation frequencies at mid span of copper
pipe (model-1) represent (1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
) natural frequency for Re=1500.

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