Filters

1 Introduction

- We will not repeat the importance of filtration in industrial environments and particularly in cement plants.

- Filtration, which is also known as dedusting system, pursues several objectives in the cement grinding plants:

* To keep equipment clean to prevent mechanical problems (clogging, blocking ...) and process complications

* To collect materials that are either added to the finished product or return to the grinding circuit

* To send to the atmosphere a clean air that meets government standards of each country

- The table below gives an idea of the size of the particles to recover depending on the type of application:
- There are many types of filtration:

* Filtration by gravity: sedimentation chamber

* Mechanical Filtration: gravity, inertia, centrifugal forces (cyclone)

* Wet filtration (scrubber): capture of particles in a liquid phase

* Fibrous media filtration (baghouses)

* Electrostatic Filtration: electric field (electrofilter)

- The table below gives an idea of the areas of application of these different types of filtration:

- Here below, one can compare different types of dust removal according to the operating parameters and costs:
- In the case of a grinding plant, we are interested in the following 3 types:

* Cyclones

* Electrostatic precipitators

* Bag filters

- Cyclones have already resulted in a presentation that can be seen at the following link:

http://www.thecementgrindingoffice.com/cyclonesdevelop.html

- We will analyze in this document electrostatic precipitators and bag filters.

- Finally, here is a table showing typical concentrations in cement works:

 - The next chapter will be dedicated to electrostatic precipitators.

Filters

2 Electrofilters
This document provides basic elements.
For details, consult specialized books!
2.1 Definition:
- In two words the electrostatic precipitator - also known as ESP - is a dust extraction device of laden gases by e
ionisation.
2.2 Constitution:
The electrostatic precipitator is mainly composed of:
- A large metal casing.
- Of wires, also called discharge electrodes, installed vertically.
- These wires receive an electrical current with a high negative charge and a high voltage of 30-100 kV.
- The discharge electrodes are located and suspended between parallel plates.
- There are different types of discharge electrodes available:
 - The plates are mounted in parallel and vertical and are most often made of stainless steel.
- These plates are connected to the ground at potential 0 and are also called collecting electrodes (with a positive
- The distance between wires and plates can vary from 150 to 250mm depending on the nature of gases.
- The plates usually have a maximum height of 9m.
- There are different types of collecting plates available:

- The gas velocity is around 1 m/sec.

- Diagram:

2.3 Different types:

 - There are three types of electrostatic precipitators:
* One stage filters (high voltage)
* The 2-stage filters (10-12kV)
* The wet electrostatic filter
- The discussion here is limited to the study of the one stage electrostatic precipitator.
- Example of ESP:

2.4 Principle of operation:

- The principle of operation of an electrostatic precipitator is based on the force applied by an electric field to a
limestone particle or other.
- The particle of limestone is naturally charged but its charge is too low to give rise to a sufficient attractive forc
to be exploitable.
- It is therefore necessary that the particle be exposed, by an external process, to have a sufficient ionized charge
- This charge, useful and negative, is created by ionization of the carrier gas, obtained by the discharge electrode
raised to a high potential and giving what it is called the corona effect.
- The corona can be positive but it seems that the performance is less satisfactory in that case.
- So, the particles across this electric field are negatively charged.
- They are then deviated by the field and collected on the collecting electrodes.
- With time, the particles begin to deposit on the collecting surface, the thickness of the layer of material thus in
- A collecting plate takes care of 12-25 cm of particles before being removed by shaking (hammers).
- An endless screw is often used to remove the material collected in the bottom of the filter.
- Diagram of the principle:
- The capture of the dispersed particles in the ionized gas is thus carried out in three successive steps:
* The dust electrical charge
* The migration of the charged particles in the electric field toward the collecting electrodes where they precip
by electrical discharge
* The evacuation of the purified gas and the removal of collected dust.
- It should be noted that the total length of these three steps must be shorter than the residence time of the gas
through the filter.
- Below is another diagram of the operation:
 - Summary of separation steps:
* Generation of an electrical charge (corona effect)
* Ionization of gases
* Charging of the particles
* Migration of the particles
* Captation of the particles
* Cleaning of collector plates (and electrodes)
- Without going into detail, it should be noted that the cleaning of charging electrodes and collecting plates
is often realized via a system of impact hammers electromagnetic pulse device as shown on the photo below:

2.5 Efficiency of the ESP:

- The efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator depends on many factors such as:
* dust concentration
* the amount of gas
* the collecting surface
* the temperature
* the moisture
* the particle size
* the resistivity of the particles
- Here below is a table giving an idea of the influence of these parameters:

- The main characteristics of the particles affecting the efficiency are:

* the particle size
 * the resistivity
- Regarding the size, here is a typical chart of efficiency as a function of particle diameter:

- Some resistivity according to the temperature (source Wikipedia)

- Regarding the resistivity of cement dust, here's a chart showing its relationship with humidity and temperature:
 - It should be noted that the resistivity of the raw meal is very high (up 10¹⁴Ω.cm) and the dust has sometimes d
to precipitate.
- Suitable devices can provide, for many industrial emissions, an overall efficiency of dust removal > 99%.
- The commonly used formula to calculate the efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator looks like this:

where:
η is the efficiency
ω is the migration velocity of the particles in m/s
S is the collecting surface in m2
Q is the quantity of gas in m3/s
- This equation is called formula of Deutsch.
- After, it was found that the efficiency was much more influenced by the variability of the rate of migration
of the particles, especially the finest, and the Deutsch formula has been modified as follows (Allander, Matts
and Ohnfeldt):

- With a coefficient called m, between 0,4 and 0,7 (0,5 being the standard value generally accepted).
Filters

3 Bag filters
 This document provides basic elements.

For details, consult specialized books!

3.1 Definition:

- Bag filters are dedusting devices used in industrial applications.

- They are composed of a metal casing in which are arranged filter bags that when they are traversed by the gas

retain dust.

3.2 Constitution:

The bag filter is mainly composed of:

- A large metal casing which can be made of several sections.

- Filter media, the most used are the cylindrical bags.

- A dust collection hopper

- A dust removal system which is the most frequently an endless screw such as electrostatic precipitators.

- A filter media cleaning system.

3.3 Different types:

- There are three types of bag filters according to their cleaning method:

* filters with mechanical cleaning (shaker)

* filters with cleaning by reverse air flow (reverse-air)

 * filters with cleaning by pulsed air (pulse jet)

- The trend today is to use rather long vertical bags (> 5 m), with a pulsed air filter cleaning system, a capture of

dust by the external side and with an air flow from the bottom to the top.

- Today, the reverse air and pulsed air systems are the most used in cement plants.

- Operating diagram (credit: Iowa Department of Natural Resources):

3.4 Principle of operation::

- The dust laden gas enters the filter from the top or bottom of the box.

- The gases pass through the filter bag from outside to inside (outside absorption) with a speed of about 1,5 m/s

is sucked by the fan located downstream of the dust collector.

- In an alternative system, the gas can also pass through the filter bags from the inside to the outside (inner absor

- The number of installed bags of course depends on the gas flow to be treated.

- With time therefore, it forms a kind of cake around the dust filter bags.

- And the cake of material helps, unlike what one might think, to improve the filtration because it is porous and

extra-fine particles can pass through.

- The pressure drop across the filtration surface increases with the deposition of solids retained and when it

reaches a limit, the gas flow is interrupted and the bag is cleaned and sends the dusts in the bottom of the recov

hopper.

- To avoid stopping the flow of gas to be treated during the cleanup phase, the filter is usually performed in seve

sectors, each of which being subject to the cleaning step in rotation while the other are in phase of operation.

- Dusts are finally collected in an endless screw and are sent either to the finished product, or to the bucket eleva

to be processed again in a separator.

- On the other hand, clean air (dusted) exits through a chimney using an induced draft fan (often centrifugal).

- Below, we can see the two cases where the dust is absorbed outside or inside of the filter bag:
3.5 Filtration mechanisms:

- The filtering is performed by the combined effect of five mechanisms:

- Gravity:

Only applicable to the coarser particles.

- Impact or inertia:

Solid particles entrained by the gas, due to their mass, do not follow the path of the gas when it follows a curve

to avoid an obstacle but go on the obstacle itself (predominant for particles > 1 micron).

- Interception:

The solid particles of the gas along the path around the obstacle and located at a distance less than their radius

with respect to the obstacle are intercepted (mainly particles between 0.2 and 1 micron).

- Brownian effect:

Very fine particles, due to their Brownian motion, may collide with other gas molecules, deviate from their pat

and may touch the obstacle (mainly for particles <0.2 m).

- Electrostatic forces:

The presence of an electrostatic charge on the particles and the filter can increase the capture of the dust.

- The obstacle is, of course, the filter bag coated of its cake of material already intercepted.
 - The diagram below illustrates these filtering mechanisms:

- This drawing is inspired by Klingspor and Vernon, 1988.

- Typical diagram of filter efficiency as a function of the 5 forces:

Filtres

3 Bag filters (Suite 1)

3.6 Cleaning methods:

- Let's remind that there are three ways to clean the filter elements:

* The mechanical system (shaker)

* The reverse air system (reverse-air)

* The pulsed air system (pulse jet)

- The mechanical system:

It is performed by shaking or vibration of the bags.

There are three ways:

* Mechanical shock

* Oscillation

* Sound waves of low frequency

It is only used for the bags with internal absorption.

It is a system that requires much bags.

An illustration below:
- The reverse air system:

A dust-free air passes in the opposite direction of normal operation.

This system requires the isolation of the bags to unclog.

An illustration here below:

- The pulsed air system:

This system is only used with external absorption bags.

A jet of air at 6-7 bar is sent periodically within each bag and generates a pressure wave that causes the sudden

enlargement of the filter cloth and detaches the pasted material.

It does not require the isolation of the filter bags to be processed.

The bags are poorly requested.

An illustration below:
 - The tables here below give an idea of the general parameters of cleaning for the 3 types:

3.7 Filter materials:

- From the point of view of the filter material, one can distinguish two types of materials:

- The woven media consisting of regularly perpendicular woven wires, with an aperture of square meshes.

Example of filter cloth:

- Pressed media which is a set of small fibers arranged randomly (eg Teflon type).

- Felt example:

- The main difference between the two is in the process of filtration:

- The fabric retains relatively large particles forming a solid layer which also acts as a filter.

- Teflon, in addition to the surface action holds the particles inside the filter layer, which results in good efficien

on the fine particles.

- Cleaning Teflon is more difficult and has higher pressure drop, but in return it is more efficient.

- After the cleaning, the fabric loses a part of the dust adhering to the frame and a short time later, the cleaning

efficiency decreases.

- Different filter materials are distinguished by other key features such as:

* The size of the fibers

- * The mechanical strength of the fibers (at different temperatures)

* The chemical resistance of fibers

* The resistance to the passage of air

 * The electrostatic charge

Filter materials must meet the following criteria to avoid problems:

* Good mechanical strength

- * Good dimensional stability at the operating temperature

* Good air permeability (low pressure drop)

* Good thermal stability at operating temperature

Application based on 3 types of cleaning:

- Main characteristics of different types of filter media:

 - Some examples of filter bags:

3.8 Advantages and disadvantages of the three cleaning systems:

3.8.1 The mechanical system:

- Advantages:

* A low pressure drop for equivalent filtration efficiencies

* Has a high filtration efficiency for respirable dust

* Can use strong bags that can support the reinforced cleaning cycle

* Easy to use
 - Disadvantages:

* Has a low filtration rate (0,45 to 0,6 m/min) (*)

(*) Filtration velocity = air-to-cloth ratio

* Can not be used at high temperatures

* Requires a large space

* Requires a large number of filter bags

* It consists of many moving parts and requires frequent maintenance

* Staff must enter the baghouse to replace bags, creating a significant risk

exposure to toxic dust

* May cause reduced efficiency of cleaning if there is a slight positive pressure inside the bags

3.8.2 The reverse current system:

- Advantages:

* Has a low pressure drop for equivalent filtration efficiencies

* Has a high filtration efficiency for respirable dust

* Is preferred for high temperatures due to the action of gently cleaning

- Disadvantages:

* Has a low filtration rate (0.3 to 0.6 m / min)

* Has no effective way to eliminate the accumulation of residual dust

* Requires frequent cleaning to compensate for the low cleaning

* Air cleaning must be filtered

* Staff must enter the baghouse to replace bags, creating a significant risk

exposure to toxic dust

3.8.3 The pulsed air system:

- Advantages:

* Can have a filtration velocity relatively high (1,8 to 3 m/min)

* Has a very good performance and minimal residual dust accumulation due to aggressive cleaning

* Has a high filtration efficiency for respirable dust

 * Can be cleaned continuously

* Can use resistant handles that can withstand a reinforced cleaning cycle

*Has a lower wear of the bags

* Has a a smaller size due to the higher speed of filtration

* Some models allow you to change bag without entering the filter

- Disadvantages:

* Can easily be used at high temperatures except with special fabrics

* Requires the use of dry compressed air

* Can not be used in case of high humidity in the gas

3.9 Comparison:

- A table gives a comparison between the three systems:

- So we see that the pulsed air system is the most interesting because it is operating practically continuously

and that for a lower space required.

3.10 Elements of sizing:

3.10.1 Filtration velocity:

- This is probably the best known and no doubt the most important parameter.

- It is also called: Air-to-Cloth ratio

- The formula defining this parameter is the following:

 With:

V is equal to the velocity of filtration in (m3/min)/m2, or in m/min

Q is equal to the quantity of gas to be treated in m3/min

A is the filter surface (the filter bags so) in m2

- For this calculation, we consider the net filter area, we will see later what that means.

- The tables below provide filtration velocities typically used for various materials:

- And to summarize in the case that interests us:

- Knowing the amount of air to be treated, it is easy to calculate the required filter area:

- For example

* Air quantity: 65 000 m3/h = 1 083.3 m3/min

* Material: cement

* Filter tpe: reverse air with felt

We must solve the equation:

- For pulse jet filters, an equation has been developed by the manufacturers:

With:

V is filtration speed in m/min

A is a coefficient of material (see table below)

B is a coefficient of application (see table below)

 T is the temperature in °C

C is dust concentration in g/m3

D is the mean diameter by mass of the particles in μm

Constraints to respect:

T must be between 10 and 135 °C

For T outside this area, use 10 or 1325

C should be between 0,1 and 229 g/m3

For C outside this zone, use either 0,1 or 229

D must be between 3 and 100 microns

For D outside this range, use either 0,8 or 1,2 if smaller or if greater than 100

Coefficients A and B for applications in cement field:

- For example

* Filter of a cement mill

* Temperature of cement: 102 °C

* Dust concentration: 40 g/m3

* Average diameter: 50 microns

Solution:

A = 10
 B = 0,9

3.10.2 Net area of filtration/gross area of filtration:

- One must calculate first the net filtration area, so that we need really.

- As filters having a cleaning system by shaking or reverse air have always a part offline

for cleaning, one must multiply the net area by a coefficient to determine the total area available for filtration.

- The coefficients to be applied are:

- For pulse jet filters whose elements generally remain online during the cleaning phase, the net and gross filtrat

areas are equal.

- Finally, to close this chapter, here is a table showing the number of sections required depending on the filter su
3.10.3 Pressure drop:

- The pressure drop of a dust collector is of course a factor to consider.

- The pressure drop is often given by the following formula:

With:

ΔP is the total pressure drop

ΔPf est la perte de charge du média filtrant

ΔPp is the pressure drop of the filter cake

ΔPs is the pressure drop of the filter structure

- ΔPs is often neglected and then we have:

- As the gas flow takes place at a low Reynolds number (Re = 1), we can apply Darcy's law (*) and we have:

With:

ΔP is the total pressure drop

 Df is the depth or thickness of the filter media

Dp is the depth or thickness of the material cake coating the filter medium

η is the viscosity of the gas

V is the speed of filtration

Kf is the permeability of the filter medium

Kp is the permeability of the cake coating the filter media

(*) Darcy's law is concerned with the flow in porous media

- As the pressure drop of the filter media is more or less constant, the total pressure drop of the filter depends

directly on the thickness of material around, which increases with time.

- Small illustration of the phenomenon:

Filter
s

3 Bag filters (Suite 2)

3.10 Elements of sizing (suite):

3.10.3 Pressure drop (suite):

- The thickness of the dust layer increases progressively with the operating time elapsed.

- The mass of dust accumulated in the time t is equal to the volume flow rate multiplied by the time t and the

concentration of dust in the gas stream.

- However, this mass is also equivalent to the density of the material layer on the surface of the filter multiplied

by the volume of the layer collected at time t.

- By putting all these equivalences together, we have the following expression

- And:

With:

Dp is the depth or thickness of the material coating the filter medium

V is equal to the velocity of filtration in (m3/min)/m2, or in m/min

t is the time of operation in min

C is the concentration of dust in kg/m3

ρ is the bulk density of the cake material in kg/m3

- By replacing Dp in the formula on the previous page, we have then:

- The relationship between the total pressure drop and the superficial speed of filtration is known as the

resistance across the filter, S.

- Assuming K1 and K2 as follows:

- And the areal density of dust such as:

- K1 is also related to Frazier permeability, which is the flow through a fabric in cfm/ft2 of fabric when the pres

drop across the fabric is 0,5 inWG.

- The formula is then as follows:

- The problem is that the coefficients K1 and K2 are not easy to find.

- So we postulate:

With:

S is the resistance of the filter in Pa/(m/min)

ΔP is the total pressure loss in Pa

V is equal to the velocity of filtration in (m3/min)/m2, or in m/min

Ke is in Pa.min/m
 Ks is in Pa.min.m/kg

W is the areal density in kg/m2

- Ke and Ks Ke and Ks are determined empirically using pilot tests during which the pressure drop is measured

at different operating time intervals with a given concentration of dust.

- Ke can be defined as the extrapolated resistance of the clean filter.

Ks is derived from a straight with a constant slope and varies only if there is change of gas, dust or quality of f

- The graph here below shows these two coefficients:

- At the beginning of the cycle, the gas flow through the filter cloth is not uniform and therefore the initial part o

the curve is non-linear.

- During that time, the dust cake is formed irregularly.

- As time goes, the resistance increases linearly with the increase of the areal density up to the maximum strengt

allowable and then the cleaning of the clothes starts for a very short time.

- The cycle is thus completed.

- The linear portion of the curve is known as the effective filtration area.

3.10.4 Example of calculation of the coefficients Ke and Ks:

- Data:

* Filter with reverse air system

* Material: cement

* Dust Concentration: 60 g/m3

 * Quantity of Gas: 42000 m3/h

- According to the chart on the previous page, we chose the filtration speed: 0,5 m/min

- After the tests, we have the following results of pressure with respect to time of operation:

- We calculate then W and S:

- We must now plot the graph with points (W, S):

 - We see that to find a representative trend line, we must take the last 4 points:

(450;1177), (600;1294), (750;1412) et (900;1550)

- The equation of the line found will be:

- Now, if one wants to know the pressure drop after 45 minutes:

3.10.5 Cycles of operation and cleaning up:

- These cycles can be visualized on a diagram with coordinates (X, Y), with time on the abscissa X and the amo

gas and the pressure loss on the ordinate Y (for example a filter with 4 compartments):
- As we can see, the cleaning cycles are in the order: 1-4-3-2.

- Let's take for example the compartment 1.

- When it has been cleaned and has been replaced in operation, it receives a large amount of gas that will decrea

as the filter bags will be coated with material.

- The other compartments will have their gas flow increase to compensate.

- The pressure drop is minimum when the compartment 1 is online again and then increases.

- After a time tr, it is the turn of the filter 4 to be taken offline to be cleaned and for a time tc.

- Note that the maximum pressure drop Δpmax is reached at the end of the cleaning compartment 4.

- And so on.

- The reference time are:

tr is the operating time (time between two cleanings)

tc is the time to clean a compartment

tf is the filtration time

- We have the following equation that links these three times and is the filtration time of a compartment

With:

N is the number of compartments

And:

- Maximum pressure drop:

- During the time tj, the section has accumulated an areal density equal to:

By considering the following equations:

 With:

QN is the gas flow rate for one compartment

QN-1 is the gas flow for one compartment when another compartment is offline

Ac s the filtering area of a compartment

VN is the filtration velocity of one compartment

VN-1 is the speed of filtration of a compartment when another compartment is offline

- We deduce the equation:

- And from there, the maximum pressure drop reached:

- And use a coefficient (called fN) based on the number of sections to know the actual speed of filtration of the

compartement having remained in service the longest.

- Use the table below:

- With fN from the equation:

3.10.6 Example of calculation of maximum pressure drop:

- Data:

* Filter with reverse air cleaning system

* Material: cement

* Dust Concentration: 30 g/m3

* Quantity of Gas: 66 000 m3/h or 1 100 m3/min

* Ke equals 820 Pa.min/m

* Ks equals 3,5 Pa.min.m/g

* Filtration time: 50 min

* Cleaning Time: 4 min

- According to the chart on the previous page, we choose filtration velocity: 2,5 ft/min

- Either: 0,762 m/min

- Calculate the net filtration area:

- According to the table on the previous page, we choose: 4 compartments

- The gross filtration area will be:

- Choice of filter bags:

* Diameter d: 0,150 m

* Length l: 4,2 m

- Filtering area Ab for 1 bag:

- Calculation of the bags number:

- Calculation of VN:

- Calculation of VN-1:

- Calculation of the operation time tr:

- Calculation of the accumulated areal density:

- Calculation of Sj:
 - Calculation of Vj:

- And finally, we can determine the maximum pressure drop:

Filters

3 Bag filters (Suite 3)

3.10 Elements of sizing (suite):

3.10.7 Case of the pulse jet filter:

- During the online cleaning process of the bags of the pulsed air filter, only a small fraction of the dust coating

filter bag falls into the recovery hopper.

- The rest of the dislodged dust is redeposited on the bags by following the gas flow in the filter.

- It is clear that the redeposited dust has different characteristics of pressure drop than the dust previously depos

- A modelization of the online cleaning was developed by Dennis and Klemm and this has resulted in the follow

equation:

With:

S is the resistance of the filter

Se is the resistance of the just cleaned filter

(K2)c is the specific resistance of the recycled dust

Wc is the areal density of the recycled dust

 K2 is the specific resistance of the freshly deposited dust

Wo is the areal density of the dust deposited later

- This model has the advantage that it can easily report the three filtration regimes of a pulse jet filter, ie:

clean filter, new dust deposited and redeposited dust.

- Considering the operating conditions, the values of Se, (K2)c and Wc can be assumed to be constant,

so that they can be grouped into the following relationship:

With:

ΔP is the total pressure drop

V is the filtration velocity

- This equation describes the behavior of the pressure drop for a single filter bag but also determines the pressur

drop of the baghouse due to the parallel arrangement of the bags.

- The disadvantage of the model represented by the last two equations is that the constants, Se, (K2)c, andt Wc,

are difficult to know.

- The solution is to develop other empirical equations for special cases.

- For example, for the combination of Dacron felt with fly ash, the proposed formula is:

With:

V in ft/min

Pj is the pressure of the pulsed air, normally between 60 and 100 psig

- Of course, the above equation can not be applied to other cases.

- The formula calculating the total pressure drop becomes:

 With:

ΔP in mmH2O

V in ft/min

Pj in psig (psi)

K2 in inH2O/(ft/min).(lb/ft2) and generally between 1,2 and 40

C in g/ft3

tf in min

3.10.8 Example calculation for pulsed air filter:

- Data:

* Quantity of Gas: 110 000 m3/h

* V equals 7 ft/min

* Pj equals 100 psi

* K2 equals 10

* C equals 1,4 g/ft3

* tf equals 40 min

- Solution:

By applying the above formula, we have:

- There is also an empirical formula to calculate K2.

- The formula, developed in the 70s by Dennis and David, shows that K2 depends on the average particle diame

and the speed of filtration.

- By adding the particle density and viscosity of gas, we have:

 With:

D is the mean diameter by mass of the particles in m

μT is the gas viscosity at the operating temperature in kg/m.s

μ20°C is the viscosity of the gas at the temperature of 20°C (1,81.10ˉ⁵ kg/m.s)

ρ is the material density in kg/m3

V is filtration velocity in m/s

- K2 is in mmH2O/(m/s).(kg/m2) or in inH2O/(ft/min).(lb/ft2)

3.10.8 Filtration efficiency:

- The efficiency is given by the following formula:

With:

η is the efficiency

C is the concentration of dust at the inlet in kg/m3 or g/m3

Co is the concentration of dust at the output in kg/m3 or g/m3

- The efficiency is usually above 99%.

3.11 Calculators:

- Two calculators are available for:

* Filter cleaning by reverse air

* Filter cleaning by pulsed air

Note: These calculators are based on empirical formulas.

We must also be careful with units which are Anglo-Saxon or in the international system (SI).

- For the link to the calculator, see below.

Filters

4 Comparison between electrostatic precipitators and bag filters

El
Parameters Pulsed air filter
pr
Quantity of gas required No limit N

Dust concentration No limit N

C
Precautions in case of abrasive dust
de
di
ea
Gas temperature Critical for filter media <4
C
Possibility of clogging if close to the
th
dew point du
Se
Particle size Sensitive to fine particles
th
re
co
pa
an
Su
co
su
pa
V
Resistivity of the dust No influence
th
D
Specific collecting area Depends on the concentration and the
de
pressure drop
Po
Dewpoint Sensitive for some filter media
if
Po
Acid dewpoint Sensitive for some filter media
if
C
Critical if close to the dew point
th
(clogging) (c

Clean air < 20 mg/m³ 20

Total pressure drop 120-200mmH2O 30

 0,
Specific power 1 - 3,5 kW/(m³/s) with fan ac
re
Life of equipment 3-4 years for filter media 15

15 years for bag cages

Maintenance cost Higher Lo