International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES)

Vol. 13, No. 2, July 2024, pp. 332~340

ISSN: 2089-4864, DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i2.pp332-340  332

Agriculture data analysis using parallel k-nearest neighbour

classification algorithm

Vimala Muninarayanappa1,2, Rajeev Ranjan2

1
Department of Agricultural Statistics, Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore, India
2
School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University, Bangalore, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: A cost-effective and effective agriculture management system is created by
utilizing data analytics (DA), internet of things (IoT), and cloud computing
Received Feb 14, 2023 (CC). Geographic information system (GIS) technology and remote sensing
Revised Sep 12, 2023 predictions give users and stakeholders access to a variety of sensory data,
Accepted Oct 4, 2023 including rainfall patterns and weather-related information (such as pressure,
humidity, and temperatures). They have unstructured format for sensory
data. The current systems do a poor job of analysing such data since they
Keywords: cannot effectively balance speed and memory usage. An effective
categorization model (ECM) on agriculture management system is proposed
Artificial intelligence to address this research difficulty. First, a classification technique called
Crop classification priority-based k-nearest neighbour (KNN) is provided to categorize
Data mining unstructured multi-dimensional data into a structured form. Additionally, the
Feature extraction selection Hadoop MapReduce (HMR) framework is used to do classification utilizing
Hyperspectral information a parallel approach. Data from real-time IoT sensors used in agriculture is
Machine learning technique the subject of experiments. The suggested approach significantly
outperforms previous approaches that are computing time, memory
efficiency, model accuracy, and speedup.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Vimala Muninarayanappa
School of Computer Science and Applications, REVA University
Rukmini Knowledge Park, Yelahanka, Kattigenahalli, Bengaluru, Sathanur, Karnataka 560064, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
To improvise the agricultural productivity, it is essential to update the system with data such as
yield, crop type, and crop growth conditions along with rainfall pattern data as well as weather related
information (such as pressure, humidity, and temperature) time to time. The agro data captured by these
sensors is usually in unstructured form and is moved to cloud environment though gateway or internet. For
smart agro farming, an effective system is needed for storing, and analysing such unstructured type of data on
cloud platforms.
This research sought to address these issues and propose effective categorization model (ECM)
methodology. In order to categorise unstructured type of multi-dimension high-dimensional data to structural
form, a priority-based k-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm is first developed. Additionally, a concurrent
categorization approach using the Hadoop MapReduce (HMR) architecture is provided. Figure 1 illustrates
the design of a quick and effective agro data classification algorithm for an agricultural management system.
The significance of proposed crop classification technique are as follows. First, a multi-dimension,
high-dimensional, unstructured agro data classification system based on priority was developed. Next, a
parallel classification approach using the HMR is described. The proposed classification model can perform

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Int J Reconfigurable & Embedded Syst ISSN: 2089-4864  333

analysis considering real-time agro sensory data with good accuracy, reduced time, higher memory
efficiency, and speedup.
Because it can analyse enormous volumes of data and extract crucial information, big data (machine
learning and deep learning) is used in precision agriculture. For the purpose of monitoring environmental
factors on a farm, this project uses internet of things (IoT) technology for intelligent agriculture. Three-
dimensional cluster analysis (3D CA) was used to study the environmental factors impacting the farm. The
hyperspectral series of images or videos accelerates the rate at which data is generated and the volume at
which it is produced, which poses challenges for big data, especially in applications for agricultural remote
sensing. We provide an overview of the IoT, big data, and artificial intelligence (AI), as well as how these
technologies will impact the agri-food sector in the future [1]–[4]. We undertake an analysis of the most
recent research on the application of intelligent data processing technologies in agriculture, particularly in the
production of rice. We provide a unified vision for IoT technology, data processing, and practical analytics in
digital agriculture. Thanks to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), more people are now concerned about
food safety, which is advantageous for the market share of smart agriculture. Contrary to existing solutions,
the framework for integrating and analysing agricultural data from various sources provided in this research
uses cloud computing (CC), which improves the solution's scalability, flexibility, affordability, and
maintainability [5]–[8].
We thoroughly assess agriculture mobile crowd sensing (AMCS) and offer recommendations for
approaches to agricultural data collection. Using a small quantity of ground truth data, this work offered
Gaussian kernel regression for estimating rice yield from optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging.
We provide a unique joint federated learning (FL) model based on partial least squares (PLS) regression and
neural networks (NN) (FL-NNPLS). This paper suggested a high-resolution spatiotemporal image fusion
approach (HISTIF) made up of multiplicative modulation of temporal change (MMTC) and filtering for
cross-scale spatial matching (FCSM). First, we evaluate the state of industrial agriculture and the takeaways
from industrialized agricultural production patterns in this essay [9]–[12]. We start by suggesting an image
compression method for data gathering. Initially provide a picture compression method for data gathering.
We analyse how close a drone using a long range (LoRa) radio essential fly toward sensors in order to gather
the data within a certain level of data quality [13]–[16].
In this study, a brand-new mechanism for automatically defining zones for variable rate application
is proposed. In this work, we demonstrate an embedded system enhanced with AI that enables continuous
analysis and on-site prediction of plant leaf growth dynamics. Finding the significant technologies towards the
advancement of intelligent agriculture that may successfully enhance the production efficiency to ensure the
quality of the agricultural yields is done using data visualization analysis along with cluster analysis [17], [18].

Figure 1. Accurate classification model's architectural design for a multi-level cloud storage concept

Agriculture data analysis using parallel k-nearest neighbour classification … (Vimala Muninarayanappa)
334  ISSN: 2089-4864

The paper is organized as following. In second section of paper provides the efficient classification
methodology for analyzing raw unstructured data is presented. In penultimate section, experiment is
conducted for evaluating accuracies of classification model is presented. The conclusion of research and
future work is defined in last section.

2. PRIORITY-BASED K-NEAREST NEIGHBOR CLASSIFICATION MODEL TO ANALYZE

UNSTRUCTURED AGRO DATA
This research provides a quick and effective classification algorithm for analysing unstructured
agricultural data and storing it at various cloud storage levels (provider). Agriculture-related unstructured
data is classified into structured data, for that a priority KNN algorithm is first introduced. To speed up the
classification process for relatively large data, a parallel classification model utilising the HMR framework is
then given. Figure 2 shows the block architecture of proposed classification model.

Figure 2. Block architecture of proposed classification model

For analysis or categorization in this work, crop-monitoring datasets gathered from [19] are used.
Sensory data acquired from various temperature, humidity, and gas sensors makes up the information. The
circumstances under which wine and banana fruits mature are determined using this data. The data comprises
11 attributes or dimensions, including id, time, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8, as well as temperature
and humidity, and is made up of 919,438 data points that are dispersed throughout various locations and
periods. The dataset used in this investigation is described in full in [19]. We categorised these data using
priority clustering. Set to 3, the K (i.e. we take into consideration three groups, such as not affected,
averagely affected, and totally impacted). The K can be modified to meet the criteria for user categorization.
This is why we separate the data into three groups and store it in the cloud.

2.1. Clustering model for classifying unstructured raw data into structured data
The suggested priority-based KNN classification model is constructed by utilising k-mean clustering
to divide the data points at each stage into L distinct areas. The data points in a location region are iteratively
subjected to the same procedure following clustering. When there are less data points in an area than L, the
iterative calculation is finished. Algorithm 1 presents the proposed priority-based KNN model.

Algorithm 1. Building priority-based KNN algorithm

Input: Agriculture Dataset 𝐸, diverging influence 𝐿, maximum iteration 𝐽↑, center selection
strategy to be applied 𝐷𝑠𝑡𝑟 .
Output: Structured (Classified) data.
if |𝐸|𝐿 then
build terminal node with feature points in 𝐸.
else
𝑄 ← choose 𝐿 data points from 𝐸 using 𝐷𝑠𝑡𝑟 .
Converged←false
Iterations← Zero
while converged = false && iteration< 𝐽↑ do
𝐷 ← cluster the feature points in 𝐸 around closest centers 𝑄
𝑄ℕ ← averages of clusters in 𝐷
if 𝑄 = 𝑄ℕ then
Converged←true
end if
𝑄 ← 𝑄ℕ

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Int J Reconfigurable & Embedded Syst ISSN: 2089-4864  335

iterations←iteration + 1
end while
for each cluster 𝐷𝑗 ∈ 𝐷 do
build non-terminal node with center 𝑄𝑗
Continuously apply clustering method to the feature points in 𝐷𝑗
end for
end if

The algorithm's feature or attribute known as the diverging influence is the number of clusters L that
should be taken into account while separating the data at each node, and choosing L is important for
achieving a successful classification conclusion. J_, which represents the maximum clustering iterations, is
another parameter of the priority-based KNN clustering method. Smaller iterations can speed up clustering at
the expense of accuracy. Finally, yet importantly, the parameter Dstr is utilised to govern the initial centres
selection in the clustering algorithm. The suggested priority-based KNN clustering, however, achieves good
convergence with minimal time. The raw input data used to perform classification is displayed in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Raw input dataset used for performing classification operation

From Figure 3 it is visible the raw data is composed of 20-dimension point, which is generated
similar to [19], [20]. The complexity of computation mainly dependent on dimension size rather than size of
data (rows). Classification is carried out to identify least affected (i.e. class a), averagely affected (i.e. class b)
and most affected (i.e. class c) under assumption described in Figure 4. The outcome of classification model
is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4. Classification input data for performing classification operation

Agriculture data analysis using parallel k-nearest neighbour classification … (Vimala Muninarayanappa)
336  ISSN: 2089-4864

Figure 5. Classification outcome attained using priority-based KNN classification

2.2. Parallelizing classification using HMR framework

Additionally, this paper proposes a parallel classification system that makes use of the HMR
framework [20]. Figure 6 depicts the HMR framework's fundamental design. Since HMR follows the
execute-once paradigm, all state data for iterative execution should be put into distributed file system (DFS)
and then read back in for each stage of algorithm calculation or evaluation. HMR is a widely used software
model for MR computations that is accessible to the public (i.e. it is open source in nature).

Figure 6. The architecture of HMR framework

2.3. Advantage of HMR

Hadoop [21] is a distributed computing framework designed using java programing language
adopting cloud-computing environment, which supports the MR architecture as shown in Figure 7. HMR has
execute-once paradigm, implying that with iterative execution strategy all state data should be written into
DFS and after that read back in for each progression of the algorithm calculation or evaluation. HMR is a

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Int J Reconfigurable & Embedded Syst ISSN: 2089-4864  337

publicly available software model (i.e. it is open source in nature), and broadly utilized for MR calculations.
Owen et al. [22] has been worked to keep running over HMR and the Hadoop distributed file system [23],
[24]. Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) is an execution of the google file system (GFS) where an
extensively large dataset is fragmented into equal length of small blocks and a duplicate copy of each blocks
maintained (this process is known as data replication). While handling the information, the framework pushes
calculations to the virtual computing nodes where these chunks are facilitated to expand information location
awareness amid computing for quicker algorithm computation makespan. At the point when HMR is initiated
with HDFS, HMR can exploit information location awareness and push calculations to the information they
should work on, eliminating the systems or network administration overhead, which might be caused when
collecting from HDFS. This may offer the HMR based usage an edge in computing overheads when
contrasted with other distributed and parallel processing architecture.

2.4. Parallel classification algorithm for Hadoop MapReduce framework

HMR is a combination of two important functions known as map and reduce as shown in Figure 7.
Map function takes input data of same domain and generate list of pair value of result in different
domain 𝑀(𝑘𝑒𝑦1 , 𝑣𝑎𝑙1 ) → 𝑙(𝑘𝑒𝑦2 , 𝑣𝑎𝑙2 ). This created key 𝑘𝑒𝑦2 a list of various values that was combined,
and a reducer function. The reducer function uses the intermediate key 𝑘𝑒𝑦2 and the values to create a new
set of values called 𝑙(𝑣𝑎𝑙3 ).

zz

Figure 7. HMR computation model

In Hadoop, distributed system MapReduce job execution performed on multiple system or machine.
Where one is master nodes and other is worker nodes or known as slave nodes. Master node distribute task
among the worker nodes. Each slave nodes has fixed number of mapper and reducer function or can be called
as map and reduce slots. Worker nodes periodically send their free or engaged map or reduced slots detail to
the master node. Master nodes schedule the task based on availability of mapper reducer function in the
cluster.
The MapReduce function combines the tasks of mapping and reducing. The input dataset is divided
into uniformly sized blocks of data, which are then distributed among the nodes of the Hadoop cluster.
Applying a user-defined mapper function to the input from the map task results in intermediate output that
serves as data for the reduce task's input. Reduced stage combines reduction phase and two-phase shuffle.
The output data to the map job is used as an input into the shuffle phase, where the already completed map
task is shuffled and then sorted. The sorted data is now sent into the user-defined reduce function, and the
output is written back into HDFS. A map stage involves several distinct map tasks, each of which is listed.
Reduce stage is combination of shuffle/sort and reduce phases. In reduce stage shuffle/sort phase
start working only after the first map task completed. Working of shuffle phase completed after the all map
Agriculture data analysis using parallel k-nearest neighbour classification … (Vimala Muninarayanappa)
338  ISSN: 2089-4864

task work is completed. Once the shuffle/sort work over reduce task start working. Shuffle phase result
obtained in first cycle may differ from result obtained in 2 nd cycle. Result of shuffle phase varies due to
dependency on Map cycle. Reduce shuffle phase measurement based on two reduce cycle one is called initial
shuffle and other is called typical shuffle. Reduce phase begins once the shuffling phase is finished [20].
Provides information on HMR operation details. The Hadoop HDInsight cluster's distributed key building
technique is displayed in Algorithm 2. This work uses distributed architecture to classify agricultural data,
and our model achieves good accuracy, reduces computing time, and satisfies the real-time requirement, as
empirically demonstrated in the next section.

Algorithm 2. Building distributed Key on Hadoop HDInsight cluster

Input: Data 𝐸, keyVal 𝑄
Output: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝐾𝑒𝑦(𝐸, 𝑄)
𝑗 ← 𝑀𝑅_𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛()
𝐸𝑗 read chunk of the data 𝐸 with respect to function 𝑗 using Hadoop distributed file system.
construct key in parallel on each worker with data 𝐸𝑗 and keyVal 𝑄
𝑀𝑅_𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒() // Synchronize all workers.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This section compares the proposed effective categorization model (ECM) approach to the current
approach [25] and evaluates how well it performs in terms of speedup, accuracy, central processing unit
(CPU) time, as well as memory overhead. The information is used to determine how temperature and
humidity affect the effects of gases on wine and bananas. In general, spreading sensor devices around the
agricultural area improves yield. The sensors keep a look on conditions such as temperature along with
humidity and make decisions depending on them, such as whether to release water or use pesticides, among
other things. Additionally, by keeping an eye on the wind, which helps predict the onset of rain, cyclones,
and other weather events in a specific location with less delay, agriculture production can be improved. So
that the right decision can be made at the right moment with the least amount of harm to the corps. To assess
the performance in terms of memory and time efficiency when taking into account real-time agrosensor
dataset received from [19] such as Inspiral, this work compares with previous technique [26]. This research is
carried on the Windows 10 operating system (OS) along with I-7 processor (64-bit). The memory use in this
research is 16 GB RAM along with 4 GB GPU dedicated with compute unified device architecture (CUDA)
support. One master worker node and four slave worker nodes are taken into account while designing the
HDInsight cluster utilizing the database Azure HDInsight cluster and A3.
An experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of ECM with the existing models [25],
[26] in terms of total CPU time, memory overhead, and accuracy attained in generating classification trees
for turning unstructured input into structured data. Table 1 shows the comparison along with several state of
art approach for developing classification tree. Table 2 lists the results of this evaluation. The outcome
demonstrates that artificial neural network (ANN) performs better than a random categorization model.
Figure 8 shows the classification performance assessment considering different dimension size. We contrast
the proposed outcome performance improvement to the ANN classification model therefore. While
decreasing overall CPU time and memory overhead by 32.85% and 55.07%, respectively, the ECM-local
classification model improves accuracy by 1.82%. Additionally, the ECM-Hadoop classification model
obtains a speedup of 16, increases accuracy by 1.82%, decreases overall CPU time and memory overhead by
95.86% and 84.05%, respectively. Additionally, we assessed how dimension size affected classification
ability, as shown in Figure 8. As shown in Table 2, we modified the dimension size to be 4, 6, 8, and 10 and
assessed the classification result in terms of total CPU time, accuracy, and memory overhead. The results of
the experiment demonstrate that when dimension size rises, computation time and memory overhead also
increase. Similar to this, precision is achieved when dimension size is 5 and increases to 11 to get accuracy of
2.17. This makes it obvious that the size of the dimension affects categorization accuracy. The entire
outcome demonstrates the ECM model's scalable performance in comparison to state-of-the-art models.

Table 1. Comparison along with several state of art approach for developing classification tree
Random [7] ANN [7] ECM-Local ECM-Hadoop
Total CPU time (s) 129.69 52.5 35.25 2.37
Average accuracy 0.977 0.971 0.989 0.989
Memory overhead (kilobytes) 0.71 0.69 0.31 0.11
Speedup 14 14 - 16

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Table 2. Classification performance assessment by considering different dimension size

Dimension size Total CPU time (s) Average accuracy Memory overhead (kilobytes)
4 1.79 0.983 0.09
6 1.86 0.986 0.099
8 1.93 0.987 0.106
10 2.17 0.989 0.11
Average 1.9375 0.986 0.101

Figure 8. Classification performance assessment considering different dimension size

4. CONCLUSION
From the above research, we can establish an efficient classification technique regarding the
performance analysis based on agro related data in unstructured form. Here a priority-based KNN
classification model is presented, which performs the analysis on multi-dimensional data (high dimensional
data). Here we have adopted a distributed computing framework for the analysis purpose. Parallel clustering
algorithm approach by applying Hadoop framework is developed for establishing scalable performance
during analysis of high dimensional data. All the research are carried out on real-time data scrapped from
agro sensors. Further, the results display that the ECM-local reduces the total CPU time as well as memory
overhead by 32.85% along with 55.07% respectively. Here the accuracy improvises by 1.82%. Likewise, the
ECM-Hadoop model for classification decreases the total CPU time by 95.86% along with memory overhead
by 84.05% respectively. Here the accuracy is improvised by 1.82% and the speedup enhances to 16. The
overall performance result displays the scalable performance of developed ECM model when compared with
several state-of-art paradigms on several parameters such as total CPU time as well as accuracy and memory
efficiency along with speedup. Further, the future research would consider evaluating considering different
dataset and minimize the storage and processing cost.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Vimala Muninarayanappa is a research scholar at School of Computer Science

and Applications, REVA University, Bangalore. She has master’s degree in computer
applications from R V College of Engineering. She is currently an assistant professor at
Department of Agricultural Statistics, Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University
of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Her area of interest includes wireless sensor networks,
IoT, and cloud computing. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. Rajeev Ranjan after completing a Ph.D. in wireless sensor network at Indian
Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad (IIIT-A), he is associate professor in the
School of Computer Science and Applications at REVA University, Bangalore. His area of
work includes wireless sensor networks-coverage and connectivity, sensor deployment and
localization, IoT, and wireless sensor statistical routing. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Int J Reconfigurable & Embedded Syst, Vol. 13, No. 2, July 2024: 332-340