International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES)

Vol. 13, No. 2, July 2024, pp. 253~261

ISSN: 2089-4864, DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i2.pp253-261  253

An efficient floating point adder for low-power devices

Manjula Narayanappa1, Siva S. Yellampalli2

1
Department of Electronics and Communication, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication, SRM University, Amravati, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: With an increasing demand for power hungry data intensive computing,
design methodologies with low power consumption are increasingly gaining
Received Dec 23, 2022 prominence in the industry. Most of the systems operate on critical and non-
Revised Nov 17, 2023 critical data both. An attempt to generate a precision result results in
Accepted Dec 22, 2023 excessive power consumption and results in a slower system. An attempt to
generate a precision result results in excessive power consumption and
results in a slower system. For non-critical data, approximate computing
Keywords: circuits significantly reduce the circuit complexity and hence power
consumption. For non-critical data, approximate computing circuits
Approximate computing significantly reduce the circuit complexity and hence power consumption. In
Floating point adder this paper, a novel approximate single precision floating point adder is
Low power proposed with an approximate mantissa adder. The mantissa adder is
Mantissa adder designed with three 8-bit full adder blocks.
Single precision
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Manjula Narayanappa
Department of Electronic and Communication, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Battery-operated portable electronic devices have increasingly become an indispensable part of
everyday life. The key behind this is the scaling ability of metal oxide silicon field effect transistors
(MOSFETS) seen in very large-scale integration (VLSI) due to which functionality per unit area has
increased which has brought the price of the devices down leading to wide usage. Due to scaling and an
increase in functionality per unit area, the power consumption has increased. The increase in power
consumption of the VLSI devices has not been matched by the improvement in the capacity of the battery.
Therefore, operation time per charge has come down causing inconvenience to the users. For this reason,
reducing the power consumption of portable devices has become a compelling design constraint. A large
portion of energy consumption is dominated by two components: dynamic power and leakage power. To
extend the battery life various technology-based, architecture-based, and circuit-based solutions that reduce
the sum of the two power components without sacrificing the performance have to be developed. At the
technology level, feature size scaling has continuously brought lower power circuits by reducing the supply
voltages. To retain performance, the threshold voltages of these circuits have also been reduced with
technology scaling. However, in recent technologies, the benefits of constant-field scaling have been
compromised by an exponential increase in the leakage current. On the architectural level, pipelining and
parallelism have helped in lowering the power consumption of digital circuits.
In the current complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the benefits of
device scaling are impeded by the reliability issues due to the process variations, ageing effects and soft
errors. Leakage current, static power are increasingly adding to the concerns towards achieving low power
consumption. Hence, the device scaling which once used to offer advantages for low power applications is no

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254  ISSN: 2089-4864

more attractive and hence, new architectures need to be evolved to achieve low power consumption. Design
of approximate computation blocks is one such potential solution [1].
Most of the modern graphics processors for multimedia and other applications have dedicated
digital signal processing blocks. These applications output an image, video or an audio signal and the limited
perception of human senses allows for an approximation of the computations involved in the demanding
digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms for these applications [2]. Even an analog computation that yields
good enough results instead of accurate results is also acceptable [3]. Addition is the most fundamental and
significant mathematical operations used in all signal/image processing applications [4], [5]. Deterministic
approximate logic or probabilistic imprecise arithmetic are normally employed for soft adders [6].
Various low-power design approaches using approximate computing have been introduced, such as
algorithmic noise tolerance [7], [8], non-uniform voltage over scaling [9], and significance-driven
computation [10], [11]. Verma et al. [12] have presented an innovative adder design known as the almost
correct adder (ACA), which offers exponentially faster performance compared to traditional adders.
They also proposed the variable latency speculative adder (VLSA) with a slight area overhead. Additionally,
some adder configurations meet real-time energy requirements by reducing complexity at the algorithmic
level [13], [14]. The lower part OR adder [15] relies on approximate logic with a distinct truth table
compared to a standard adder. The probabilistic full adder (PFA) [16]-[20] is based on probabilistic CMOS
technology, which is a platform for modeling nano-scale designs and reducing power consumption [21]-[23].

2. BACKGROUND
2.1. IEEE-754 floating point format
Floating point representation offers a wider dynamic range in comparison to fixed-point
representation for real numbers. However, floating point hardware is known for its complexity and
substantial power consumption. The predominant standard for floating point formats is IEEE 754-2008 [24],
which encompasses various basic and extended types. These formats include half precision (16-bits), single
precision (32-bits), double precision (64-bits), extended precision (80-bits), and quad precision (128-bits).
The typical IEEE floating point format, as depicted in Figure 1, features an exponent part with a bias of
2^(E-1)-1, where E denotes the number of exponent bits. Single precision and double precision formats are
the most commonly used in contemporary computer systems. You can find details regarding the exponent
and mantissa bits for IEEE-754 basic and extended floating point types in Table 1.

Figure 1. General IEEE-754 floating point format

Table 1. Exponent and Mantissa bits for IEEE-754 basic and extended floating point types
Type Sign bit Exp. bits Mant. bits Total Mant. bits/total
Half 1 5 10 16 62.5%
Single 1 8 23 32 71.9%
Double 1 11 52 64 81.2%
Extended 1 15 64 80 80.0%
Quad 1 15 112 128 87.5%

2.2. Floating point adder architecture

A typical floating point adder architecture comprises distinct hardware components for tasks like
exponent comparison, mantissa alignment, mantissa addition, normalization, and rounding of the mantissa (as
depicted in Figure 2 and elaborated by Behrooz [25]). Initially, two operands are extracted from their floating
point formats, and each mantissa has the hidden ‘1’ bit added to it. The addition of floating point numbers
entails a series of operations, starting with comparing the exponents and adding the mantissas. The exponents
are first assessed to determine the larger of the two. Depending on the result of the exponent comparison, the
mantissas are swapped and then aligned to have the same exponent value before undergoing addition in the
mantissa adder. After the addition, normalization shifts are essential to bring the result back to the IEEE
standard format. Normalization is achieved by left-shifting with a count of leading zeros, making the

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detection of leading zeros a critical step in this process. Finally, rounding the normalized result is the last
operation before storing the result back. Special cases such as overflow, underflow, and not-a-number are
also detected and indicated by flags.

Figure 2. Floating point adder algorithm

3. APPROXIMATE FLOATING POINT ADDER

The approximate floating point adder design originates at the architecture level with the exponent
and mantissa adder/subtractor designed using approximate fixed-point adders. An N-bit adder consists of two
parts, i.e., an m-bit exact adder and an n-bit inexact adder as shown in Figure 3. The exact adder part can
have the exact implementation as a full adder circuit. The inexact adder will ignore the carry bits for
computation thereby reducing the critical path as well as the hardware utilization.

Figure 3. Approximate adder concept

The modified approximate adder concept can also be used for the mantissa adder for approximate
computation. The mantissa adder will provide a larger scope, as the number of bits in the mantissa are higher
than the exponent and at the same time, the approximate design in the mantissa adder has a lower impact on
the error, because the mantissa part is less significant than the exponent part. Therefore, an inexact design of
a mantissa adder is more appropriate.
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3.1. Basic building block: 8-bit approximate adder

The carry equation for a conventional carry look ahead adder is given by (1):

𝐶𝑖+1 = 𝐺𝑖 + 𝐺𝑖−1 𝑃𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝐺0 ∏𝑖𝑗=1 𝑃𝑗 + 𝐶𝑖𝑛 ∏𝑖𝑗=0 𝑃𝑗 (1)

where, 𝐶𝑖𝑛 is the input carry and 𝑃𝑖 and 𝐺𝑖 are propagate and generate signals of the ith stage. If the carry
equation is split up into two segments, as in (2):

𝐶𝑖+1 = (∑𝑖𝑗=𝑖−𝑊+1 𝐺𝑗 (∏𝑖−1 𝑖−𝑊 𝑖−1 𝑖

𝑘=𝑗+1 𝑃𝑘 )) + (∑𝑗=0 𝐺𝑗 (∏𝑘=𝑗+1 𝑃𝑘 ) + 𝐶𝑖𝑛 ∏𝑗=0 𝑃𝑗 ) (2)

where, 𝑊 is the window size and, the first segment consists of W most significant (MS) bits and the second
segment consists of N-W least significant (LS) bits. The first part of the (2) is the approximate part, while the
second part is called the augmenting part. For approximate carry generation with a window size of W, the
output carry at the ith stage is compute using the approximate part only. Computing an approximate 𝐶𝑖+1 is
faster and consumes less hardware resources and hence lesser power as compared to computing precise carry.
An 8-bit adder is chosen as the basic building block for the floating point approximate adder in the proposed
design. Figure 4 shows the structure of conventional full adder. As shown in Figure 5, the 8 bits are
partitioned into two blocks; the MS block is of 4 bits, while the LS block is of 4 bits. The output carry of this
8-bit adder block is computed approximately using the approximate part in (2), 4-bit carry generator block as
shown in Figure 6 is used for generating the approximate carry for the 8-bit adder using the 4-MS bits.

Figure 4. Conventional full adder

Figure 5. W-bit window for approximate computation

Figure 6. Carry generator for 4-bit block

In the proposed adder, for the LS, W-bit window sum and carry are computed as per (3). The
schematic of 1-bit full adder in the proposed configuration is given by Figure 7. The sum and carry for most

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significant (8-W=4) bits are computed as for an exact adder are given in (4). The truth table for the proposed
sum and carry equations is given in Table 2.

𝐶𝑖+1 = 𝑎𝑖 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑐𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖+1 (3)

𝐶𝑖+1 = 𝑎𝑖 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑐𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑖 ⊕ 𝑏𝑖 )

𝑆𝑖 = (𝑎𝑖 ⊕ 𝑏𝑖 ⊕ 𝑐𝑖𝑛 ) (4)

Figure 7. Schematic for carry and sum generator of proposed adder

Table 2. Truth table for proposed adder

Proposed Exact
A B 𝐶𝑖𝑛
S 𝐶𝑖+1 S 𝐶𝑖+1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 1

Overall, 3 errors are introduced in sum computation and 1 error in carry computation. Assigning the
inverted carry out at each stage to the sum computed for that stage reduces the hardware for sum computation
block. This is a significant reduction in hardware requirements as compared to a conventional adder.
Utilizing the look ahead carry generation logic from 4 MS bits improves the timing performance of the
circuit by not depending on the sequential computation of carry at each bit. A total of 8 transistors are used
for 1-bit sum and carry generation.

3.2. Mantissa approximate adder

For realizing the 23-bit approximate adder, three 8-bit adders are used. The lower two 8-bit adders
are the proposed 8-bit approximate adders, while the MS byte is implemented using an exact 8-bit adder. The
proposed 23-bit mantissa adder is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Proposed 23-bit mantissa adder

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3.3. Exponent adder/subtractor

As the exponent for realizing the 23-bit approximate adder, is having the most impact on the
accuracy of the result. The exponent adder is proposed to be implemented using exact 8-bit adder. Further,
we discuss error metrics for the evaluation purpose.

4. ERROR METRICS
4.1. Error distance
The error distance (ED) between two binary numbers, 𝑎 (erroneous) and 𝑏 (correct), is defined as
the arithmetic distance between these two numbers. Where, 𝑖 and 𝑗 are the indices for the bits in 𝑎 and 𝑏,
respectively. Suppose for an 8-bit adder, the correct sum for a given set of operands is “1110 0101” and the
incorrect outputs are “11100100” and “11110101”. Then the two erroneous values “11100100” and
“11110101” have an ED of 1 and 16 respectively.

𝐸𝐷(𝑎, 𝑏) = |𝑎 − 𝑏| = |∑𝑖 𝑎(𝑖) × 2𝑖 − ∑𝑗 𝑏(𝑗) × 2𝑗 | (5)

For a non-deterministic implementation, the output is probabilistic and usually follows a distribution
for a given input 𝑎𝑖 . In this case, the ED of the output (denoted by 𝑑𝑖 ) is defined as the weighted average of
EDs of all possible outputs to the nominal output. Assume that for a given input, the output has a nominal
value b, but it can take any value given in a set of vectors 𝑏𝑗 (1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑟). The ED of the output is then given
by (6). Where 𝑝𝑗 is the output probability of 𝑏𝑗 (1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑟).

𝑑𝑖 = ∑𝑖 𝐸𝐷(𝑏𝑗 , 𝑏) × 𝑝𝑗 (6)

4.2. Mean error distance

Mean error distance (MED) 𝑑𝑚 of a circuit for non-deterministic inputs with a certain probability of
occurrence is defined as the mean value of all the EDs of all possible outputs for each input. Assuming that
the inputs are defined by 𝑎𝑖 . (1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑠) and probability of occurrence of each vector is 𝑞𝑖 (1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑠), then
MED is given by (7). Where, 𝑑𝑖 is the ED of the outputs for input 𝑎𝑖 . For a uniformly distributed system, all
the inputs have an equal probability of occurrence and hence, 𝑞𝑖 is same for all input vector.

𝑑𝑚 = ∑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 × 𝑞𝑖 (7)

5. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

The proposed adder circuit is simulated in Cadence environment for delay and power consumption
and error analysis. The results are presented hereby. The maximum ED for the 8-bit adder is 3. The proposed
8-bit adder with a window size of W=4 is simulated for all possible input combinations of a and b. For all the
256×256 combinations, the approximate and the exact sum and carries are computed, error distances
computed between the approximate and accurate outputs. The maximum ED for the 8-bit adder is 3.

5.1. Error metrics for proposed 8-bit adder

The proposed 8-bit adder with a window size of W=4 is simulated for all possible input
combinations of a and b. For all the 256×256 combinations, the approximate and the exact sum and carries
are computed, error distances computed between the approximate and accurate outputs. The maximum ED
for the 8-bit adder is 3.

5.2. Delay
Considering a conventional 8-bit adder, the delay in 8-bit computation is due to the ripple carry
effect, which takes 8 cycles. Assuming the delay in computation of 1-bit full adder result to be T, the delay in
generating the 8-bit adder is 8T. In the proposed adder, the total delay is equal to the delay for computation of
carry out from MS 4-bits, which is equal to 4T.

5.3. Power consumption tradeoff

The energy consumed by a probabilistic inverter experiences an exponential increase as the
probability of obtaining the correct output rises. When it comes to approximate implementations, power
consumption is generally viewed as being directly proportional to the number of gates involved. In the newly
proposed adder circuits, the reduction in the number of transistors enables a lower operating voltage,

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resulting in an overall reduction in power consumption. In the case of a traditional full adder, if the power
consumed for a 1-bit operation is normalized to 1, then the power consumed for a k-bit conventional full
adder amounts to k. However, in the context of the proposed 8-bit adder, the reduction in the number of
transistors leads to a decrease in the operating voltage, from 1.13 V in an accurate implementation to 1.04 V.
Consequently, this reduction in voltage contributes to an estimated decrease in power consumption.

1.042 1.042
𝐸8−𝑏𝑖𝑡 = 𝑊 × + (8 − 𝑊) = 4 × +4 (8)
1.132 1.132

Which is 7.5% lower than the conventional adder. Both the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and
inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) blocks operates at a lower supply voltage in case of approximate
adders than the exact mode. Here, DCT and IDCT operates at a supply voltage of 1.28 and 1.13 V in the
exact mode, respectively. The different supply operating voltages are demonstrated in Figures 9 and 10 for
different approximations and truncations considering varied bits. Table 3 demonstrates the percentage power
savings considering varied approximations and truncation against the base case. Approximation 3 saves the
maximum power.

Operating Voltages for DCT Technique

1.2
Power Saving

1.15

1.1

1.05
Truncation Approximation 1 Approximation 2 Approximation 3
Technique
7 LSB’s 8 LSB’s 9 LSB’s

Figure 9. Operating voltages considering different bits for DCT technique

Figure 10. Operating voltages considering different bits for IDCT technique

Table 3. Percentage power savings for approximations over the base case
Technique 7 LSB’s 8 LSB’s 9 LSB’s
Truncation 48.22 56.23 61.24
Approximation 1 37.86 50.85 55.26
Approximation 2 41.21 49.13 53.84
Approximation 3 42.46 52.64 59.23

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260  ISSN: 2089-4864

6. CONCLUSION
A novel approximate adder topology for single point floating point adder is presented in the paper.
The proposed design takes advantage of the fact that the lower significant bit addition can be approximate
and this will not be affecting the solution to a great extent, at the same time the power savings due to the
approximate computation will be significant. The proposed configurations has a lower propagation delay and
comparable error performance as compared to other architectures. With the proposed mantissa adder, which
is a hybrid of look, ahead carry adder for the carry generation and that of the approximate adder for the sum
generation gives a distinct advantage in terms of the power consumption as compared to the conventional full
adder.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHOR

Manjula Narayanappa working as assistant professor in electronics and

communication domain at Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology. She is pursuing Ph.D. VTU
Extension Centre, UTL Technologies Ltd., Bangalore. She has 13 years of working
experience. Her areas of interest are VLSI and embedded systems. She can be contacted at this
email: [email protected].

Siva S. Yellampalli obtained his M.S. and Ph.D. from Louisiana State University.
He is currently with VTU Extension Centre, UTL Technologies Ltd. He worked on a broad
range of research topics including VLSI, mixed signal circuits/systems development, micro-
electromechanical systems (MEMS), and integrated carbon nanotube based sensors. He has
published a book in the area of mixed signal design, and edited two books on carbon nano
tubes. He also published multiple journal papers and IEEE conference papers in these areas of
research. He can be contacted at this email: [email protected].

An efficient floating point adder for low-power devices (Manjula Narayanappa)