Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

I1-TD3
Numerical Series
Author: SUN BUNRA ID : e20201001

Date: November 29,2021

Exercise 1. Determine the nature of the following series.

X∞
n2 + 1 X∞
cosh(n) X
∞ 
1

(a) (c) (e) ln cos
n=1
2n2 + 3 n=1
sinh(2n) n=1
n
X∞
1 X∞
1 X∞ 
1

(b) (d) n sin 3 (f) n ln 1 + 2
n=1
2n n=1
n n=1
n
Solution

Determine the nature of the following series.

X∞
n2 + 1 n2 + 1
(a). Let an =
n=1
2n2 + 3 2n2 + 3

n2 + 1 1
lim an = lim 2 = ̸= 0
n→∞ n→∞ 2n + 3 2
X∞
n2 + 1
Therefore, 2+3
= ∞ is the series diverges
n=1
2n
X∞ 
1

1
(b). Let a n =
n=1
2n 2n
1
Then lim an = lim n = 0
n→∞ n→∞ 2

X∞ 
1

⇒ Sn =
n=1
2n
1 1 1 1
⇔ Sn = 2 + 3 + · · · + n+1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
⇔ Sn − Sn = − n+1
2 2 2
1
⇒ Sn = 1 − n
2
 
1
Since lim Sn = lim 1 − n = 1
n→∞ n→∞ 2
X ∞ 
1

Therefore, Sn = = 1 is the series
n=1
2n
X∞ 
cosh n

(c).
n=1
sinh 2n

X
∞  X
∞  X
∞
!
cosh n
 
1 1
= =
n=1
sinh 2n n=1
2 sinh n n=1
2e
n −e−n
2

By : Sun Bunra Page 1 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

1 1
Let an = and b n = Then
en − e−n en
an en
⇒ lim = lim n =1∈R
n→∞ bn n→∞ e − e−n

X∞ X∞
By limit comparison test an and bn have the same nature.
n=1 n=1
X∞
1 1
We get n
is a geometries series with common ratio |r| = < 1
n=1
e e
X
∞ X∞
Therefore, an = bn is converges.
n=1 n=1
X
∞
1 1
(d). n sin 3 , an = n sin 3
n=1
n n
1 1 1
Since n sin 3 ∼ n × 3 = 2
n n n
an+1 n sin n13 sin n13
⇒ lim = lim 1
= lim 1
=1
n→∞ an n→∞ n→∞
n2 n3
X∞
1
Since 2
converges by p-series
n=1
n

Therefore, lim an converges

n→∞

X∞ 
1

1

(e) n cos ln cos
n=1
n n

1
 
1
 
1 1 X∞
1
Then an = ln cos = ln 1 − 2 + o 2
∼− 2 ⇒ converges
n 2n n 2n n=1
n2
X ∞
1 X∞
Therefore, = an converges
n=1
2n2 n=1
X∞ 
1

(f). n ln 1 + 2
n=1
n

we have ln(1 + x) ∼ x, x → 0

n ln 1 + 1
 

1 1 1
Then n ln 1 + 2 ∼n+ 2 = , lim 1
n
=1
n n n n
X1
∞
Since diverges by P.series
n=1
n

1 X
∞

Therefore, by limit comparison Test we got n ln 1 + 2 also diverges
n=1
n

Exercise 2. Let λ ∈ R. Study the nature of the the following series.

λn λ2n 1
un = , vn = , wn =
1 + λ2n 1 + λ2n 1 + λ2n

By : Sun Bunra Page 2 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

Solution

1
• If λ = 1 : lim un = lim vn = lim wn =
2
X X X
⇒ un , vn and w wn are divergent.

1
• If |λ| > 1 : < 1.
|λ|
λn λn 1 X  1 n
un = ∼ = n but < ∞ by Geometry series
1 + λ2n λ2n λ n=0
λ
X
Therefore, un < ∞ by limit comparison Test.

λ2n X∞
vn = ∼ 1, but 1 = ∞ by Divergent Test
1 + λ2n n=0
X
Therefore, vn = ∞ by limit comparison Test.

1 1 X 1 X  1 n
wn = ∼ but = < ∞ by Geometry-series
1 + λ2n λ2n λ2n λ2
X
⇒ wn < ∞ by LCT.

• λ| < 1

λn 1 1 X
un = 2n
∼ 1
∼ 1
= λn
but λn < ∞ by Geometry-series
1+λ λn
+λn
λn
X
⇒ un < ∞ by LCT.

λ2n1 X
vn = 1
= ∼ λ 2n
but λ2n < ∞ by geometry series.
1 + λ2n
λ2n
+ λn

X 1
⇒ vn < ∞ by LCT. wn = ∼1
1 + λ2n
X
Therefore, wn = ∞ by Divergent Test.

Exercise 3. Represent each of the following series as a telescopic series and nd its value.

X
∞ X
∞ r   π −1/n(n+1) 
2n + 1 π
(a) (d) n
1−
n=1
n (n + 1)2
2
n=1
4 4
X
∞
1 X
∞
1
(b) (e)
n=1
n(n + 10) n=1
sinh(n) sinh(n + 1)
X
∞
π X∞  x x 
(c) 3n sin3 (f) ln 4 cosh2 − 2 cosh − 1
n=1
3n+1 n=1
2n 2n

By : Sun Bunra Page 3 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

Solution

X
∞
2n + 1
(a).
n=1
n2 (n+ 1)2
X
∞
2n + 1 X∞ 
1 1

Let, Sn = 2 (n + 1)2
= 2
−
n=1
n n=1
n (n + 1)2
X∞ 
1 1
 
1 1 1 1
 
1 1 1 1

− = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 − + + + ... +
n=1
n2 (n + 1)2 2 3 4 n 22 32 42 (n + 1)2
1
=1−
(n + 1)2
X∞ 
1 1
 
1

since lim − = lim 1 − =1−0=1
n→+∞
n=1
n2 (n + 1)2 n→+∞ (n + 1)2

Therefore, lim Sn = 1
n→+∞

X
∞
1
(b).
n=1
n(n + 10)
X
∞
1 1 X 1
∞ 
1

Let, Sn = = −
n(n + 10) 10 n n + 10
 n=1 n=1  
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sn = 1 + + + ... + − + + + ... +
10 2 3 n 11 12 13 n + 10
   
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + ... + − + + + ... +
10 2 3 10 n+1 n+2 n+3 n + 10
   
1 7381 1 1 1 1
= − + + + ... +
10 2520 n+1 n+2 n+3 n + 10
   
1 7381 1 1 1 1
since lim Sn = lim − + + + ... +
n→∞ n→∞ 10 2520 n+1 n+2 n+3 n + 10
 
1 7381 7381
= − (0 + . . . + 0) |=
10 2520 25200
7381
Therefore, lim Sn =
n→∞ 25200
X
∞
π
(c). 3n sin3
n=1
3n+1
1
we have sin(3a) = 3 sin a − 4 sin3 a ⇒ sin3 a = (3 sin a − sin(3a))
4
 π  1X ∞
π π
⇒ sin 3
= 3 n+1
sin − 3 n
sin
3n+1 4 n=1 3n+1 3n
1h  π   π i
= lim 3n+1 sin n+1 − 3n sin
4 " 3 3
√ # √ ! √
sin 3n+1π


1 3 1 3 2π − 3 3
= lim 3n+1 π ×π−3 = π−3 =
4 3n+1
2 4 2 8

By : Sun Bunra Page 4 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021
√
X
∞
2π − 3 3 π
Therefore, 3 sin n+1 = n 3

n=1
3 8
X∞ r 
π −1
 π  n(n+1) 
(d). n
1−
n=1
4 4

X
∞  X ∞   1 
r  −1 1
 π (− n1 + n+1
π (n) )

n
π  π  n(n+1)
1− = 1−
n=1
4 4 n=1
4 4
X∞  π ( n1 )  π ( n+1
1
)

= −
n=1
4 4
 π 1  π  n1 π
= u1 − lim un = − lim = −1
4 4 4

X
∞ r  −1

π  π  n(n+1) π
Therefore, n
1− = −1
n=1
4 4 4
X
∞
1
(e).
n=1
sinh(n) sinh(n + 1)
cosh(n + 1) cosh(n)
we have coth(n + 1) − coth(n) = −
sinh(n + 1) sinh(n)
cosh(n + 1) sinh(n) − cosh(n) sinh(n + 1)
=
sinh(n + 1) sinh(n)
sinh[n − (n + 1)]
=
sinh(n + 1) sinh(n)
− sinh(1)
=
sinh(n + 1) sinh(n)
1 1
since = (coth(n) − coth(n + 1))
sinh(n) sinh(n + 1) sinh(1)
X
∞
1 1 X
∞
⇒ = (coth(n) − coth(n + 1))
n=1
sinh(n) sinh(n + 1) sinh(1) n=1
1
= (coth(1) − lim coth(n))
sinh(1)
1
= (coth(1) − 1)
sinh(1)
X
∞
1 1
Therefore, = (coth(1) − 1)
n=1
sinh(n) sinh(n + 1) sinh(1)
X
∞  x x 
(f). ln 4 cosh − 2 cosh n − 1
2

n=1
2n 2

2 cosh2 (2t) + 2 cosh(2t) − 1

 
we have ln 4 cosh t − 2 cosh t − 1 = ln
2


2 cosh2 (t) + 2 cosh(t) − 1

By : Sun Bunra Page 5 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

X
∞ X
∞
2 cosh2 + 2 cosh
!
x x



−1
an = ln 2n−1 2n−1
2 cosh 2 x
+ 2 cosh x



n=1 n=1 2 n 2 n − 1
X∞ h

x  x  i h
 x  x i
= ln 2 cosh2 + 2 cosh − 1 − ln 2 cosh 2
+ 2 cosh − 1
n=1
2n−1 2n−1 2n 2n
= ln 2 cosh2 (x) + 2 cosh(x) − 1 − ln 3

2 cosh2 x + 2 cosh x − 1
 
= ln
3
X∞
2 cosh2 2n−1 + 2 cosh 2n−1
!
x x
2 cosh2 x + 2 cosh x − 1


 
−1
Therefore, ln = ln
cosh 2 x
cosh x



n=1
2 2 n + 2 2 n − 1 3

X∞
1 π2
Exercise 4. Given that = . Compute the values of the series
n=1
n2 6

X
∞
1 X
∞
1
and
n=1
(2n − 1)2 n=1
n2 (n+ 1)2

Solution

X∞
1 π2
Given that 2
= . Compute the values of the series
n=1
n 6
X∞
1 X∞
1 X∞
1 1X 1
∞ X∞
1
• 2
= 2
+ 2
= 2
+
n=1
n n=1
(2n) n=1
(2n + 1) 4 n=1 n n=1
(2n − 1)2
By the given identity, we obtain
X∞
1 1 π2 X
∞
1 X∞
1 π2
since = × + ⇒ =
n=1
n2 4 6 n=1
(2n − 1)2 n=1
(2n − 1)2 8
X∞
1 π2
Therefore, =
n=1
(2n − 1)2 8
X∞
1 X ∞ 
1 1
2
• = −
n=1
n2 (n + 1)2 n=1
n n+1
X ∞ 
1 2 1

= 2
− +
n=1
n n(n + 1) (n + 1)2
X ∞
1 X∞ 
1 1
 X ∞
1
= 2
−2 − +
n=1
n n=1
n n+1 n=1
(n + 1)2
π2
 2
π2

π
= −2+ −1 = −3
6 6 3
X∞
1 π2
Therefore, = −3
n=1
n2 (n + 1)2 3

By : Sun Bunra Page 6 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

X
∞
n+2
Exercise 5. Show that the series is convergent. Find the value of the series.
n=0
5n
Solution

X
∞
n+2
Show the series is convergent
n=0
5n
X
∞
n+2 X
∞ X
∞
⇒ = f(n) = f(x)
n=0
5n n=0 n=0
X
∞
x+2
⇒ f(x) =
n=0
5x
5x − 5x ln(3)(x + 2) 1 − ln(3)(x + 2)
⇒ f′ (x) = 2
= ⇒ f′ (x) is decreasing
(5x ) (5x )
So, we can write
Z∞ Z∞  ∞
x+2 x+2 1 2 1
⇒ f(x)dx = dx = − x − x 2 = + 2
0 0 5 x 5 ln 3 5 ln (3) 0 ln 3 ln (3)
X
∞
n+2
Therefore, is convergent by Intergral Test
n=0
5n

Exercise 6. If (an ) is a sequence satisfying

Y
" n #
lim (ak + 1) = ℓ, 0<ℓ≤∞
k=1

Prove that
X
∞ Y
" n
#
1
an / (ak + 1) = 1 −
n=1 k=1
ℓ
Solution

Show that
X
∞ Y
" n
#
1
an / (ak + 1) = 1 −
n=1 k=1
ℓ

X
N 
an

a1 XN 
an

Let SN = Qn = Qn + Qn
n=1 k=1 (ak + 1) k=1 (ak + 1) n=2 k=1 (ak + 1)
XN
" #
a1 an 1
= + QN − Qn−1
a1 + 1 n=2 k=1 (ak + 1) k=1 (ak + 1)
a1 1 1
= + − QN
a1 + 1 a1 + 1 k=1 (ak + 1)
1
since lim SN = 1 − lim QN
N→+∞ N→+∞ (a + 1)
X∞  k=1 k
an 1
Therfore, Qn =1−
n=1 k=1 (ak + 1) l

By : Sun Bunra Page 7 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

Exercise 7. Let a, b ∈ R. Study the convergent of the series

X
∞
(ln n + a ln(n + 1) + b ln(n + 2))
n=1

then determine the value of the series in case of convergent.

Solution

We have an = (ln n + a ln(n + 1) + b ln(n + 2))

= ln n + ln(n + 1)a + ln(n + 2)b = ln n(n + 1)a (n + 2)b


"  a  b #  a  b !
1 2 1 2
= ln n · n 1 +
a b
·n 1+ = ln n1+a+b
1+ 1+
n n n n
"  a  b #
1 2
⇔ an = ln n1+a+b 1 + 1+
n n
⇔ lim n1+a+b = 1 ⇔ n1+a+b = n0 ⇔ 1 + a + b = 0 (1)
" a  b #    
1 2 1 2
⇒ K = ln 1 + 1+ = a ln 1 + + b ln 1 +
n n n n
1 1
• Note: ln(1 + x) = K − x2 + x3 + · · · (taylor Expanstion)
2 3


 2 !

   
 1 1 1 1 1 1
 a ln 1 + n ∼ a n − 2 n
 ∼a −
n 2n2
⇒

 2 !

   
 2 2 1 2 2 2
 b ln 1 + n ∼ b n − 2 n
 ∼b −
n n2
   
1 1 2 2
⇒K=a − +b −
n 2n2 n n2
 a 
2b + a + 2b
⇒K∼ − 2
, 2b + a = 0 (2)
n n2
 
1 + b = −1 , (1) a = −2
From (1)&(2) ⇒
a + 2b = 0 , (2) b=1
X∞
Therefore, (ln n − 2 ln(n + 1) + ln(n + 1))
n=1
X
∞
we have (ln n − 2 ln(n + 1) + ln(n + 1))
n=1
X
∞
⇔ (ln n − 2 ln(n + 1) + ln(n + 2))
n=1
X
∞
⇔ (ln n − 2 ln(n + 1)) − (ln(n + 1) − ln(n + 2))
n=1
X∞ X
∞ 
n+1

⇔ (ln n − ln(n + 1)) − ln
n=1 n+1
n+2

By : Sun Bunra Page 8 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

By tele-series
X
∞ 
n+1

⇒ ln 1 − ln 2 − lim ln →0
n=1
n+2
⇔ − ln 2 − 0
Therefore, The value of the series is − ln 2

X
∞ X
∞
Exercise 8. Let an and bn be two convergent series with positive terms. Show
k=1 k=1
that the following series are also convergent.
X
∞ X
∞ p X
∞
√
max {an , bn } , an bn , and an an+1
k=1 k=1 k=1

Solution

Show that the followinng series are also convergents.

X
∞ X
∞ p X
∞
√
we have max {an , bn } an bn an an+1
k=1 k=1 k=1
X
∞ X
∞
Let l and l of R, Then we have
′
an = l and bn = l ′
k=1 k=1
X
∞ X
∞ X
∞
we have max {an , bn } ≤ {an + bn } ⇒ max {an , bn } ≤ l + l ′
k=1 k=1 k=1
X
∞
By using comparison test, we have max {an , bn } is series convergent
k=1
X
∞
Therefore, max {an , bn } is series convergent
k=1
X
∞ p
We will show that the following series are also convergents an bn
k=1

by using Couchy - inequality

an + bn
We have an + bn ≥ 2 an bn ⇒
p p
an bn ≤
2
Xp
∞
1X
∞
1X
∞
an bn ≤ (an + bn ) ≤ (l + l ′ )
k=1
2 k=1
2 k=1
X∞ p
By using comparsion test So an bn is series convergent
k=1
X
∞ p
Therefore, an bn is series convergent
k=1
X
∞
√
We will show that the following series are also convergents an an+1
k=1

By : Sun Bunra Page 9 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

by using Couchy - inequality

√
We have an + an+1 ≥ 2 an an+1

√ an + an+1 X∞
√ 1X
∞
1 a1
⇒ an an+1 ≤ ⇐⇒ an an+1 ≤ (an + an+1 ) ≤ (l + a1 ) = l −
2 k=1
2 k=1 2 2
X∞
√
By using comparison test, we have an an+1 is series convergent
k=1
X
∞
√
Therefore, an an+1 is series convergent
k=1

Exercise 9. Prove that each of the following series converges.

X
∞ √ X
∞
n ln n
(a) 2
(e) ,p > 1
n=1
n +n+1 n=1
np
X∞ X
∞
1 Y 2k
  n
!
1 1
(b) ln 1 + (f)
n=1
n n n=1
n2 k=1 2k − 1
X∞ X
∞
n π 1
 
(c) (−1) − arctan n (g) .
n=1
2 n=3
(ln ln n)ln n
X∞ Y n  
1 X∞ 
1
 2
n −n

(d) n! sin k (h) tanh + ln .
n=1 k=1
2 n=1
n n2 + 1
Solution

X
∞ √
n
(a) 2
n=1
n +n+1
X
∞ √ X n2
∞ X 1
1 ∞
n
∼ = 3
n=1
n2 + n + 1 n=1 n2 n=1 n
2

X
∞ √
n
Therefore, 2
is converges by p-series (p = 3/2 > 1)
n=1
n +n+1
X∞
1

1

(b) ln 1 +
n=1
n n

X∞
1

1
 X ∞
1 1 1
ln 1 + ∼ × = 2
n=1
n n n=1
n n n

X ∞
1

1

Therefore, ln 1 + is converges by p-series (p = 2 > 1)
n=1
n n
X∞
n π
 
(c) (−1) − arctan n
n=1
2
π  π π
Let an = − arctan(n), by arctan(n) ∈ − , ⇒ an > 0
2 2 2

By : Sun Bunra Page 10 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

π 1
• an = f(x) = − arctan(n) ⇒ f′ (x) = − 2 < 0 ⇒ an is decreasing
2 x +1
π  π π
since lim an = lim − arctan(n) = − = 0
2 2 2
X
∞
Thus (−1)n (arctan(n)) is convergent by Alternative series.
n=1
X
∞ Y
n 
1

(d) n! sin
n=1 k=1
2k
Y
n 
1
 Y
n+1 
1

we have an = n! sin ⇒ an+1 = (n + 1)! sin
k=1
2k k=1
2k
Q
k=1 sin 2k

!
|an+ | (n + 1)! n+1 1
 
⇒ lim = lim Q
|an | n! nk=1 sin 21k


  
1
= lim (n + 1) sin
2n+1
  
1
= lim n sin n+1
2
   
1 1 1 1
But n+1 < ⇒ sin n+1 < sin
2 n 2 n
|an+1 |
       
1 1
⇒ lim = lim n sin < lim n sin
|an | 2 n+1 n
|an+1 |
    
1
But lim n sin = 1 ⇒ lim =L<1
n |an |
X∞ Y n  
1
Therefore, n! sin k is convergent by Ratio Test
n=1 k=1
2
X
∞
ln n
(e) , p>1
n=1
np
1
• let an = , bn = ln n
np
X
n X
n
• since 0 < ln k < k ⇒ 0< ln k < k
k=1 k=1
X
n
n(n + 1)
0< ln k < ⇒ (bn ) is bounded
k=1
2
1 lnn
• an = is decreasing lim an = =0
np np
X
∞
Therefore, an bn < ∞ by Dirichlet's Test
n=1
X∞
1 Y
n
2k 1 Y 2k
n
(f) Let an = 2
n=1
n2 k=1
2k − 1 n k=1 2k − 1

By : Sun Bunra Page 11 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021
1
Qn 2k
|an | n2 k=1 2k−1
1
n2 (n + 1)2 (2n + 1)
• −1= Qn+1 −1= −1= −1
|an+1 | 1
(n+1)2 k=1 2k
2(n+1) 2n2 (n + 1)
(n+1)2 (2n+1)


n2 + 2n + 1 (2n + 1) − 2n (n + 1) 2
=
2n2 (n + 1)
2n3 + n2 + 4n2 + 2n + 2n + 1 − 2n3 − 2n2 3n2 + 4n + 1
= =
2n2 (n + 1) 2n2 (n + 1)
|an | 3n2 + 4n + 1
 
= lim n∞ − 1 = lim
n→∞ |an+1 | n→∞ 2n(n + 1)

3n2 + 4n + 1 3
= lim 2
= >1
n→∞ 2n + 2n 2
X
∞
since an is converges absolutely by Raabe's Test
n=1
X
∞
Therefore, an < ∞
n=1
X
∞
1 1
(g) Let an =
n=3
(ln ln n)ln n (ln ln n)ln n

ln 1 ln 1
1
an
we have lim = lim
(ln n)ln n

ln n
n→∞ n→+∞ ln n
ln(ln ln n)ln n ln n ln(ln ln n)
since lim = lim ⇒ lim ln(ln ln n) = +∞
n→∞ ln n n→+∞ ln n n→∞

X
∞
1
Therefore, is converges absolutely by Logarithm Test
n=3
( ln ln n) ln n

X∞ 
1
 2
n −n

1
 2
n −n

(h) tanh + ln 1+1
Letan = tanh + ln
n=1
n n n n1 + 1
 2 
1 n −n
an = tanh + ln
n n1 + 1
 
1 −n − 1 1 −n − 1
= tanh + ln 1 + 2 ∼ + 2
n n +1 n n +1
2 2
n +1−n −n −n + 1 −1
= 2
= 2
∼ 2 = bn
n (n + 1) n (n + 1) n
an X ∞ X∞
1
Then lim = 1 Since bn = 2
converges by p-series
n→∞ bn n
n=1
X∞ X∞  n=12 
1 n −n
Thus an = tanh + ln 1+1
is converges by Limit compairision Test
n→1 n=1
n n

By : Sun Bunra Page 12 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

Exercise 10. Prove that each of the following series diverges.

X∞
2n + 3 X
∞ √ X
∞   
1
(a) √ (c) n − 2 sin( π +1
4 n) (e) n2
1 − cos
n=1
n 2+ 2 n=1 n=1
n
X∞  √ √n X∞ X∞
n−1 1 (2n − 3)!!
(b) √ (d) ,p > 0 (f)
n=1
n n=1
ln (n + 1)
p
n=2
(2n − 2)!!
Solution

X∞
2n + 3 2n + 3 1
(a) √ , an = √ Let bn =
n=1
n 2+ 2 n 2+ 2 n
an X∞ X1
∞
Then lim = 2 ∈ R, since bn = diverges by p-series
n→+∞ bn n
n=1 n=1
X∞ X∞
2n + 3
Therefore, an = 2+
√ diverges by limit comprison test.
n=1 n=1
n n
√
X∞ √  n
n−1
(b) √
n=1
n
" −√n #−1
1
Let an = 1 + √ ⇒ e−1 ̸= 0
− n
X∞ √  √n
n−1
Therefore, √ diverges by disverges test.
n=1
n
X
∞ √
(c)
π 1
n− 2 sin( 4 + n )
n=1
1 1
we have an = √π 1
∼ bn =
n 2 sin( 4 + n ) √ n
√ √ √
an

1− 2 22 cos n
1
+ 22 sin n
1
Then lim = lim n = lim n
π 1
1− 2 sin( 4 + n )
n→+∞ bn n→+∞ n→+∞
lnn

= lim n1−cos n −sin n = lim en(1−cos n −sin n )

1 1 1 1 n
= e−1×0 = 1
n→+∞ n→+∞
X
∞ X∞
1
Since, bn = diverges by p-series
n=1 n=1
n
X
∞ X ∞ √
Therefore, n− 2 sin( 4 + n ) diverges by limit comprison test.
π 1
an =
n=1 n=1
X
∞
1
d. ,p > 0
k=1
ln (n + 1)
p
 
1
ln lnP (n + 1) ln(ln(n + 1))


|an |
we have ln = =p = 0 < 1 diverges
ln n ln n ln n
X
∞
1
Therefore, is diveges by logarithmn test.
k=1
ln (n + 1)
p

By : Sun Bunra Page 13 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

X
∞   
1
(e) n 1 − cos
2

n=1
n
  
1 1
Let an = n 1 − cos
2
= 2n2 sin2
n 2n
!2  
sin2 2n1 1
2
1
since lim an = 2n2 1
× ⇒ lim an =
2n
2n 2
X∞  
1

1
Therefore, n2 1 − cos = is diverges by divergen test.
n=1
n 2
X∞
(2n − 3)!! (2n − 3)!!
(f) Let an =
n=1
(2n − 2)!! (2n − 2)!!

an+1 (2n − 2)!! (2n − 2)!! (2n − 1)

⇒ = × =
an 2n!! (2n − 3)!! 2n
 
an
by Raabe'stest we have lim n −1
n→+∞ an−1

 
an n 1
⇒ lim n −1 = lim = <0
n→+∞ an−1 n→+∞ 2n + 1 2
X
∞
(2n − 3)!!
Therefore, is diverges bu Raabers test.
n=1
(2n − 2)!!

Exercise 11. Suppose that (an ) is a decreasing sequence of real numbers. Prove that if
X
∞
an converges, then lim nan = 0.
n=1

Solution

we have an is a decreasing sequence if real numbers then an+k ≤ an

since an+k ≤ an < ∞ → Sn is convergent

X
∞
Sn = ak = a1 + a2 + · · · + an
n=1

S2n − Sn = an+1 + an+2 + · · · + a2n

na2n = S2n − Sn ≤ nan
1
(2na2n ) ≤ (S2n − Sn ) ≤ nan (I)
2
Then (Sn ) converges ⇒ (Sn ) is cauchy sequence

⇒ ∀ε > 0, ∃n ∈ N, ∀n > N → [S2n − Sn ] < ε

By : Sun Bunra Page 14 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

since (I) → ∀ε > 0, ∃n ∈ N ⇒ [nan ] < ε

Therefore, lim nan = 0

n→∞

X
∞
Exercise 12. Suppose lim an = 0. Prove that an converges if and only if the series
n=1
X
∞
(a2n + a2n+1 ) converges.
n=1

Solution

X
∞
Prove that an converges if and only if the series
n=1
X
∞
since (a2n + a2n+1 ) converges
n=1
X
∞ X
∞
suppose lim an = 0 ⇒ (a2n + a2n+1 ) = (an − a1 )
n=1 n=1
X
∞ X
∞
Therefore, an converges if and only if the series (a2n + a2n+1 ) converges.
n=1 n=1

X
∞
Exercise 13. Let (a)n be a sequence of real numbers such that a4n is convergent. Prove
n=1
X
∞
that the series a5n is convergent.
n=1

Solution
X
Proved that the series a5n is Convergent.
X
We have a4n < ∞ → lim a4n = 0 ⇒ lim an = 0

⇒ There exist N which n > N

since |an |5 < |an |4 ⇒ by using comparion test

X
∞ X
∞
• If a4n converges ⇒ a5n alsoconverges
n=1 n=1
X
∞
Therefore, a5n converges .
n=1

By : Sun Bunra Page 15 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

Exercise 14. Using any test, nd out which of the following series converge absolutely,
which converge conditionally, and which diverge.

X
∞ X∞ Y X
∞
n
!
(−1)n n3 1 − 2k (n + 1)n
(a) (b) (c) ,p > e
n=1
(n + 1)! n=1 k=1
3k − 2 n=1
pn n!
√ √
X∞
(−1)n+1 n X (−1)n n + 1
∞ X∞ 
n3 − 1

(d) (e) √ n (f) arccos
n=1
n+1 n=1
nn n=1
n3 + 2

Solution

X X (−1)n n3
(a) an =
(n + 1)!
3
|a | (n + 1)3 (n + 1)! n3

1 n+1
we have lim n+1 = lim × = lim × = lim =0
|an | (n + 2)! n 3 n+2 n n4
X
Therefore, an is converges absolutely by Ratio Test

X∞ Y Y Y
n
! n n+1
1 − 2k 1 − 2k 1 − 2k
(b) let |an | = ⇒ |an+1 | =
3k − 2 3k − 2 3k − 2
n=1 k=1
Qn 1−2k
k=1 k=1
|an+1 | −2n − 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2
Ratio test: = Qnk=1 3k−2
= = ⇒ lim = <1
|an | k=1
1−2k
3k−2
3n + 1 3n + 1 3n + 1 3

⇒ Series converges absolutely by Ratio test.

X ∞ Y n
!
1 − 2k
Therefore, converges absolutely.
n=1 k=1
3k − 2
X∞
(n + 1)n

e

(c) n n!
, (p > e) ⇒ 1 >
n=1
p p
n+1
|an+1 | (n + 2)n+1 pn n!

1 1 e
We have lim = lim n+1 = lim 1 + = <1
n→∞ |an | n→∞ p (n + 1)! (n + 1) n p n→∞ n+1 p
X (n + 1)n
∞
Therefore, converges absolutely by Ratio Test
n=1
pn n!
X∞ √
(−1)n+1 n
(d) Let an > 0, lim an = 0
n=1
n + 1 n→∞
√ p √
an+1 n+1n+1 (n + 1)3 n3 + 3n2 + 3n + 1
since = √ =p = √ < 1 is decreasing
an n+2 n n(n + 2)2 n3 + 4n2 + 4n
X∞ √
(−1)n+1 n
Therefore, is converges by Alternative Series
n=1
n+1
√ √
X∞ n
(−1) n + 1 (−1)n n + 1
(e) √ n , Let an = √ n
n=1
nn nn
" 1
#n
1 1
1 (n + 1) n (n + 1) 2n
since |an | =
n
1 = 1 →0
n n nn n 2n n

By : Sun Bunra Page 16 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021
X
Therefore, an Converges absoludly

X
∞
n3 − 1
 
(f) arccos 3
n=1
n +2
 3   3   3 
n −1 n −1 n −1
q
Let an = arccos 3 → cos an = ⇒ 1 − sin an =
2
n +2 n3 + 2 n3 + 2
 3 2 3

2 3

2
n − 1 n + 2 − n − 1
• 1 − sin2 an = → sin2 an =
n3 + 2 (n3 + 2)2
n6 + 4n3 + 4 − n6 + 2n3 − 1
=
(n3 + 2)2
6n3 + 3 6n3 √ 1 2
• sin2 an = ⇒ a2n ∼ , an ∼ 6 3 but 3 < ∞ by p-series
(n3 + 2)2 n6 n2 n2
X
Therefore, an < ∞ by LCT

Exercise 15. For each of the following series, nd all values of p ∈ R for which the given
series converges absolutely.
X
∞
1 X
∞
√ X∞
pn
(a) (d) n
( 3 − 1)p (g) √
n=2
n lnp n n=1 n=1
n
n!
X∞ X
∞ X∞
1 X
n
!
1 √
(b) (e) ( n n − 1)p (h) k3/2
n=2
lnp n n=1 n=1
np k=1
X
∞ X X∞  X
∞ 
n
! p   p
1 1 4 1
(c) (f) 1 − n sin (i) arctan 1 + −1
n=1 k=1
(n + k)p n=1
n n=1
π n
Solution
 
X
∞
1 ln 1
|an | ln n + p ln(ln n)
(a) , Let = logarithm Test fails
n ln n ln n
p
ln n
Z
n=2
∞ Z∞
1 1
Then p dx = du, u = ln x
2 x ln x
p
2 u

• If p ≤ 1, the integral diverges

• If p > 1, the integral converges

Therefore, the series converges absolutely for p > 1 by Integral Test

 
X
∞
1 ln 1
|an | p ln(ln n)
b. , Let = , 0 < 1 for all p ∈ R
n=2
ln n
p
ln n ln n
Therefore, by logarithm Test the series diverges for p ∈ R
X
∞
1
(c)
n=2
n lnp n

By : Sun Bunra Page 17 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021
Z
1 1
we have , Let up = lnp x ⇒ du = du
u ln x p
x
Z Z Z
1 1 1
= xdu = du
u ln x p
xup up
Z∞ Z∞
1 1
px = du ⇒ Un = ln x
2 x ln
p
2 u

• If P ≤ 1 the integral diverges.

• If P > 1 the integral converges.

Therefore, series converges absolutely for P > 1 by It

X
∞ 
√ p
(d) n
3−1
n=1
√ p
 1  p 1
We have an = n
B − 1 = e( n ln 3 − 1 ∼ (ln 3)p · p
n
1 a
Let bn = p
Then lim n = (ln 3)p
n bn
X
∞
√
Thus, ( n 3 − 1) converges absolutely for p > 1 by Limit comparison test and p-series
n=1
X
∞
√ √  ln(n)
p
(e) ( n n − 1)p , Let an = ( n n − 1)p = e n −1
n=1
ln(n)
 p  p
ln(n)

we have e n −1 ∼ = bn
n
 
ln 1
bn p(ln(n) − ln(ln(n)))
by logarithm test we get = → p as n → +∞
ln(n) ln(n)
By logarithm test the series converge absolutely if p > 1,

and diverge if p < 1 and no solution if p = 1

Z∞
ln(x)
But let check for p = 1 ⇐⇒ dx = (ln(x))2 = ∞
1 x
X
∞
since bn diverge by Intergral test
n=1

And therefore the series must be converge absolutely for p > 1

X
∞ 
1
p
1
(f) 1 − n sin , Let an = 1 − n sin
n=1
n n
1 − n sin n1 1 1
we have lim 1
= 1 ⇒ 1 − n sin ⇒ an ∼ 2
n2
n n

By : Sun Bunra Page 18 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

X ∞ 
1
p
Then, 2
<∞
n=1
n
X ∞ 
1
p
1
Therefore 1 − n sin is converges absoluately for p > by p-series
n=1
n 2
X∞
pn
(g) √
n
n=1
n!
|p| −1
ln(n!) −1 Pn
By trying root test n |an | = |p|
p
k=1 lnk
1 = · e n2 = ⌈p⌉ · e n2

(n!) n 2

1 Xn Xn
We have ln k, Let un = ln k, vn = n2
2 k=1 k=1
Pn Pn−1
un − un−1 k=1 lnk − k=1 lnkb lnn
By stolz-cesaro ⇒ = =
vn − vn−1 n2 − (n − 1)2 2n − 1
lnn
• if n → 0 ⇒ → 0 ⇒ n |an | = |p|
p
2n − 1
Therefore, this series is converges absolutely for p < 1 by root test

X
∞
1 X 3
∞
1 X 3
∞
!
(h) p
k 2 , Let a n = p
k2
n=1
n k=1
n k=1
X∞
we have un = k 2 and vn = n12 consider the limit
3

k=1
3 3
u − un (n + 1) 2 (n + 1) 2 2
lim n+1 = lim α α
= lim α−1
=
vn+1 − vn (n + 1) − n αn 5
2
• if α =
5
u 2
By stolz-cesaro, we havelim n =
vn 5
5
2 2 5 un 2n 2 2 1
⇒ u n ∼ vn = n 2 ⇒ a n = p ∼ p
= · p5
5 5 n 5n 5 n2
7 X 7
When p > , then an is also converges absolutely when p >
2 2
X∞ 
4

1
  p X∞
(i) arctan 1 + −1 = an
n=1
π n n=1
 
4 1
Let xn = arctan 1 + − 1 , an = xpn
π n
 
4 1
⇒ 1 + xn = arctan 1 +
π n
 
π 1
↔ (1 + xn ) = arctan 1 +
4 n
 π πx  1
↔ tan
n
+ =1+
4 4 n

By : Sun Bunra Page 19 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

1 + tan πxn


1
↔ 4

=1+
1 − tan πxn
4
n
 πx   
1 1  πx 
↔ 1 + tan tan
n n
=1+ − 1+
4 n n 4
 
1  πxn  1
↔ 2+ tan =
n 4 n
 πx  1
1
since tan n
= n 1 = (1)
4 2+ n 1 + 2n
 πx  πx
we have tan x ∼ x , x → 0 ↔ tan n
∼
n
(2)
4 4
πxn 1 1 2 2p
(1)&(2) ; ∼ ∼ ↔ xn∼ ⇒ an = xpn ∼ p p
4 1 + 2n 2n πn π n
X 2 p
2 X 1
p
but = < ∞ if p > 1 by power series
πp np πp np
X
Therefore, an < ∞ if p > 1 by limit comparison Test

Exercise 16. Let p, q > 0. Find the relation of p and q so that the following series is
convergent.
X
∞
1
n=1
np (ln n)q

Solution

Find the relation of p and q so that the following series is convergent.

X
∞
1
We have
n=1
np ( ln n)q
 
ln 1
an ln (np (ln n)q ) p ln n q ln(ln n)
 
By logarithm test lim = lim = lim + =p
n→∞ ln n n→∞ ln n n→∞ ln n ln n
Then, the series is convergent if p > 1 and divergent if p < 1.
X
∞
1
If p = 1 by Intergral Test :
np ( ln n)q
Z∞ n=1 Zx
1 1
We obtain f(x) = dx = lim dx
1 x(ln x)q n→∞ 1 x(ln x)q
1
Let u = ⇒ du = xdx
ln x
Zn Zn  ′ n
1 1 u
f(x) = lim dx = lim du = lim u1−q
n→∞ 1 x(ln x)q n→∞ 1 uq n→∞ 1 − q
1
 n
x x
= lim (ln x)1−q = lim (ln x)1−q
n→∞ 1 − q n→∞ 1 − q
1

By : Sun Bunra Page 20 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

 x
 lim (ln x)1−q = 0 when q > 1 then it converges by Intergral Test
n→∞ 1 − q
⇒ f(x) = x

 lim (ln x)1−q = ∞ when q ≤ 1 then it diverges by Intergral Test
n→∞ 1 − q

X
∞
1 p>1
Therefore, is convergent if
n=1
np (ln n)q p = 1, q > 1

Exercise 17. Let p, q > 0. Find the relation of p and q so that the following series is
convergent.
X
∞
n2n
n=1
(n + p)n+q (n + q)n+p

Solution

Find the relation of p and q so that the following series is convergent

X
∞
n2n
We have
n=1
(n + p)n+q (n + q)n+p
n2n 1
By limit comparison test: Let an = , bn =
(n + p)n+q (n + q)n+p np+q

We get
an n2n np+q
lim= lim
n→∞ bn n→∞ (n + p)n+q (n + q)n+p

n2n+p+q
= lim h
i
n→∞ 2n+p+q p n+p q n+q


n 1+ n 1+ n
1
= lim p n+p

q n+q


n→∞ 1+ 1+
n n
1 1
= lim p n

p

p q q


=
q n
n→∞ 1+ n
1+ n
1+ n
1+ n
ep+q
X
∞
n2n X∞
1
By limit comparison test, n+q n+p
is convergent then p+q
<∞
n=1
(n + p) (n + q) n=1
e
X
∞
1
Therefore, This series is convergent then is convergent
n=1
ep+q

X
n
Exercise 18. (a) Show that the sequence sin k is bounded.
k=1
X
∞
sin n
(b) Deduce that the series is convergent.
n=1
n

Solution

X
n
(a) Show that the sequence sin k is bounded.
k=1

By : Sun Bunra Page 21 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

X
n X
n X
n X
n
we have i sin k + cos k = (cos k + i sin k) = eik
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
ein − 1
= ei + e2i + . . . . + ein = ei ×
ei − 1
i in i n
−i n
in −i n
e ·e 2 e 2 −e 2 i( n+1 ) e 2 − e 2
= i × i −i =e 2 × i i
−2
e2 e2 − e 2  e − e
2

2
sin n
    
n+1 n+1
= cos + i sin 2
sin 12
 
2 2
X
n
sin 21 1 X
n
1
Then sin k =
≤ ⇒ sin k ≤
sin n+1
sin n
sin 1
sin


k+1 2 2 2 k=1
X
n
Therefore, sin k is bounded.
k=1
X
∞
sin n X
∞
1
(b) = an bn , where an = , bn = sin n
n=1
n n=1
n
X
∞ X
We have from (a)Bn = bk = sin(k) is bounded and (an ) is decreasing
k=1
1
=⇒ lim an = lim =0
n
X
Therefore, an bn < ∞ by Dirichlet' Test.

X sin n
Exercise 19. Show that the series converges conditionally.
n≥2
ln n
Solution

sinn
Let an =
ln n
ln n
ln(ln n) − ln(sinn)


=⇒ ln sinn
= ,0 < 1
ln n ln n
X
=⇒ an is at converges absoluately (1)

X
n
sin n+1
sin n



1
We also have |bn | = sin k = 2 2
≤ ⇒ bn is bounded
k=1
sin 1
2 sin1 /2
1
Let an = clearly an is decreasing and lim an = 0
ln
X
⇒ an bn is converges by dirichlet's test (2)

By (1)&(2)
X sinn
Therefore, is converges conditionally
ln n
By : Sun Bunra Page 22 of 28 ID e20201001
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

Exercise 20. Let (an ) be a sequence of positive real numbers, decreasing to zero, and
(bn ) be a bounded sequence.

X
∞
(a) Show that the series (an − an+1 ) bn is convergent.
n=1
X∞
(b) Deduce that the series an (bn − bn−1 ) is convergent.
n=1
X
∞
cos(nx)
(c) Show that for all x ∈ R − 2πZ, the series is convergent.
n=1
n

Solution

X
∞
(a) Show that the series (an − an+1 ) bn is convergent.
n=1

We have (an ) is decreasing sequence and tends to 0, (sn ) be a bounded sequemce

X
∞ X
∞
then, by using Dirichlet's test, we can show that an sn and an+1 Sn is converges
n=1 n=1
X
∞
Therefore, the series (an − an+1 ) bn is converges
n=1

(b) We have (an ) is decreasing sequence and tends to 0, (Sn ) be a bounded

X
∞ X
∞
Then, by using Dirichlet's test, we can show that an sN and an Sn−1 is convergent
n=1 n=1
X
∞
Therefore, the series (an − an+1 ) Sn is convergent
n=1
1
(c) For n > 0, Let an = , one can show that (an ) is decreasing to 0
n
X
∞
and let Sn = cos(kx), one can show that (Sn ) is bounded sequence.
k=1
X
∞
and let Sn = cos(kx), one can show that (Sn ) is bounded sequence.
k=1
X
∞
cos(nx)
Therefore, By using Dirichlet's Test, The series is convergent
n=1
n

Exercise 21. Given the series

X
∞
1
.
n=2
(ln n)ln n

First prove that the Root Test fails to conclude the convergence of this series. Then use
the Logarithm Test to prove this series converges.

By : Sun Bunra Page 23 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

Solution

X
∞
1 X ∞
We have = an
n=2
(ln n)ln n n=2
  n1
1 1 1
⇒ lim n |an | = lim (|an |) n = lim = lim
p
=1
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ (ln n)ln n n→∞ (ln n)
ln n
n

ln n
Beacause lim =0
n→∞ n
since 1 = 1 by root test fails to conculed the convergence of the series

• Prove this series converges by logarithm test

1
   
1
ln |an |
ln 1
(lnn)lnn ln (lnn)lnn
we have lim = lim = lim
n→∞ lnn n→∞ lnn n→∞ lnn
ln n ln(ln n)
= lim = lim ln(ln n) = +∞
n→∞ ln n n→∞

since, l = +∞ converges absolutely

X
∞ X
∞
1
Therefore, an = it is converges by log arithm test
n=2 n=2
(ln n)ln n

Exercise 22. Given the series

X∞ Yn
!
2k − 1
n=1 k=1
2k + 2
First prove that the Ratio Test fails to conclude the convergence of this series. Then use
the Raabe's to prove this series converges.

Solution

X∞ Y∞ Y
∞
!
2k − 1 2k − 1
We have: let an =
n=1 n=1
2k + 2 n=1
2k + 2

Y
n+1
2k − 1 Y
n
2k + 2 2(n + 1) − 1 2n + 1
|an+1 | = × = = →1
k=1
2k + 2 k=1
2k − 1 2(n + 1) + 2 2n + 4
X
⇒ an no conclusion by Ratio Test

• Prove series by Rabee's Test

|an |
     
2n + 4 2n + 4 − 2n − 1
n −1 =n −1 =n
|an+1 | 2m + 1 2n + 4
|an |
 
3n 3
n −1 = → >1
|an+1 | 2n + 1 2

By : Sun Bunra Page 24 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021
X
Therefore, an is converges absolutely by Raabe's Test

Exercise 23. Let α be an arbitrary positive number and let (βn ) be a positive sequence
converging to β. Study the convergence of the series
X
∞
n!αn
n=1
(α + β1 ) (2α + β2 ) . . . (nα + βn )

Solution

n!αn
Let an =
(α + β1 ) (2α + β2 ) . . . (nα + βn )
an + 1 (n + 1)αn+1 (α + β1 ) (2α + β2 ) . . . (nα + βn )
= ×
an (α + β1 ) (2α + β2 ) . . . [(n + 1)α + βn+1 ] n!αn
(n + 1)αn
= → no conclude by ration
(n + 1)α + βn+1
|an |
   
(n + 1)α + βn+1
= n −1 =n −1
|an + 1| (n + 1)α
 
(n + 1)α + βn+1 − (n + 1)α
=n
(n + 1)α
 
βn+1 α
Therefore, n →
(n + 1)α β

by radio's test
X
• if β > α → an converge absolutely
X
• if β < α → an diverges
X
• if β = α → an no conclusion

Exercise 24. Discuss the convergence of the series

X
∞
α(α + 1) . . . (α + n − 1) β(β + 1) . . . (β + n − 1)
n=1
n! γ(γ + 1) . . . (γ + n − 1)

where α, β and γ are positive constants. Hint: Use Gauss's Test.

Solution

an+1 n2 + (α + β)n+β 1 + r − α − β un
we have = 2 =1− − 2
an n + (1 + r)n+r n n

Therefore the series in question converges if α + ε1 < r and diveges

By : Sun Bunra Page 25 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

• if α + β > r

• if r = β + α

(an+1 ) n2 + rn + αβ
we get = 2
an n + rn + n + r
Then one can use Bertrand's Test To See That The Series is Divergent

Exercise 25. Determine for which values of p, the series

X∞ 
(2n − 1)!!
p

n=1
(2n)!!

converges absolutely. Hint: Use Gauss's Test.

Solution

Determine for which values of p, the series

X
∞ 
(2n − 1)!!
p
Hint = Gauss's Test
n=1
(2n)!!
 p  p
(an + 1) 2n + 1 1 2(α − 1) 2
= = 1− + (1 + x)α ≈ 1 + αx + x
(an) 2n + 2 2n + 2 2
   2
1 p(p − 1) 1
∼1+p − + −
2n + 2 2 2n + 2
p
p(p − 1)
=1− 2 + 8
n+1 (n+1)2
p
p(p − 1)
∼1− 2
+ 8
, n + 1 ∼ n, n → ∞
n ne

p
Therefore, series convergences absolutely if > 1 → p > 2.
2

X
∞ X
∞
Exercise 26. (a) Suppose an converges absolutely. Prove that |an |p converges for
n=1 n=1
all p ≥ 1.
X
∞ X
∞
(b) Suppose an converges conditionally. Prove that np an converges for all p > 1.
n=1 n=1

Solution

X
∞
(a). Suppose that an converges:
n=1

It follows that (|an |)n∈N → 0, therefore there exits k > 0 and n0 ∈ N.

By : Sun Bunra Page 26 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

Such that ∀n ∈ n0 ⇒ |an | < k

Thus ∀n > n0 ⇒ |an |p < k |an |, where p ≥ 1

X
+∞
Since k |an | converges and due to all the sequences involved being of non-negative
n=1
X
+∞
real numbers, it follows that (|an |p ) converges and the result follows.
n=1

(b). Suppose that n an had a convergent series:

p

X
∞
That is np = lϵR
n=1

Then n an → 0 as n → ∞, so np an is eventually less than 1 in absolutely value,

p

1
implying that |an | < For suciently large n.
np
X
∞
Then that series an converge absolutely. Which is contradiction.
n=1

Exercise 27. Let (un ) be a sequence of nonzero terms with lim un = u ̸= 0. Prove that
the series
X
∞ X∞ 
1 1

(un+1 − un ) and −
n=1 n=1
un+1 un
either both are absolutely convergent or both do not converge absolutely.

Solution

1 1
Let An = Un+1 − nn and Bn = −
un+1 un
1 1
we have: |un+1 − un | = |u− n| |un+1 | −
un+1 un
An
⇒ lim = lim |un nn+1 | = u2
Bn
X X
Therefore, |A− n| and |Bn | have the same nature.
X
∞
Exercise 28. Assume that (an ) is a positive and decreasing such that an diverges.
n=1
Show that
a1 + a3 + · · · + a2n−1
lim = 1.
n→∞ a2 + a4 + · · · + a2n
Solution

For simplicity we introduce the following notation

By : Sun Bunra Page 27 of 28 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II of 2020-2021

Ln = a1 + a3 + · · · + a2n−1 and Mn = a2 + a4 + · · · + an

By the monotonicity of (an ) Ln ≥ Mn and Ln − a1 ≤ Mn

X
∞
Then 2Mn = Mn + Mn ≥ Mn + Ln − a1 = ak , Thus lim Mn = +∞
n→∞
k=2
Ln Ln − Mn a1
Coinbining (4)and (5), we get −1= ≤ n → ∞0
Mn Mn Mn
a + a3 + · · · + a2n−1
Therefore, lim 1 =1
n→∞ a2 + a4 + · · · + a2n

Exercise 29. Let (an ) be the sequence de ned by

 π
a0 ∈ 0, , ∀n ≥ 1, an+1 = sin (an )
2
1 1
(a) Show that lim 2
= .
nan 3
X
∞
(b) Deduce the nature of the series an .
n=1

Solution

1 1
(a) Show that lim 2
=
n→+∞ nan 3
1 1
If lim =
n→+∞ na2n 3
a2n − sin2 an
 
1 1 1 1
By stolz-cesaro lim − = = lim =
n→+∞ a 2
n+1 a2n 3 n→+∞ a2n sin an2
3
 π
We clearly know that ∀n ≥ 1, a0 ∈ 0,
2
Then sin an − an < 0 => (an ) is decreasing

a2n − sin2 an 1
since lim = true
n→+∞ a2 sin an
2
3
n
1 1
Therefore, lim =
n→+∞ na2n 3
X∞
(b). Deduce nature an
n=2
1 1 1
since lim × 2 =
n→∞ n an 3
but n → ∞ =⇒ na2n = 3 =⇒ a2n −→ 0

X
∞
Therefore, an is converges.
n

By : Sun Bunra Page 28 of 28 ID e20201001