HKR 3400: Social Exclusion

June 29, 2023

ANNOUNCEMENTS

• Quiz # 3 is due at 11:59 PM.

• Lightning talks/presentations are

on July 06 before 1:00 PM. Please
submit it in the assigned folder.

• Paper # 2 will be back tomorrow.

 Paper # 3 due July 07

• For this paper, you have some choice. I want your group to think of Early
Childhood Development (ECD) and factors/SDoH that influence that.

• For your topic, you can choose an SDoH that impacts ECD and explain
how this is important, the negative impacts and what can be done to
help improve this. Your paper should have critical insight into the topic
and its impacts.

• This paper will be 3 pages double, spaced, following APA 7th ed.
guidelines.

• Use at least 4 references and 3 academic sources.

Textbook
Read Chapter 5: Social Exclusion
Lightning Talk Presentation Tips!

• Needs to be 5 mins in length

• Make only a couple of points per slide. ... (you should have the rest of
that your saying memorized or in notes)
• Structure your talk
• Define your key message
• Don't rush. ...
• Choose large, bold and legible fonts. ...
• Keep it concise
• End with a strong conclusion
• Citations on slides
• Reference page
Social Exclusion

• “Poor social and economic conditions and inequalities in access to

resources and services affect an individuals or groups health and
well-being (Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2008).

• According to Grace- Edward Galabuzi, a political scientist…

Social exclusion broadly describes both the structures and the

dynamic processes of inequality among groups in society, which,
over time, structure access to critical resources determine the
quality of membership in society and ultimately produce and
reproduce a complex of unequal outcomes.

• Social exclusion is identified as one of the ten key SDoH.

(Raphael, 2016)
Social Exclusion
• Who experiences Social Exclusion?

Low income

Indigenous people

People of colour

Recent immigrants

Women

People with disabilities

(Raphael, 2016)
Social Exclusion
• In nearly all countries, to varying degrees, age,
sex, disability, race, ethnicity, religion,
migration status, socioeconomic status, place
of residence, sexual orientation, and gender
identity have been grounds for social
exclusion over time.
4 Aspects of Social Exclusion

1. Denial of 3. Exclusion
2. Denial of 4. Economic
participation from social
social goods. exclusion.
in civic affairs. production.

(Raphael, 2016)
1. Denial of participation in civic affairs
• Laws and regulations prevent non-status residents for migrants from participating in societal
activities.
• Systematic forms of discrimination
Race
Gender
Ethnicity
Disability status

Ex: many new Canadians can not practice their professions and not given the opportunity to challenge
our national exams.

(Raphael, 2016)
 Health care

Education

Housing
2. Denial of social
goods Income security

Language services

Lack of means to reduce discrimination

(Raphael, 2016)
3. Exclusion from social
production.

• Denial of the opportunity to participate in

and contribute to social activities;

Clubs

Recreational activities

Cultural events

Mostly due to lack of financial resources.

(Raphael, 2016)
4. Economic exclusion

• This occurs when individuals cannot get access to economic

resources and opportunities such as participation in paid
work.

• There are systematic differences in levels of employment,

employment security and training opportunities between
non-disabled Canadians of European descent compared to
other groups.

(Raphael, 2016)
Social Exclusion
Creates;
• Living conditions and personal experiences that
endanger health.

• Educational and social problems.

• A sense of powerlessness, hopelessness and

depression

(Raphael et al., 2020)

 1. What does social exclusion mean to you, and
how do you think it impacts individuals and
CLASS ACTIVITY communities?

2. Can you provide examples of social exclusion

that you have observed or experienced in your
• I will assign you to a group. Each group will be assigned
a question. own lives or in your communities?

3. How does social exclusion relate to the concept

of social determinants of health (SDOH)?
• Please find 2 articles to support your answers.
4. What potential strategies or interventions can
help address social exclusion as a social
• Be prepared to share with the class.
determinant of health?

5. How can healthcare providers and systems

• Post in the assigned discussion forum. reduce social exclusion and promote health
equity?
POLICY IMPLICATIONS

• Governments at all levels must revise laws and regulations that will address growing precarious
and low-wage employment in Canada.

• Governments at all levels must revise laws and regulations that will address growing precarious
and low-wage employment in Canada.

• The tax structure needs to be revised to increase progressivity to allow governments to provide
greater benefits and support to all Canadians. These include affordable housing, childcare,
pharmacare, and other benefits such as employment training that are provided in many other
wealthy nations (p.43).

(Raphael et al., 2020)

Indigenous Ancestry

As one of the richest countries in the world, Canada is well placed to right past
wrongs and ensure that all Canadians, including Canada’s First Peoples, are
able to enjoy living conditions that promote health and well-being.
– Janet Smylie and Michelle Firestone, 2016
 Indigenous peoples & health
• Indigenous peoples in Canada number 1,673,785 people, or 4.9 % of the national
population.

• 977,230 First Nations people, 587,545 Metis, and 65,025 Inuit.

• The health of Indigenous peoples in Canada is tied up with their history of

colonization.

• The Indian Act of 1876;

Disregard the land claims of Metis peoples
Relocation of Inuit communities
Establishment of residential schools
Not honoring signed treaties

(Raphael et al., 2020)

Cont’d

• Through colonization, Indigenous peoples were

dislocated from their lands.

• In your textbook, please make sure to read the Colonizing

Indigenous peoples in Canada.

(Raphael et al., 2020)

Cont’d
• The average income of all Indigenous men and women in 2016 was $ 28, 560 ad $ 23, 681.

• For Indigenous Canadians living on reserves, the figures were $18, 483.

• In 2016, 24 % of Indigenous Canadians had incomes below the low-income after-tax cut-offs
(poverty rate) compared to the 14 percent figures for non-Indigenous Canadians.

(Raphael et al., 2020)

Cont’d
• Education differs widely between Indigenous and other
Canadians.

• In 2016 among First Nations people living on reserve, 52.9

% of men and 61% of women attained high school
education.

• First Nations people living off reserve; 73.2 % for men and
78.7 % for women.

(Raphael et al., 2020)

Cont’d
• Inuit peoples are 55 % for men and 57.1 % for women.

• Metis, 78.8 % for men and 84.8 % for women.

• These figures compare unfavourably to non-Indigenous Canadians, where 87.7 % of men

and 90.6 % of women attained high school education.

(Raphael et al., 2020)

 Indigenous Peoples & Health

• Food Insecurity for Indigenous Canadians in 2017/2018 was 28.2 %.

• 48 % of First Nation households are food insecure.

• In Alberta, 60 % of Indigenous families were food insecure, 7 x higher than the

national average.

• In Nunavut, 57 % of Indigenous families were food insecure.

Among children, this was 78.7 %

(Raphael et al., 2020)

Indigenous Peoples & Health
• Indigenous peoples in Canada are 3x more likely to live in crowded
housing.

• 38% of Inuit in Innuit Nunavut (Northern Inuit territories live in

crowded housing) – compared to 11% of Indigenous people and
3% of the non-Indigenous population.

• The life expectancy of Indigenous people is 5-14 years less than

that of the—Canadian population, with Inuit men and women
showing the shortest lifespan.

• Infant mortality rates are 1.5-4x greater than the overall Canadian
rate.
(Raphael et al., 2020)
Indigenous Peoples & Health

• Infectious & Chronic Diseases are much higher in Indigenous

population.

• Suicide rates are 5-6x higher

• Diabetes is also extremely high

• High rates of major depression, problems with alcohol and

experience of sexual abuse during childhood.

• Higher rates of tuberculosis, pertussis, rubella, shigellosis and

chlamydia.
(Raphael, 2016)
Cont’d

• Indigenous children are more likely to be hospitalized or die

from respiratory illnesses.

• 12.2 percent of new HIV infections and 8.9% of those living

with HIV in Canada

Many of these afflictions are related to the effects of POVERTY.

(Raphael, 2016)
POLICY IMPLICATIONS

• Recognition of an Aboriginal order of government matters related to the good government and welfare
of Aboriginal peoples and their territories.

• Replacement of the federal Department of Indian Affairs with two departments to implement a new
relationship with Aboriginal nations and provide services for non-self-governing communities.

• Creation of an Aboriginal Parliament.

• Initiatives to address social, education, health, and housing needs include training 10,000 health
professionals over a 10-year period, establishing an Aboriginal peoples’ university, and recognizing
Aboriginal nations’ authority over child welfare (p.61).

(Raphael et al., 2020)

Disability

• Disabilities are often seen in medical terms, not societal terms.

• While disabilities are related to physical and mental functions, the issue
is whether society can support these challenges to participate fully in
Canadian life.

• 22.3 % of Canadians are reporting a disability.

Youth 15-24 years- 13.1%
Adults 25- 64 years – 20%
Adults 65 & older- 38 %

• Women are more likely to have a disability than men.

• The gender difference occurs across all age groups.

(Raphael et al., 2020)

Disability

• People with disabilities are less likely to be employed and earn less when they are
employed than people without disabilities.

• Only 59 % of Canadians with disabilities aged 25 to 64 are employed (compared to

80% without disabilities).

• Since over 40 % of Canadians with disabilities are not in the labour force, many rely on
social assistance benefits.

• These benefits are very low in Canada and do not bring individuals even close to the
poverty line in most cities.

(Raphael et al., 2020)

POLICY IMPLICATIONS
• Since there is no national policy in Canada to coordinate and guide the implementation of the
CRPD at the national, federal, provincial or territory levels, Canada should commit to appointing
an independent monitoring mechanism as required by article 33 (2) of the Convention to
promote, protect and monitor its implementation (p. 56).

• Discussions about the rights of persons with disabilities should move beyond framing it in terms
of social assistance to one that takes a human rights-based approach (p.56).

• Institute provincial and territorial policies that provide fully inclusive education systems since it is
lacking in many provinces and territories (p.57).

• Canada must implement comprehensive public policies that guarantee the access of persons
with disabilities to the support they need to live independently in their communities (p.57).

(Raphael et al., 2020)

Don’t put people in boxes!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRwt25M5nGw
Questions?