REMEDIAL ENGLISH

Remedial
To reinforce
To give remedy
 Remedial Instruction in English changed to Remedial English
 English became an international language

 One of the main goal of education in DepEd is to promote passing

rates in English proficiency test among college and university
graduates.
Goal:
a.) Promote low achieving students to enforce basic knowledge in common
subject.
Common Subjects
Academic course language (literacy/ numeracy) >> no students will
meet the minimum common standards
.
PISA (Program for International Students Assessment)

 Reading and comprehension go together.

Type of Clinical Teaching

a.) Spiral Process
Assessment>>Instruction>>Re- assessment

 Remedial teaching is not primarily about grammar.

 Language learning is the way to communicative competence.

o Reconstruction
o Deconstruction
o Transformation
o Reassembling activities
Lesson 1: Communicative Function
Vocabulary Building Through Contextual Clues and Structural
Analysis
Caboodle- All the things in the group
Whilom- Archaic
Lek- Assembly area where animals display courtship behavior
Zucchini- Green squash (cylindrical)
Leone- Taken from the word Sierra Leone/ monetary unit of Sierra Leone
Viva Voce- By word of mouth/ orally/ by means of voice
Wishy-washy- Weak
Bushwhack- Ambush/ surprise attack

Types of Contextual Clues

a.) Linked synonyms
1.) Writer/ author uses words with the same meaning from unfamiliar
words.
Ex: placid- peaceful
: The woman was assigned to categorize, classify, file, group the
documents into the same place.
b.) Antonyms
2.) Writer/ author uses connectives.
Ex: but, while, however
 The word/ clue that is going to use has different meaning.
Ex: The first bottle contains a lot of mixture while the second bottle has an
iota (small amount) in it.
c.) Mood and Tone
Mood- state of one’s emotion
d.) Explanation Clue
3.) The unknown/ unfamiliar words are explained/ the word in the sentence
is immediately preceding
Ex: The piscatorial creature like trout, salmon, flounder, live in the coldest
part of the ocean.
: In the course of man’s evolution, celestial bodies like sun, moon, and
stars have greatly amazed human beings.
e.) Definition/ Description Clue
4.) Define the word by using expression “that is”
Ex: Let him stay in a solarium (a room exposed to the sun).
: His obesity (too much fat) caused worry to the doctor.

- Why context clue is best way?

- Why does contextual clues involve thinking?
 Schemata- stored knowledge

2nd Strategy
Structural Analysis/ Derivation
Structure/ Elements of Words
 Affixes
5.) Sounds, letters, syllables
6.) Can be one letter
7.) Attached in the root word
a.) Root word
b.) Suffix
8.) Attached at the end of the root
c.) Prefix
9.) Attached to the beginning of a root
10.)Inflectional endings “s”, “es”, “ed”, “ing”
Social Gender
- One must introduce the older one before the younger one.
- Introduce the women before men (females are of weaker sex)
- Introduce those people who are in professions first.
 Formal conversations avoid colloquialism.
Colloquial- you do not abbreviate words.
Ex. Of Informal words: Bye, Nice to meet you.

In introducing, we mostly use nouns.

Nouns
- Defines to the name of a person, a thing, event, or emotion.
Types of Nouns
1.) Proper Noun
- It is in capital letter
- Never write in small letter (that is ignorized)
Ex: Channel
2.) Common Noun
- General name of place, thing, written in small letter.
Ex: bag
3.) Abstract Noun
- It doesn’t exist in physical world, but you can feel the feeling that it
creates.
Ex: love, quality of a person, concepts, knowledge, courage, democracy
4.) Concrete Noun
- Exists in physical world, can touch, see, feel, and taste
Ex: coffee, chair, person
5.) Mass Noun
- A noun that cannot be counted
- If you cannot count it, you cannot personalize it.
- To pluralize a noun that is you cannot pluralize use counters to indicate
number by using unit of measure to quantify.
Ex: Grandmother has strands of hair.
Blades of grass
A glass of water
6.) Collective Noun
- Nouns refer to a group of people, places, or things.

Ex: Group of:

Teachers- faculty
Horses- stud
Musicians- orchestra/ band
Dancers- troupe
Girls- gang/bevy
Fish- school
Birds- flock/flight
Ants- colony
Locusts- plague
Judges- jury
Congressman- congress
Senator- senate
Directors- board
Furniture- suite (completely furnaced)
Thunder- volt/ volts
Lightning- flash

7.) Compound Noun

- Nouns made up of 2 or more words
3 Kinds of Compound Noun
1. Spelled as one word but has 2 root words
2. Separately spelled
Ex: Pacific Ocean, micro wave, branch manager
3.) Hyphenated
Ex: sister-in-law, brother-in-law
8.) Possessive Noun
- A noun shows possession
- A thing is owned by someone/ somebody
- It uses punctuation apostrophe (if word ends with s (s’)
Ex: Pedro’s bicycle
 Nouns can also be pluralized
 Properties of Noun
a.) Number
- Singular/ Plural
b.) Person
1st Person- speaker is the subject
2nd Person- one’s spoken of
3rd Person- One’s spoken to
*Nouns are only in 3rd person
*To make it the 1st person replace it with pronoun
c.) Gender
-Refers to sex
Feminine- girl neuter- has no sex
Masculine- boy common- either boy/girl
d.) Case
- Shows the relationship of words in a sentence
I. Nominative- when the noun is the subject of the sentence
II. Objective- use as object of the verb
III. Possessive- shows possession

Noun Determiners

- Words that determine

- Signify the reference of nouns
- Placed before a noun

Types of Noun Determiners

a.) Articles
a, an, and, the
b.) Demonstratives
for, this, with that those
c.) Possessive
my, mine, your, yours, his, her, their, our, ours
d.) Numbers/Numerals
cardinal and ordinal
^1,2,3… ^first, second, third
Ex: Her perspective about the issue of today.
First award will be given for the best dancer.
Noun Clusters/ Phrase
- Made up of words that determine the relationship of the words of the
noun
- Made up of 2 or more words
Ex: The tire hunters rested under the Narra tree.

Pronouns
- Used in place of nouns
- Rather repeating words, use pronouns

Kinds of Pronouns
1.) Personal Pronoun
- Refers to person
- We used it very often
a.) 1st Person
Singular: I, my, me mine
Plural: We, us, our, ours
b.) 2nd Person
Singular & Plural: you, your, yours
c.) 3rd Person
Singular: he, she, it, her, hers, his, him, its
Plural: they, them, their, theirs
Ex: The soldier told the residents to plant trees>> He told the residents to
plant trees.
1.) Demonstrative Pronoun
- Can be adjective and pronoun itself
 When they are w/ noun they are adjectives
Ex: That is mine.
 When they don’t stand w/noun, they are pronoun
Ex: That is mine.
Ex: This is the house (that)>relative pronoun) I would like to own.
(Complex sentence)
2.) Possessive Pronoun
- Shown possession
- Can be adjective
 When they are used with noun it is adjective
 When they are alone w/o noun they are pronoun
Ex: I (subject) like my car, but (coordinate subject) I wish (that) my parents
would let me drive theirs (passive adj.)
 Compound sentence has 2 subject and a predicate
Ex: Those (adjective) hoods are ours (possessive pronoun), not theirs
(possessive pronoun).
3.) Indefinite Pronoun
- Pronouns that are not mentioned specifically/ definitely.
a.) Singular Indefinite Pronouns
Another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, other, enough, everybody,
everyone, everything, each, less, little, much, none, nobody, no one,
nothing, one, somebody, someone, something
 Verb should be singular
Ex: Everyone (subject) was shocked (verb) by the (determiner) sudden
(adjective) announcement.

Little (subject) is known (linking verb) about (prepositional phrase)

Ancient (adjective) civilization (noun)
 Do not forget the helping word(auxiliary)
3 Parts of Verbs
1. Simple
2. Past
3. Past- Participle
Present- know Past- knew Past- Participle- known
Ex: Much (subject) is (linking verb) to be done (infinitive phrase) to
improve (infinitive phrase) your essay.
 Infinitive phrase is made of “to + verb”
b.) Plural Indefinite Pronoun
Few, several, others, both, some, many
Ex: Both (indefinite pronoun) of my friends (prepositional phrase) are
(linking verb) hungry (predicate adj.)
Many (subject) of the cats (adverb) had (verb) stripe tails (noun)
 Indefinite pronouns that can be singular/plural:
All, some, most, more, none
 To identify if it is singular/plural, the statement depends on the unit.
Ex: All is lost.
All of the trash is burned.
Most of the drinks have drunk.
 Most of the town is covered with snow.

4.) Relative Pronoun

Which, who, whom, that, whoever, whichever, whomever
- Pronouns that connect the relative clause to the main clause
- Act as stand-in for the noun as for the antecedent in the main clause
- Relative clause can be: subordinate & independent
 To connect independent clause to dependent clause connect it with
relative pronoun.
Ex: The (determiner>> independent clause) boat (subject) that was stolen
(verb>> subordinate clause) last month (noun phrase) was found (verb) in
the river (prepositional phrase)

5.) Numerical Pronoun

- Represents number on order of nouns
a.) Cardinal & Ordinal
Ex: Two (adj.>>determiner) boys (subject) climb the tree
Two (pronoun) climb a (indefinite adj.) tree
6.) Reflexive Pronouns
- Pronouns that reflect the act of the verb back to the subject
- Can be found at the end of sentence
- Always have objects
Compound words made up of personal pronoun itself/selves:
Myselves, ourselves, theirselves, themselves
Ex: Michael taught himself how to play a piano.
Gloria bought herself a flower for her friend.
Jane bought ticket for herself.
7.) Intensive Pronoun
- Adds information in a sentence by pointing back
8.) Distributive Pronoun
Either (any of two), neither (none of the two), each (individually)
- Denotes persons or things one at a time
- Always taken as singular
Ex: Either of the two is present in class.
Either of my friends works at night.
I have read neither of the books.
9.) Relative Pronoun
Which, that, who, whom, whoever
- Connect a subordinate clause to the main clause

Function of Nouns and Pronoun

1.) Subject of the sentence
Ex: Did you call? (verb)
She (pronoun) finds that tree beneficial.
2.) Direct object
- A word receives action of the verb
- Answers what or who
Ex: I bought some flowers for her.
I saw her at the lobby.
The mailman delivered this.
3.) Indirect object
- Tells to or for whom sometimes is done.
Ex: The guest gave her a warm hug.
I offered him a bunch of flowers.
4.) Object of Preposition
- You have a phrase (prepositional phrase)
In, on, into, under, above, over
Ex: Over the fence
My important documents are in the car, give it to him.
5.) Appositive Pronoun
- A word can be noun/ pronoun placed near another noun/pronoun to
explain it.
- Set of by commas
Ex: The boys, those who killed the dog have gone.
We owe a debt of gratitude to only one person, him with a curly hair.
6.) Subject Complement
- Always refer to the subject
- Verbs used are linking verbs
 Noun- predicate noun
 Adjective- predicate adjective
 Pronoun- predicate pronoun
Precedent by verb (linking verb)
Ex: Our new boss is him.
 The cookies for sale are those.

Antecedents of Pronouns
- Nouns for which pronoun stands.
- Must agree with the preceding words in number, gender, and person.
Ex: The woman (antecedent) her name on her scarf.
The furry (antecedent) cat wags its tail.
Everybody (antecedent) wants his/her opinion to be heard.
Lina and Martin (antecedent) submitted their work on time.

Special Problems in Pronoun Agreement

1. The use of personal pronoun that does not have a clearly identified
antecedent.
Ex: It was hot outside.
The movie was disappointing because they never made the characters
seem realistic. (change the pronoun “they” to “the director”)
2.) Ambiguous Pronoun
- 2 or more pronouns
Ex: I put the letter in a book, but I lost it.>> I put the letter in a book, but I
couldn’t find it.>> I lost the letter that I put in the book.
When Jessica dropped her phone in the ice, it cracked.>> The ice crack
when Jessica dropped her phone on it.
3.) Use of you
- The use of pronoun you in general statement
- Use “you” when reference is either reader/listener.
Ex: In Ancient Rome, the emperor often made you offer sacrifices as a sign
of loyalty. (change the pronoun you, because it doesn’t refer to anything)
 Never shift gender, person, number to the pronoun.
Ex: Michelle is studying Spanish, a language you need in piece four.
(shifting word “you” into “she”)

Rules in Agreement of Pronoun Antecedent

1.) A phrase/ clause that is between the subject and verb does not
change the number of the antecedent.
Ex: The can of lima beans sits on its shell
2.) Singular indefinite pronouns antecedents take singular pronouns
reference.
Ex: Each of the players forgot his/her racket.

3.) Plural indefinite pronoun antecedents require plural reference.

Ex: Both do a good job in their offices.
4.) Indefinite pronoun antecedent that can be either singular/plural
agreement depends on the antecedent of the indefinite pronoun.
Ex: Some of the sugar fell out of its bag.
All of the jewelry has lost its glow.
 If referring to unit/whole it should be in singular form)
Verbs
- Action words
- Expresses state of being and condition
Verbs that refer to senses: seem, broke, smell, sound
3 Kinds of Verbs
1. Transitive
- Passes the action to the doer
- There is always a receiver of action
- Regularly followed by a noun/ pronoun
Ex: The teacher explained the lesson well.
2. Intransitive
- The verb has no receiver
- Does not need an object
Ex: The students apply for scholarship.
3. Linking Verb
- Connects the subject and predicate
- Words that follow linking verb are called objective
compliment.
Ex: My sister is she.
Properties of Verb
1. Voice
- Shows whether the subject is the doer/ receiver of the action.
Types of Voice
a. Active Voice
- There is a receiver
- Similar to transitive verb
- The performer does the action, the audience receives the
action.
Ex: Many foreign employers treat our workers with no compulsion.
b. Passive Voice
- Uses intransitive verb
- Used when the performer is unknown or unnecessary
Ex: Many Filipino workers are abused and cheated
Bureaucratic writing
- A very complicated principle
- Process that pauses very long delayed
Ex: Animal cruelty is very rampant
Uses of Voice
a. When the performer of the action is unknown or not
necessary
Ex: the workers condition should be improved. >>The
government should improve worker’s condition.
b. When the action is focused on the receiver of the action
rather than the doer.
Ex: Passive: Thousands of people were killed by the earthquake in
Turkey
Active: Earthquake in Turkey killed thousands of people.
c. Passive voice is used when you want to be vogue about who
is responsible.
Ex: Mr. Baker will give his wife a birthday present.
A birthday present will be given to his wife.
d. When talking about general truth.

2. Mood
- Indicates how the manner of the action is express.
3 Kinds of Mood Verbs
a. Indicative Mood
- Mood of fact
b. Imperative Mood
- Mood of command/ request
Ex: I wish I had prepared for the exam.
c. Subjunctive mood
- To express a wish or desire
- Used in supposition or highly importable (were)
- Used in prayers
- Used in suggestion/ demands
- Used in doubts or uncertainty
 Agreement in Using Verb
1. A verb agrees with each number and subject.
Ex: The dog chasses the cat.
2. 2 subjects joined by “and” require a plural verb.
Ex: Gods commandments and teachings
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon
3. Compound subject joined by or, either, nor, neither takes
verb agree in number nearest to the verb.
Ex: Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped from the zoo.
4. If subjects are both singular and are joined by words or,
either or, neither nor, not only, but, also, the verb is
singular.
Ex: He is not only intelligent, but also honest.
5. If one of the words such as, each, every, or, no, comes
before the subject, the verb is singular.
Ex: Every man and woman is a God’s child.
6. A prepositional phrase that follows the subject does not
affect the verb.
Ex: The tree in the middle of the garden is the tree of knowledge.
7. The verb is singular if the two subjects are separated by
and, and refer to the same person or thing.
Ex: Red beans and rice is my favorite dish.
8. When a noun and pronoun subject like half, none, more,
and all followed by a prepositional phrase, the object of the
preposition determining the form of the verb.
Ex: All of the chicken is gone.
9. The singular verb form is usually used for units of
measurement or time.
Ex: 2 yards of silk cloth is enough to make a beautiful tulle.
10. Intervening phrases such as, well, with, including, along
with, as well as, together, with altogether with does not
affect the form of the verb.
Ex: The children with the parents are going to the zoo.
 11. Indefinite pronouns such as both, many, several, and few,
take plural verbs.
Ex: Both of you are needed in the office.
12. Indefinite pronouns such as each, either, neither, someone,
anyone, everybody, nobody, anybody, take a singular verb.
Ex: Neither of them has given the correct answer.
13. Titles of book/movies/novels are treated as singular and
take singular verbs.
Ex: The Burbs is a movie starring Tom Hurnets.
14. Distribution words such as each and every are always
singular.
Ex: Every boy and girl is allowed to take the exam.
15. Nouns that are plural in form but singular in use/meaning
take a singular in use.
Ex: Statistics is not my favorite subject.

3. Tense
- Refers to the time of occurrence
Tenses of Verb
a. Simple Tense
 Simple Present tense
Express the verb in the following:
a. It is used in expressing what is true at the moment or
the present fact.
Ex: The library is open now.
b. Expresses something that is always true or all-time
truth.
Ex: We need problems to grow and mature.
c. It expresses something that is done regularly or
habitually.
Ex: He visits us every Sunday.
Present Tense
- Can be extended
Present Continues
 - is formed through “be” + verb…ing
Ex: He is being
I am being
You are being
We are being
They are being
Rules
1. Expresses action that will/ will not happen in the future.
Ex: He is not meeting his friend after school.
2. Express something that is happening at the time of
speaking.
Ex: They are eating breakfast now.
3. Describes the actions that are being repeated always,
constantly, forever.
Ex: Mother is misplacing her keys constantly.
4. Use to express action about current friends.
Ex: Shopping online is growing in popularity nowadays.
5. Talking about a planned event in future.
Ex: We are leaving for beach tomorrow morning.

Non- Continuous Verbs

Non-continuous verbs are verbs that we do not normally use
with continuous tenses. These "stative" verbs are about state, not
action, and they cannot express the continuous or progressive aspect.
Here are some of the most common non-continuous verbs: feeling:
hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish.
Abstract verbs: Be, want, cost, need, care, contain, owe, exist etc.
Possession verbs: Own, belong, possess etc.
Emotion Verbs: Like, love, hate, dislike, fear, envy etc.;
Ex: She needs help. Not She is needing help.
He wants a break. Not He is wanting a break.
Verbs in dual meaning
Ex: think-> to believe: to reflect
 When there’s an action, we call it dynamic verb
 When there’s no action, we call it stative verb
Ex: Does this wine taste good? -> non-continuous verb
I am tasting the wine….-> continuous
 Can is usually used when hearing and listening
Ex:
 UK is the capital of London.
 UK is being the capital of London.
 We do not use “be” as the main verb.
 “Is” it used as the main verb
Ex: Mary is a careful person
Mary is being careful.>>continuous