Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2 views

    Clinical Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    mahmoud.living

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Clinical Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    mahmoud.living
    2 views9 pages

    Original Title

    clinical biochemistry

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views9 pages

    Clinical Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    mahmoud.living

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Chapter III

    Part 2

    Engineered Pharmaceuticals in
    Medicine and Industry
    Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals from Genes Cloned in
    Eukaryotes
    Some of the human proteins that have been synthesized from genes cloned in eukaryotic cells.

    Human protein Host Vector

    Insulin Mouse cells Integrated plasmid

    Somatostatin Monkey cells SV40

    HGH (Somatotropin) Mouse cells Papilloma virus

    Parathyroid Rat cells Retrovirus

    Gonadotropin Monkey cells SV40

    Interferons Yeast and Mouse 2μm plasmid

    Interleukins Insect cells Baculovirus

    Factor VIII Hamster cells Integrated plasmid


    A- Production of recombinant Vaccines

    • Vaccines are antigens:


    • They are the inactive forms of the viruses that stimulate the
    immune system to produce antibodies in order to protect the
    body from subsequent attacks.
    • The advantages of producing recombinant
    Vaccines:
    • 1- To avoid any active virus that may cause the disease and
    insure 100% inactivation.
    • 2- Some viruses are not growing in tissue culture such as
    Hepatitis B.
    There are methods for the production of
    recombinant vaccines:-
    • I- cloning in expression vectors
    • II- Using harmless living virus (Vaccinia virus)
    • III- Production of recombinant protein
    • I- Cloning of vaccines in expression vectors:
    • by inserting a gene coding for the antigenic
    protein of the virus into an expression vector.
    • e.g. Hepatitis B, malaria viruses in yeast cells,
    banana vaccine within banana cells and also
    foot-and mouth in cattle’s disease).
    Examples of Recombinant Vaccines against human and animal
    pathogens
    Hepatitis B virus vaccine: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from patient’s
    blood is inserted into yeast expression vector.
    II- Using Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses:
    (a harmless living virus for smallpox)
    III- Production of Recombinant sCD4 protein may fight AIDS:
    Blocking HIV infection of cells in culture, using a soluble CD4.
    Recombinant HIV proteins (antigens) may be used as immunogenes for the
    production of AIDS vaccines.
    B- Production of Antibodies
    Production of Genetically Engineered Drugs for Tissue
    Transplantation
    • Zenapax (FDA approved drug)
    • Zenapax is a monoclonal antibody genetically engineered in mice but 90%
    of its amino acids are human amino acids to avoid allergy.
    • It prevents rejection of transplanted organs without the side effects of the
    commonly used immune system suppression agents.
    • It is used for liver, kidney, lung and heart transplantation.

    • It doesn't shut down the whole immune system but only inactivates the
    WBCs that attack the new organ and doesn’t affect the healthy cells.
    • B-lymphocytes bind to cell surface antigen from transplanted cells and
    produce cytokine protein (Interleukin 2 or IL 2) that bind to receptors on
    T-lymphocytes. The activated T-cells stimulate proliferation and
    production of antibodies from B-cells against the transplanted tissues.
    • Zenapax works by binding to receptors for IL 2 protein on the surface of
    the activated cells only and does not affect the other cells in the immune
    system.

    • Zenapax showed less kidney rejection (22% of the patients) than the most
    commonly used immunosuppressant drug Cyclosporine (35% of patients).
    Tissue Transplantation
    • Allotransplantation Xenotransplantation

    • Transplanting organs Transplanting organs


    in the same species from one species to
    another.
    • (Human to human)
    (Animals to Human)
    E.g. heart valves from
    pigs to human

    You might also like