UEE2276

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
Unit-1.2 AC CIRCUITS

Dr. P.SaravanaN
Associate Professor/EEE
 Objectives
 Tol earn the basic concepts of electric circuits.
 To know the operation of various electrical
machines.
 To study the concepts of utilization of electrical
power.
 To comprehend the working principle of electronic
devices and its applications.
 To grasp the working principle of various sensors
and transducers.
 Unit-1
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

Unit-1:
Dc Circuits: Ohm’s Law- Kirchhoff’s Laws- mesh current and nodal voltage
method(Analysis with only independent source). Network theorems –
superposition theorem, Thevinin's theorem and Norton theorem.
AC circuit: Wave forms and RMS values, phasor diagram, Power, Power factor.
Three phase supply- Star connection, Delta connection- Balanced Loads –
Power in three-phase systems.

3
 Objectives

AC circuit:
 Wave forms and RMS values
 phasor diagram,
 Power, Power factor.
 Three phase supply
 Star connection, Delta connection
 Balanced Loads
 Power in three- phase systems.
 Objectives

AC circuit:
 Introduction to AC circuits
 Fundamental Definitions
 Why RMS/Average/Mean values in AC
 Average Voltage Analytical Method
 RMS Value Graphical Method, Analytical Method Calculation
 Form Factor and Peak Factor
 Impedance
 Phase Difference
 Solving problems
 Unit-1.2
AC CIRCUITS
 Introduction to AC circuits

AC - Alternating Current, which can refer to either voltage or

current that alternates in polarity or direction, respectively.

This will introduce you to several important concepts specific

to AC.
 Fundamental Definitions
The sinusoidal waveform (sine wave) is the fundamental
alternating current (ac) and alternating voltage waveform.

Phasor representation
v ( t )  V m sin  t V  V me j
 V m 
 Fundamental Definitions

Period (T): The time required to complete one cycle of a periodic

waveform.
Frequency (f): The number of cycles completed in 1 s (Hz), 1Hz =1 cycle/sec
Peak value: The V or I value of a waveform at its maximum +ve or -ve
points
Peak to Peak value: The V or I value of a waveform measured from its
minimum to its maximum points
rms value: rms stands for root mean square . It is equal to 0.707 times the
peak value.
 Why RMS/Average values in AC

 RMS or root mean square current/voltage of the alternating

current/voltage represents the d.c. current/voltage that dissipates
the same amount of power as the average power dissipated by the
alternating current/voltage.
 For sinusoidal oscillations, the RMS value equals peak value divided
by the square root of 2.
 Why RMS value?

Effective power different AC Voltage at

20 W peak

2A

10 V
 Why RMS value?
P = VI
P= 50 W
5A
10V DC 2Ω

5A P = VI CosΦ
10V AC P= 50 W
RMS
2Ω

To decide the size of the cable Decide the insulation resistance –

– RMS current Peak value of Current
 RMS

RMS Value, Peak value, Average value are different for

different waveforms

For Example
For Sine wave

Vm
Vrms 
2
 Average Voltage/ Mean Voltage
The average of all instantaneous values of an alternating quantity over one
complete cycle is called average value.
For a periodic waveform, the area above the horizontal axis is positive while
the area below the horizontal axis is negative. The result is that the average or
mean value of a symmetrical alternating quantity is therefore zero,

The average or mean value of a symmetrical alternating quantity, such as a sine

wave, is the average value measured over only one half of a cycle

V 1  V 2  V 3  V 4  .......  V 12
Vav 
12
 Average Voltage Analytical Method

1
V av 
 V
0
p sin  d 

V
V av 
p
 cos   


0

2Vp
Average value = Area under the curve/ Period Vav   0.637Vp
 
Area   Vp sin(t )d (t )
0

(one half cycle for symmetrical

wave)
RMS Value Graphical Method
 RMS value calculation

RMS Values =14.14 V = DC Value

RMS Value Analytical Method
For a sinusoidal voltage waves

2
1
Vrms   m sin t ) d (t )
2
(V
2 0

2
1 2 1  cos 2t 
Vrms  
2 0
Vm 
 2 

d (t )

Vm 2
Vrms 
2
Vm
Vrms   0.707Vm
2
 Form Factor and Peak Factor
• Form factor (Kf ) is defined as the ratio of RMS
value to the average value.

• Peak factor or cost factor (Kp) is defined as the

ratio of peak value to the RMS value.
 Impedance
• In a network, impedance is the measure of opposition to
the flow of current or applied voltage.
• It is the extension of the concept of resistance to AC
circuits.
• But, unlike resistance, which has only magnitude, the
possesses both magnitude and phase.
• When a DC current is supplied, the impedance cannot be
distinguished from the resistance
• Therefore, with a DC current, the resistance can be
treated as impedance with zero phase angle.
 Phase Difference

 The phase difference between two

sinusoidal waveforms which have
the same frequency is represented.
 The phase angle can be considered
as a measure of the time delay
between two periodic signals
expressed as a fraction of the
wave period.
 This fraction is normally
expressed in units of angle, with a
full cycle corresponding to 360°
 RMS –Example-1
A voltage wave is represented by v  200 sin 314 t
Find (a) Maximum values (b)RMS values ( c ) Average Value (d)
Frequency (e) Time period (f) Instantaneous value after 0.05 sec.
Solution.
(a) By inspection, the peak or maximum value (Vm) = 200 V
Vm 200
(b) RMS value V   141.4V
2 2

(c) Average value 2Vm

vav   0.637Vm  127.4V

 314
(d) Frequency (f) f    50 Hz Time period (T) = 1/f = 0.02 Sec
2 2

(e) The instantaneous value after 0.05 sec is

v  200sin(314 0.05)  0V
 Example-2
A voltage wave is represented by a cosine function with 2π
time period in Fig. shown below as v =Vm cos θ . Find its
average value

Note: A cosine wave is identical to a

sine wave except that the function is
shifted 90 deg in time axis

Solution
3
2
1
v av 
  V m cos  d 
2

Vm  Vm 2Vm
 sin    1  1 
3
vav  2
  0.637Vm
 2  
 Example-3

A voltage of v volt is applied in a circuit containing only resistance

of 10Ω.
If the voltage wave is represented by v= 10 sin (314 t), find the peak
current, r.m.s. current and average current.

Ans
Irms = 0.707 A
Iav = 0.637
Im = 1 A
 Example-4
A periodic voltage waveform has been shown in figure. Determine: (i) Frequency
of the waveform (ii)wave equation for 0<t<100 m sec. (iii) r.m.s. value (iv) average
value (v) form factor
10 v (iv) Since wave
form is a linear
(i) Given wave is a function
periodic. Here T =
100 m sec Vm 10
vav    5V
Therefore, 100 200 m
2 2
1 1 m sec sec
f    10 Hz. (iii) r.m.s value
T 100  10 3

T 10010 3
1 2 1
T 0 
Vrms  v dt  (100t ) 2
dt
(ii) The wave is a linear function at 100  10 3 0

0 <t<T 100 10  3

10 100 2 t3 
v t  100t 
100  10 3
 
100  10  3  3  0
Note: y = mx form
 316 . 22  0 . 0183  5 . 78 V
Vrms 5.78
(v) Form factor Form _ Factor    1.156
Vav 5
 Example-5
A non- alternating periodic waveform has been shown in the following
figure. Find its form factor.
Solution.
Here Time period T= 20 m sec
Find Irms
20 m
10 m
sec sec
1
I rms   dt
2
i
T
Find I average
1010 3 3
1 1
10  10
Irms   1 dt
2

20  10 3 0
i av 
T 
0
idt

{ i =1A for 0< t< 10 m sec and 1

10103
1
iav   1dt   t 10103
 50  0.01  0.5 A
i= 0 A for 10< t < 20 m sec} 20 103 0
20 10 3 0

Irms  7.07 t 
1010 3
0  7.07  0.1  0.707 A
Form Factor = I rms/Iav
= 0.707/0.5 = 1.414
 Summary

AC circuit:
 Introduction to AC circuits- Real word examples
 Fundamental Definitions- compared and explored with regularly used
terms
 Why RMS/Average/Mean values in AC –Significance of RMS
 Average Voltage Analytical Method
 RMS Value Graphical Method, Analytical Method Calculation
 Form Factor and Peak Factor
 Impedance – Importance of the design with power supply discussed
 Phase Difference – Effect of it with EB tariff
 Solving problems
-PSN