Development of an IoT architecture: An approach

to the Internet of Things for the creation of a

Smart Lab

Autor11 , Autor 21 , and Autor 31 Autor 41 Autor 52

University, D, City - Country, [email protected]

University, D, City - Country, [email protected]

Abstract. This study presents the design and implementation of an In-

ternet of Things (IoT) architecture in a laboratory setting, aimed at
enabling remote monitoring and control of various systems including
lighting, power outlets, locker access, curtains, video surveillance, and
air extraction. Advanced components such as LED bulbs, WiFi switches,
fingerprint access controls, temperature sensors, and WiFi cameras were
integrated to create an efficient and flexible system. The research in-
volved a thorough review of the state-of-the-art, detailed architectural
planning, concept development, and system implementation, culminat-
ing in validation testing and energy efficiency analysis. The results were
statistically analyzed to validate performance and underscore the impor-
tance of energy monitoring. The study successfully developed a scalable
and adaptable IoT solution for laboratory management, facilitating ef-
ficient system control, future expansions, and adaptation to new needs
and emerging technologies. The combination of advanced hardware, inte-
gration software, and effective communication protocols ensures optimal
functionality, providing a robust platform for continuous experimenta-
tion and development in the fields of automation and IoT.

Keywords: IoT Architecture · Smart-Lab · Remote Monitoring · En-

ergy Efficiency.

1 Introduction
A Smart Lab or intelligent laboratory is composed of integrated and automated
elements through communication protocols. IoT architecture allows remote mon-
itoring and control via smart devices. The IoT platform serves as the core of the
architecture, enabling management and processing of data generated by lab-
oratory devices and sensors. This platform may encompass functions such as
data storage, real-time monitoring, data analysis, device management, and data
visualization.
Advancements in IoT technology have facilitated the integration of electronic
devices for real-time system management and control. This study focuses on
applying these technologies in a laboratory setting, facilitating research and de-
velopment in the field of mechatronics. Implementing an IoT architecture in the
2 F. Author et al.

laboratory aims to optimize processes and provide a flexible platform for future
research. The ability to remotely monitor and control laboratory systems not
only enhances operational efficiency but also serves as a valuable educational
tool for students.
Currently, various electronic devices support automatic performance of daily
tasks, such as turning on lights via voice commands, allowing door access through
facial recognition or fingerprint scanning, or controlling room temperature with-
out manual intervention, all connected to the cloud.
However, limitations encountered in implementing a smart lab include device
compatibility, as not all components can be easily integrated with each other,
and the high cost of both hardware and advanced software. Security is a major
concern due to the vulnerability of IoT systems to cyberattacks, while connec-
tivity may be limited in areas with poor network infrastructure. Additionally,
interoperability between various systems and protocols can be complex due to
the lack of universal standards, which complicates the integration and efficient
operation of all laboratory components.
Specific challenges in implementing a smart lab include scalability, which
becomes more complicated as more devices and systems are added, and the need
to maintain optimal performance. Energy efficiency can be difficult to manage, as
deploying multiple devices could increase consumption if not properly controlled.
Regular maintenance and updating of hardware and software is essential but
can require significant resources. In addition, staff training is crucial to ensure
correct operation and maintenance of the systems. Latency and response times
must be managed to avoid affecting the performance of critical applications,
and managing large volumes of data represents a challenge in terms of storage,
processing and real-time analysis.
Implementing an IoT architecture in the laboratory not only enhances system
efficiency and control but also serves as a reference model for other laboratories
and industrial environments. This infrastructure enables real-time monitoring,
data collection, and decision-making based on accurate and up-to-date informa-
tion. Additionally, it fosters an interactive and practical learning environment
for mechatronics engineering students.
The significance of this project lies in its potential to enhance the quality of
research and education in mechatronics by providing an intelligent and connected
laboratory adaptable to evolving research and teaching needs.
In 2010, an intelligent laboratory system called Smartlab was created based
on mobile applications and IoT technologies. Its goal is to provide a practical
platform for university students learning IoT concepts and mobile applications.
This system has been implemented in several universities in China. The subsys-
tems include lighting, air conditioning, heating, audio/video, control switches,
and security. Students practice in an intelligent laboratory where the SmartLab
system installs and manages the many IoT nodes [1].
In January 2018, an intelligent laboratory system was inaugurated on the
CIT campus, based on IoT and mobile application technologies to monitor gen-
eral laboratory activities, including energy consumption, device utilization, and
 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 3

environmental parameters through sensors, thereby providing an intelligent en-

vironment for CIT with energy efficiency. The project used: ESP8266, Arduino,
relays, current transformers, Raspberry Pi3, and sensors. It controls and moni-
tors devices using the dashboard developed in Node-RED or the Android Studio
mobile application. Node MCU is coded to monitor and update temperature,
humidity, and light intensity within the laboratory. All devices use MQTT for
communication [2].
HABITAT is a project carried out in 2019 to develop an interdisciplinary
intelligent platform for assisting the elderly and non-self-sufficient individuals
in Smart Homes to provide the greatest comfort possible. It explores the most
advanced IoT technologies, such as radiofrequency identification, wireless sensor
networks, and artificial intelligence [3].
The background of intelligent laboratories using IoT architecture is varied
and increasingly used in different research areas, due to the advantages they
offer for real-time data collection and analysis. The application in an educational
environment generates learning for both teachers and students and expectations
for greater use and growth.
The state of the art includes a comprehensive review of IoT technologies ap-
plied in similar environments. Different architectures and technological solutions
used in laboratories and industries are examined, highlighting their advantages
and limitations. The review covers hardware components such as sensors and
actuators, as well as software platforms and communication protocols employed
to ensure interoperability and security of IoT systems. Current trends in IoT im-
plementation in mechatronics are identified, as well as common challenges faced
in these environments.
Currently, one of the lines developed by the laboratory is IoT. The design and
implementation of an intelligent laboratory based on IoT involves integrating
devices and sensors into an Internet of Things (IoT) network to collect and
analyze data in real-time. However, the laboratory lacks any IoT devices for
testing, making it important to have a clear understanding of the laboratory’s
needs and objectives to begin working on its design.
The requirements for the research area are: Student recognition (restriction
for area entry), installation of a sliding door, recording the opening of the tool
cabinet, monitoring ambient temperature and humidity, odor extraction from
the area, installation and control of blinds, installation and control of lights and
power outlets.
Once the laboratory’s needs are identified, it is important to select suitable
devices to collect the necessary data. These devices must be compatible with
the selected IoT network, meeting security and privacy requirements. The IoT
network will be the heart of the intelligent laboratory and should be designed
to handle data collected by devices and sensors. Data collected by devices and
sensors must be analyzed to extract valuable information. An integrated data
analysis platform with the IoT network should be available to enable real-time
visualization and analysis.
4 F. Author et al.

Implementing the intelligent laboratory based on IoT can improve the ef-
ficiency and accuracy of experiments and research processes in the laboratory.
For example, sensors can monitor environmental conditions and alert researchers
if there is a problem, reducing downtime and improving efficiency. Repetitive
and monotonous tasks can also be automated, allowing researchers to focus on
more important tasks. Additionally, real-time monitoring of safety conditions
can help prevent accidents and maintain a safe environment. Implementing this
laboratory will allow researchers to explore potential IoT applications, multidis-
ciplinary research, and device interaction with users [4].
With the appropriate equipment, environment, and courses, students can
study and practice in an intelligent laboratory. In a SmartLab, students have
the opportunity to learn and practice closely with the technology used in IoT,
gain basic knowledge, and become familiar with key IoT concepts [5].
In 2009, IoT became a fully implemented field in areas such as health, Smart
home, Smart city, automobiles, logistics, environment, pharmaceuticals, etc. [6].
As a concept, the Internet of Things is based on the interconnection of de-
vices with surrounding devices. The purpose is to communicate all these devices
with each other, making them smarter and more independent. Currently, plat-
forms like Arduino are prevalent in low-cost sensors. Of course, many companies
invest significant amounts of money and effort in developing devices and inno-
vation. Cisco, IBM, Intel, Google, Microsoft, etc. As high-speed devices emerge,
new communication standards are also adopted, and information is transferred
between them. Protocols such as WIFI, GSM, 6Lowpan, Bluetooth Ble, Zigbee,
and Z-Wave are the most used today [7].
In [8], Dr. Marco Márquez points out that laboratory experiences are clas-
sified depending on aspects such as teaching-learning, communications, or ex-
perimental. Depending on the aspects, the fundamental part of the problem is
considered, which can be remote control, didactic and management approach,
facilitating design.
There are many IoT platforms, each providing specific services linked to
the application and based on particular requirements. In a Smartlab, the IoT
network and nodes are the main physical part of the system, and the other
fundamental part is the configuration and management of areas, which is the
logical part of a Smartlab.
In [9], the authors fabricate a scale house using 3D printing. The selection of
sensors, actuators, and controllers is based on providing comfort and security to
users. Z-Wave and WIFI communication protocols are used, and a Raspberry Pi
3 board serves as the server for the control and monitoring program. Real-time
monitoring of the camera, temperature, light levels, and electrical consumption
is carried out. This is achieved through an interface developed using Home-
Assistant. From the application, there is the capability to control the switching
on and off of devices through commands, also facilitating this control via the
Alexa smart speaker.
The article details the advantage of using the Z-Wave wireless connection
protocol. This protocol allows the interconnection of up to 232 devices through
 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 5

a central node. Additionally, it covers a maximum area of approximately 30 me-

ters around the network, offering wide coverage for these interconnected devices.
Actions such as opening a door, turning lights on/off, air conditioning, among
others, can be done with this protocol without needing WIFI service. The fre-
quency range it uses is 908.42 MHz, avoiding interference with 2.5 and 5 GHz
networks.
An IoT architecture is implemented to control the air humidity and temper-
ature of a laboratory in real-time. The user stores, monitors, and controls the
data received remotely using web or Android applications [10].
This study implements a comprehensive IoT architecture in a laboratory
setting to enhance operational efficiency and control. The system integrates ad-
vanced components such as LED bulbs, WiFi switches, fingerprint access con-
trols, temperature sensors, and WiFi cameras to enable remote monitoring and
control of various systems including lighting, outlets, locker access, curtains,
video surveillance, and air extractors. Through meticulous architectural plan-
ning, concept development, and system implementation, the research provides
a scalable and flexible solution that supports efficient laboratory management
and energy efficiency. The use of the Home Assistant platform ensures seamless
integration and optimal performance, establishing a robust foundation for con-
tinuous experimentation and development in automation and IoT technologies.
The rest of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2, the Methods
are described. In Section 3, the results are explained. The limitations as well
as the contributions of this investigation are analyzed in Section 4. Finally, the
conclusions are presented in Section 5.

2 Methods

The specific objectives of the IoT architecture in the laboratory are established,
considering the needs for physical adaptation, the devices to be integrated, and
the safety and performance standards. The requirements are defined, and the
phases range from planning to the final design.

2.1 Identification of the Technical Problem

Figure 1 shows the initial conditions of the area to be improved.

As shown in Figure 2, to adapt the infrastructure, it was necessary to consider
some construction items related to the normal course of work, such as wall
demolition, construction of new masonry, plastering, and floor coverings, among
others. However, it was also necessary to consider items related to moisture
treatment.
During the site inspection, stains caused by moisture fungi were identified.
To address this pathology identified on the walls, it was necessary to treat the
surfaces with non-chlorinated, solvent-free, and non-polluting fungicides. An-
other construction technology implemented was the selection of latex paint that
inhibits the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae on walls.
6 F. Author et al.

Fig. 1. Assigned space in the laboratory

.

Fig. 2. Space to be modified

.

2.2 Architecture Planning

Definition and planning of the IoT architecture structure. This stage involves
identifying system requirements, selecting suitable components, and designing
the network topology.
The black box scheme is used to present in a generalized manner the compo-
nents that make up the system, at the input the requirements to carry out the
process are listed and at the output the achieved objectives are listed as can be
seen in Figure 3.

Figure 4 shows in detail the elements that make up the system architecture.
 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 7

Fig. 3. Black Box scheme

Fig. 4. Functional Diagram. Source: own elaboration.

The WiFi network topology in a Smart Lab involves connecting multiple IoT
devices and sensors to a centralized network, allowing for efficient communica-
tion, control and monitoring. Figure 5 shows the WiFi network topology for the
Smart Lab and how it is integrated with various components.

2.3 Implementation
Integration of hardware and software systems, configuring sensors, actuators,
and communication protocols. The physical assembly of the devices and their
programming to operate in a coordinated manner is carried out.
Integration of hardware and software systems, configuration of sensors, ac-
tuators and communication protocols. The physical assembly of the devices and
their programming is carried out to operate in a coordinated manner. This sec-
tion presents the implemented IoT architecture as seen in Figure 6.
8 F. Author et al.

Fig. 5. WIFI network topology

Fig. 6. The IoT architecture implemented.

The implementation phase began with the installation of the Tuya brand
Smart Switch on-off switches as can be seen in Figure 7 for the on and off
control of two outlets.
 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 9

Fig. 7. Tuya brand Smart Switch

For the outlet in Figure 8 a Sonoff brand smart switch was used that, in
addition to on and off control, allows monitoring the voltage, current and power
consumption, parameters that will serve as a guide for the calculation of the
average consumption and the value estimated with reference to costs.

Fig. 8. Sonoff brand Smart Switch

For the physical space seen in Figure 9, there is a single power point in the
area. There is no physical switch, therefore a two-channel TUYA Smart switch
was used to control light 3 and the extractor.
10 F. Author et al.

Fig. 9. Light and odor extractor installation.

Figure 10 shows the installation of a 2-channel WIFI smart switch to control

light 1 and light 2 (It must be considered that the device must have a connection
that does not use the Neutral line of the electrical network) Unlike the previous
device, this one does have a physical switch that can be used.

Fig. 10. 2-channel WIFI smart switch installation

The selected blinds (See Figure 11) have a chain transmission system, it is
composed of an axle and a toothed wheel at the top, it acts as a driven wheel, the
YH002 curtain motor was installed, in which the blinds will be coupled. chain to
 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 11

the motor sprocket at the bottom and will act as a driving wheel in this way it
will depend on the direction of rotation of the motor to raise or lower the blind.

Fig. 11. Blind control using Tuya Smart motor

The integration of the devices used to control the systems was carried out
in the open source platform Home Assistant, Figure 12 shows the graphical
interface for monitoring, Figure 13 shows the control tab and adjacent to it.
an additional tab with a 3D view (Figure 14) of the environment allowing the
interface to be more intuitive depending on the user’s needs.

Fig. 12. Home Assistant monitoring interface

12 F. Author et al.

Fig. 13. Home Assistant Control Interface

 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 13

Fig. 14. 3D model for intuitive control

3 Results

Evaluation of energy efficiency and system performance through specific tests.

Response times are measured, and system reliability is analyzed under different
operating conditions.
The implemented 4-layer architecture is detailed below:

– The device layer contains the implemented sensors: (2) WSD400B temper-
ature and humidity sensors with a tolerance of +/- 2°C and +/- 5% in
humidity, a C6N camera with a 2 Mpx CMOS image sensor, Sonoff Pow
R2 consumption meters, a 2-channel Smart touch Wi-Fi switch, (3) Tuya
WF-S1 smart Wi-Fi switches, (2) YH002 curtain motors.
– In the network layer, the communication protocol used is WI-FI.
– The service layer includes the platforms that enable data management on
the network.
Platforms such as Smart Life and eWelink are used for device integration
and control, and the Home Assistant platform for global space monitoring
and control.
– The application layer allows monitoring and control through an interface
(See HMI in Figure 15).
It consists of an API developed in App Inventor for controlling the door and
cabinet system and a Home Assistant API with a monitoring and control
interface for the remaining systems.
14 F. Author et al.

Fig. 15. Implemented HMI

3.1 Environmental Temperature and Humidity Measurement

Twenty tests were conducted to measure the temperature and humidity in three
different zones of the laboratory area.
Table 1 shows the results obtained in the first zone of the laboratory.

Table 1. Temperature and Humidity Measurements in zone 1

Test Temperature (°C) Error Temp (°C) Humidity (%) Error Humidity (%)
1 22.5 0.2 45 0.5
2 22.7 -0.1 46 -0.3
3 22.6 0.3 47 0.4
4 22.8 -0.2 45 -0.2
5 22.4 0.1 46 0.3
6 22.9 -0.3 47 -0.4
7 22.5 0.2 45 0.2
8 22.7 -0.1 46 -0.5
9 22.6 0.3 47 0.4
10 22.8 -0.2 45 -0.3
11 22.4 0.1 46 0.2
12 22.9 -0.3 47 -0.2
13 22.5 0.2 45 0.5
14 22.7 -0.1 46 -0.3
15 22.6 0.3 47 0.4
16 22.8 -0.2 45 -0.2
17 22.4 0.1 46 0.3
18 22.9 -0.3 47 -0.4
19 22.5 0.2 45 0.2
20 22.7 -0.1 46 -0.5
 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 15

The figure 16 shows the behavior of the temperature in zone 1.

Fig. 16. Temperature Measurement in Zone 1

The figure 17 shows the behavior of the humidity in zone 1.

Fig. 17. Humidity Measurement in Zone 1

16 F. Author et al.

Table 2 shows the results obtained in the second zone of the laboratory.

Table 2. Temperature and Humidity Measurements in zone 2

Test Temperature (°C) Error Temp (°C) Humidity (%) Error Humidity (%)
1 23.1 0.1 50 0.3
2 23.3 -0.2 49 -0.4
3 23.2 0.2 51 0.2
4 23.4 -0.1 50 -0.3
5 23.0 0.3 49 0.4
6 23.5 -0.2 51 -0.2
7 23.1 0.1 50 0.3
8 23.3 -0.3 49 -0.5
9 23.2 0.2 51 0.2
10 23.4 -0.1 50 -0.4
11 23.0 0.3 49 0.3
12 23.5 -0.2 51 -0.3
13 23.1 0.1 50 0.4
14 23.3 -0.3 49 -0.2
15 23.2 0.2 51 0.3
16 23.4 -0.1 50 -0.4
17 23.0 0.3 49 0.2
18 23.5 -0.2 51 -0.3
19 23.1 0.1 50 0.4
20 23.3 -0.3 49 -0.2

The figure 18 shows the behavior of the temperature in zone 2.

Fig. 18. Temperature Measurement in Zone 2

 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 17

The figure 19 shows the behavior of the humidity in zone 2.

Fig. 19. Humidity Measurement in Zone 2

Table 3 shows the results obtained in the third zone of the laboratory.

Table 3. Temperature and Humidity Measurements in zone 3

Test Temperature (°C) Error Temp (°C) Humidity (%) Error Humidity (%)
1 24.1 0.2 48 0.4
2 24.3 -0.1 47 -0.2
3 24.2 0.3 49 0.1
4 24.4 -0.3 48 -0.4
5 24.0 0.1 47 0.3
6 24.5 -0.2 49 -0.1
7 24.1 0.2 48 0.4
8 24.3 -0.1 47 -0.3
9 24.2 0.3 49 0.2
10 24.4 -0.2 48 -0.4
11 24.0 0.1 47 0.3
12 24.5 -0.3 49 -0.1
13 24.1 0.2 48 0.4
14 24.3 -0.1 47 -0.2
15 24.2 0.3 49 0.1
16 24.4 -0.2 48 -0.4
17 24.0 0.1 47 0.3
18 24.5 -0.3 49 -0.1
19 24.1 0.2 48 0.4
20 24.3 -0.1 47 -0.3
18 F. Author et al.

The figure 20 shows the behavior of the temperature in zone 3.

Fig. 20. Temperature Measurement in Zone 3

The figure 21 shows the behavior of the humidity in zone 3.

Fig. 21. Humidity Measurement in Zone 3

 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 19

3.2 Precision and Accuracy of Measurements

To calculate the precision and accuracy of the sensors, the concepts of precision
and accuracy are defined as follows:

– Precision: Refers to the consistency of the sensor measurements, i.e., how

close the measurements are to each other.
– Accuracy: Refers to how close the sensor measurement is to the actual value.

To calculate precision, equation 1 is used:

n
1 X
P recision = · |ei | (1)
n i=1
To calculate accuracy, equation 2 is used:
v
u n
u 1 X
Exactitud = t · (ei − xi )2 (2)
n − 1 i=1

Where:

– ei : Measurement error
– n: Number of samples
– xi : Mean of errors

Table 4 shows the precision and accuracy of the temperature and humidity
sensors.

Table 4. Precision and Accuracy of Temperature and Humidity Measurements

Table Parameter Accuracy Precision

Zone 1 Temperature 0.20 0.20
Humidity 0.335 0.332
Zone 2 Temperature 0.19 0.213
Humidity 0.31 0.277
Zone 3 Temperature 0.20 0.20
Humidity 0.28 0.251

3.3 Energy efficiency analysis.

Table 5 contains the data with the values obtained from the theoretical and
practical consumption before and after for the respective comparison.
There are 3 lights in the area, therefore the cost of the monthly value must
be multiplied by those 3 devices. Among the theoretical values, a saving of $3.72
dollars per month is evident with the new bulbs installed, in practice the savings
20 F. Author et al.

Table 5. Lighting system consumption calculation

Obj Measurement Voltage Current Power Monthly Cost Monthly

Type (V) (A) (kW) Consumption per Cost
kWh
Tube Theoretical - - 0.0405 29.16 3.03
Tube Practical 129.6 0.3 0.039 27.99 0.104 2.91
LED Theoretical - - 0.024 17.28 1.79
LED Practical 129.6 0.1 0.019 13.99 0.104 1.46

is $4.35 dollars. monthly, having an average savings of around $4 dollars per

month.

Table 6. Electrical outlet system consumption calculation.

Obj Measurement Voltage Current Power Monthly Cost Monthly

Type (V) (A) (kW) Consumption per Cost
kWh
Outlet Platform 129.56 0.12 0.0075 5.4 0.56
(Sonoff) 0.104
Outlet Practical 130.5 0.1 0.013 9.39 0.98

The load of these electrical outlet is varied, therefore the respective analysis
was carried out only when the device is in the off state. In the Table 6 we have
data with the values consumption when the device is turned off, it has a low
consumption that can be reflected monthly with an average of 0.77 cents of a
dollar, there is no previous record of consumption of conventional outlets. There
are 3 devices installed in the area, therefore there is an average total consumption
between these devices of $2.31 dollars.

Table 7. Calculation of consumption of the odor extractor system.

Obj Measurement Voltage Current Power Monthly Cost Monthly

Type (V) (A) (kW) Consumption per kW/h Cost
Extractor Theoretical - - 0.015 10.8 0.104 1.12

Practical 129.6 0.1 0.013 9.33 0.104 0.97

On average, the monthly consumption of the extractor is approximately $1.04

dollars based on the data in Table 7.
The energy consumption of the system was evaluated during continuous op-
eration tests. The results indicated:
– The average power consumed by the motor was 18 W, which is within the
established limits for energy efficiency.
 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 21

– During operation peaks, the maximum recorded consumption was 20 W.

– The system showed an energy efficiency of 85%, which is considered adequate
for applications of this type.

3.4 Comparative Electric Consumption of a Laboratory

Information on the laboratory’s electrical consumption was collected over several
days to verify the percentage reduction. The results obtained are shown in Table
8.

Table 8. Comparative Electric Consumption of a Laboratory

Test Consumption Before (kWh) Consumption After (kWh) Savings (kWh) Savings (%)
1 1500 1300 200 13.33
2 1400 1250 150 10.71
3 1550 1350 200 12.90
4 1450 1280 170 11.72
5 1600 1400 200 12.50
6 1700 1450 250 14.71
7 1650 1380 270 16.36
8 1750 1500 250 14.29
9 1600 1400 200 12.50
10 1550 1350 200 12.90
11 1500 1300 200 13.33
12 1650 1450 200 12.12

According to the results obtained, Figure 22 shows a reduction in energy

consumption with the implementation of the IoT architecture in the laboratory.

Fig. 22. Comparison of Energy Consumption

22 F. Author et al.

3.5 Response times of different systems

The data collected during the validation tests indicate a significant reduction in
energy consumption and an increase in real-time monitoring and control capa-
bilities (see table 9). The automated systems demonstrated high reliability and
adequate response times for the laboratory’s needs. Additionally, an improve-
ment in the security and resource management of the laboratory was observed,
supporting the viability and effectiveness of the implemented IoT architecture.

Table 9. Response Times of Different Systems

Response Time (s)

System Parameters
Average Time Average Time
Min. Max.
Day 0.72 1.13
Lighting State (On/OFF) 0.93 1.03
Device 0.78 1.18
Day 0.94 1.73
Extractor
State (On/OFF) 1.1 1.56
Day 0.66 1.07
Outlet
State (On/OFF) 0.76 0.84
Day 27.73 27.75
Curtains State (On/OFF) 27.41 28.07
Device 27.56 27.93
Day 3.03 3.03
Cabinet
User 2.56 3.78
Steps 4.85 24.73
Door
State (Open/Close) 13.72 14.99

4 Discussion
The implementation of an IoT architecture in a laboratory has demonstrated
significant improvements in operational efficiency and real-time system control.
The results obtained during validation tests indicate a considerable reduction
in energy consumption and an increase in automated monitoring and control
capabilities.

4.1 Reduction in Energy Consumption

The data shows that the implementation of the IoT architecture contributed to
an average reduction in energy consumption of 13.25% in the laboratory. This
saving is mainly attributed to the replacement of fluorescent bulbs with LED
bulbs and the use of smart switches that allow for more efficient control of device
power states. The ability to monitor real-time electricity consumption through
Sonoff switches also optimized energy usage, adjusting the operation of devices
according to the actual needs of the laboratory.
 Development of an IoT architecture for a Smart Lab 23

4.2 Improvement in Security and Resource Management

The integration of security systems, such as WiFi cameras and fingerprint access
controls, has enhanced the laboratory’s security. These systems allow constant
monitoring and access logging, which is crucial for protecting equipment and
information within the laboratory. Additionally, the capability to remotely con-
trol and monitor these systems adds an extra layer of security and convenience,
enabling more effective management of human and material resources.

4.3 System Response and Reliability

The analysis of the response times of the various systems integrated into the
IoT architecture revealed that, on average, the response times were adequate
for the laboratory’s operational needs. For instance, the lighting and curtain
control systems showed response times of less than a second, which is optimal
for applications requiring quick and precise responses. This high reliability and
speed of response ensure that laboratory operations are not affected by delays
or system failures.

4.4 Advanced Educational Platform

The implemented IoT architecture not only improves operational efficiency but
also provides an advanced educational platform for mechatronics students. This
infrastructure allows students to interact with cutting-edge technologies, learn
about IoT system management, and develop practical skills that are highly val-
ued in the job market. The opportunity to conduct hands-on practice in a real
environment with advanced technology better prepares students to face future
professional challenges.

4.5 Challenges and Future Research

Despite the observed benefits, implementing an IoT architecture in the labora-

tory presents several challenges, such as interoperability between devices from
different manufacturers, data security, and the need for a robust network in-
frastructure. These challenges must be addressed to maximize the benefits of
IoT in laboratory environments. Future research could focus on improving the
security of IoT systems, developing more efficient communication protocols, and
integrating emerging technologies to further enhance the laboratory’s efficiency
and functionality.

5 Conclusion

The study demonstrates that a well-designed and implemented IoT architecture

can significantly improve operational efficiency, security, and control capabili-
ties in a laboratory environment. By integrating smart switches, LED bulbs,
24 F. Author et al.

and automated control systems, the laboratory experienced an average energy

consumption reduction of 13.25%, showcasing the practical benefits of IoT tech-
nology in optimizing energy use and reducing operational costs. The enhanced
security framework, featuring WiFi cameras and fingerprint access controls, en-
sures continuous monitoring and protection of equipment and data, maintaining
the integrity of the research environment.
Furthermore, the IoT architecture offers students hands-on experience with
advanced technologies, preparing them for the job market. This smart lab serves
as a dynamic learning environment where students engage with real-world appli-
cations of IoT, gaining invaluable skills in system integration, data analysis, and
remote monitoring. The scalable and flexible nature of the IoT system ensures
that the laboratory can adapt to future expansions and emerging technologies,
facilitating ongoing innovation and experimentation in smart laboratory envi-
ronments.
While the implementation has proven beneficial, it also highlighted challenges
such as device compatibility and network security, which must be addressed for
continued success. Future research should focus on enhancing IoT system se-
curity, developing more efficient communication protocols, and exploring new
use cases in different engineering disciplines. Overall, the adoption of IoT tech-
nologies in laboratories transforms traditional spaces into intelligent, adaptive,
and sustainable research environments, providing a comprehensive blueprint for
future initiatives in various engineering and research domains.

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