A P MODEL SCHOOL & Jr.

COLLEGE, PATHAPATNAM, SRIKAKULAM DIST

Venkata Raju Mantri / PGT-ENGLISH/ Cell No. 9989846843

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 A P MODEL SCHOOL & Jr. COLLEGE, PATHAPATNAM, SRIKAKULAM DIST

CBSE Class IX & X English Grammar

● Determiners
● Tenses
● Modals
● Subject - Verb Concord
● Direct & Indirect Speech

Determiners

Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to.

Several Classes:

Articles a, an , the.

Demonstratives this, that, these, those….

Distributives all, both, half, either, neither, each,every……

Possessives my, our,your, his, her,their, whose…..

Quantifiers a few, a little, much, many, a lot of…..

Numbers one, two , three …..

Question words which, what , whose (?) …….

/Interrogatives

Defining words which, whose ………

Different words other, another…..

Pre-determiners

Go before determiners such as articles, such, what ,rather, quite…..

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 A P MODEL SCHOOL & Jr. COLLEGE, PATHAPATNAM, SRIKAKULAM DIST

Determiners

Specific General

Definite article, Possessives, Others

Demonstratives, Interrogatives.

Use where we believe the listener / reader Talk generally and the listener / reader does
knows exactly what we are referring to. not know exactly what we are referring to.

● Can you pass the salt ? ● It is very easy. Any child can do it.
● Look at those lovely flowers. ● I like chicken, mutton - any meat.
● Thank you very much for your letter. ● I spoke to Prasad, Surya , Vinay and a
● Whose book is that ? few other friends.
● Would you like another glass of water ?

Fill in the blanks appropriately with the following quantifiers: no, any, all, some, each,
several and every.
1) —-- (1) ordinary person is bothered about climatic changes. If we talk of —--- (2) changes,
people look at us as if we don't have —--- (3) work. In fact , it is such a grave problem that
_______(4) person has to think about. —----- (5 ) scientists feel alarmed because the ozone
layer is depleting. In addition, —------ (6) people believe that global warming is creating climatic
problems. But _____(7 ) single individual shows _______ (8) concern for it.

Answers : 1) No 2) any 3) any 4) every 5) All 6) several 7) no 8) any

2) _____ (1) meteorologists predict that the world will get warm between 2 to 4 degrees Celsius
by the year 2030. The scientists believe that ________ (2 ) year______ (3) polar ice will melt
and cause rainfall, increase in the sea level and also temperature will be affected.____ (4)
people disagree with the theory that human activity is having an effect on the world's climate.
______ (5) scientists need to monitor the Earth's atmosphere and ____ (6) human beings
need to care for the air, water and plant life that influence the world's weather.

Answers: 1) Some 2) every 3) some 4) Several 5) All 6) all

3) People who disagree with the theory that there is a direct relationship between human
activity and climate believe that the world climate has gone through ____ (1) changes since
the earth and its atmosphere first formed. So for____ (2) argument there is a counter argument.
_____ (3) individual differs with the other in ___ (4) way or the other.

Answers: 1) several 2) any 3) Every 4) some

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 A P MODEL SCHOOL & Jr. COLLEGE, PATHAPATNAM, SRIKAKULAM DIST

Choose the correct determiner for the blank in the sentence:

1. "______ students in my class are very hardworking."

a) These b) Many c) Much d) All

2. "She has invited _______ of her friends to the party."

a) each b) both c) all d) few

3. "How ______ money do you spend on clothes?”

a) much b) most c) many d) Little

4. "______ of the food was eaten by the guests."

a) Most b) Much c) Some d) None

5. "______ people know the truth about the incident."

a) Few b) Many c) All d) Each

6. "I have read _______ of the books you recommended."

a) all b) each c) any d) few

7. "_______ apples on the tree were ripe."

a) A few b) Much c) Each d) Every

8. " Are there _______ students passed the exam with flying colours."
a) any b) Several c) Most d) some

9. "______ water was left in the jug."

a) Much b) Many c) Some d) Little

10. "______ of the milk has spilled."

a) Many b) Much c) Some d) A few

11. "______ of the children enjoyed playing in the park."

a) All b) Much c) Many d) Each

12. "______ books on the shelf are mine."

a) These b) Several c) All d) Both

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13. "______ time is needed to complete the project."

a) Little b) Much c) Many d) Some

14. "______ information was provided in the report."

a) Some b) Most c) Any d) All

15. "______ students in the class passed the test."

a) Each b) Many c) Few d) Several

16. "She gave me _______ of her old clothes."

a) all b) each c) any d) few

17. "------- students were called to the Principal’s room.

a) any b) much c) every d) some

18. "_______ apples in the basket were rotten."

a) Many b) Several c) Most d) Each

19. "______ sugar is required for the recipe."

a) Much b) Many c) Some d) Little

20. " He interacted with —---- student”

a) any b) Much c) most d) each

Answers

1. a) These 2. c) all 3. a) much 4. a) Most 5. a) Few

6. a) all 7. a) A few 8. a) any 9. d) Little 10. b) Much

11. c) Many 12. a) These 13. b) Much 14. a) Some 15. c) Few

16. a) all 17. d) some 18. b) Several 19. a) Much 20. d) each

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TENSE
Tense shows time and its degree of completeness
Present Tense

Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Verb V1 am/is/are + V4 have/has+V3 has / have + been +

Form V1+s/es V4
(he, she & it)

Indication every + time, always, look, don’t disturb, now, at just, just now, yet, since, Since, For
never, sometimes, usually, present for, recently
often

Universal truths, Action going on at the Just completed action. Action began in the
Proverbs, Habitual time of speaking. Past action with present past and still it’s
Actions, News Paper effect, incompleted going on at the time
Headlines. actions. of speaking …

Usage Swathi sings songs. Swathi is singing songs. Swathi has sung songs. Swathi has been
singing songs.

Past Tense

Verb V2 was/were+V4 had+V3 had been+V4

Form

Indication last + time, when, while when, after, before had been+v4
yesterday,
ago

Past action, Action going on for some Action completed before Began in past,
Past Habit time in the past. the completion of another going on for
(used to +V1) one.(Two completed sometime and
actions) completed in past.
Usage
Swathi sang songs. Swathi was singing songs. Swathi had sung songs. Swathi had been
singing songs.

Future Tense

Verb Form will/shall+V1 will/shall be+V4 will/shall+have+V3 will/shall+have

been+ V4

Indication next + time, tomorrow, by the time , by that time , from 3pm to 4 pm
soon, shortly, presently at that time by 9 ' O'clock tomorrow, tomorrow, for 3
by 10th March hours next Monday

Future action Action going on sometime Action completed in a No longer in use.

in the future. certain point of time in
Usage future.

Swathi will sing songs. Swathi will be singing Swathi will have sung Swathi will have
songs. songs. been singing songs.

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The Present Simple Tense The Present Continuous Tense (am/is//are

(V1 Or V1+s/es) + V4)

1. I am learning grammar now.

1. The Sun rises in the east. 2. They are playing at present
2. The sun sets in the west. 3. Look! They are running across the
3. Water flows down road.
4. The earth revolves around the sun. 4. Don't disturb him, he is reading.
5. I go to temple everyday. 5. What are you doing right now ?
6. They come to school on foot. 6. Where are you going?
7. I wake up at 5 O'clock everyday. 7. Where are you coming from?
8. I always prefer heroics. 8. What are you studying ?
9. I never drink tea. 9. It's raining.
10. Honesty is the best policy. 10. The sun is not shining.
11. Character is better than intellectu. 11. They are walking.
12. I like chocolates. 12. What is she eating?
13. Prevention is better than cure. 13. I am not watching TV.
14. The P.M. visits A.P. next month. 14. She is writing a letter.
15. The C.M. visits Vizag tomorrow. 15. They are waiting for you.

The Present Perfect Tense The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

(Has /have + V3) (Has /have +been + V4)

1. I have just come in. 1. He has been playing since this

2. He has gone out just now. morning.
3. They have not come yet 2. He has been drawing for 2 hours.
4. I have got fever. 3. She has been suffering from fever for
5. What kind of dress has she got? 2 weeks.
6. They have got married recently. 4. It has been raining since 2 o'clock.
7. Kohli has scored 71 centuries. 5. What have you been doing since
8. I have got something in my eye. then?
9. Everybody like Charan. He has got a 6. How long have you been waiting for
lot of friends. him?
10. Have you had your breakfast? 7. Where have you been living for the
11. I have had my breakfast just now. last 3 years?
12. Where have you been lately ? 8. I have been living in my
13. I have gone to my grandparents grandparents' home for the last 3
home. years.
14. I have known him for 5 years. 9. How long has she been watching
. TV?
10. She has been watching TV since this
evening.

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The Past Simple Tense The Past Continuous Tense

(V2 / used to + V1) (Was /were +V4)

1. He was born in 2009 1. It was raining yesterday evening.

2. He went there yesterday. 2. We were going to the library yesterday
3. They did it two days ago. at this time.
4. It's time we submitted our project. 3. Akhil was having lunch when Uday
5. He used to go there on foot. Kumar went to his home.
6. Sameera was absent yesterday. 4. When I went there, Kalyani was
7. Did you go there yesterday? reading.
8. Yuvasri was invited by Sucharita 5. Harika was reading while Sweta was
9. Where did they go last Sunday? laughing.
10. Who drew that picture? Chanikya 6. Rinki was watering plants while
drew it. Santoshi was rubbing the board.
11. When was it built? 7. Manoj was watching TV at 7 O' clock
12. When was the telephone invented? yesterday evening.
13. Who discovered America? 8. The phone rang while I was having
14. It was done by Ganesh yesterday. dinner.
15. Devi Prasad made it. 9. When I entered the room , he was
playing the flute.
10. I was reading when the lights went
out.

The Past Perfect Tense The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(Had +V3) (Had been + V4)

1. When I went home, my brother had 1. I had been watching the movie from
already had his dinner. 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. yesterday.
2. When I arrived at the cinema hall, the 2. I had been taking my exams between
film had started . the 2nd and 5th last month.
3. She had lived in Pathapatnam before 3. I had been studying in that school
she went to Srikakulam. from 6th to 8th class.
4. We were late for the plane because 4. They had been living there from 2018
we had forgotten our passports. to 2020.
5. If you had listened to me , you would 5. Ganesh had been watering the plans
have got the job. from 6am to 7am yesterday.
6. When I reached the station, the train 6. Sireesha and Neelima had being
had left . doing their project for 2 hours
7. I could not remember the poem that yesterday.
we had learnt the week before. 7. Lokesh had been riding the bicycle
8. The children collected the fruits that from 3pm to 5pm last Sunday.
had fallen from the tree. 8. They were very tired in the evening
9. Varun had gone home by the time I because they were playing volleyball.
arrived. 9. We had been waiting at the station for
10. Resume was embarrassed because 1 hour when the train finally arrived.
she had forgotten her dad's birthday. 10. He felt fit for the marathon because
he had been practising a lot.

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The Future Simple Tense The Future Continuous Tense

(Will / shall +V1) (Will / shall + be +V4)

1. It will come soon. 1. When will you be coming back.

2. I will try my level best. 2. Will you be talking with him?
3. Will you come with me? 3. I shall be waiting for you.
4. I don't think I will go there. 4. I will be watching TV at 7:00 a.m.
5. She will come tomorrow. tomorrow.
6. He will be there next Sunday. 5. I shall be doing my project tomorrow
7. I will become a teacher. from 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m..
8. I will know my results in 2 days. 6. This time next week we will be sitting
9. Someday I will write a book. at the beach.
10. Next year will be exciting. 7. The baby will be walking soon.
11. They will come shortly. 8. At midnight we will be sleeping so
12. We will take pictures in a few don't disturb us.
minutes. 9. I will be staying in Vizag for a week.
13. If you pass the exams, your parents 10. They will be writing there exams
will be happy. tomorrow by this time.
14. If you work hard you will get good
position in your life.
15. I shall help you with your
homework.

The Future Perfect Tense The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

(Will / shall + have + V3) (Will / shall + have +been+V4)

1. I shall have completed my project 1. Sowmya and her team will have
tomorrow by this time. been practising dance from 4:00
2. I shall have taken completely my p.m. to 6:00 p.m. tomorrow.
Exams next month by this time. 2. What will they have been doing
3. They will have finished it by 10:00 between 8 to 9:30 p.m. tomorrow?
a.m. tomorrow. 3. We shall have been taking our
4. You will have forgotten me by then. exams from Monday to Saturday
5. What will you have become by next week.
2030? 4. She will have attending our classes
6. I will have reached Hyderabad for 5 years by 2030.
tomorrow this time. 5. They will have been playing for 3
7. They shall have played the last hours by noon.
match by next week. 6. You will have been dancing for 5
8. She will have eaten already a lot hours by 5:00 p.m.
before the desert arrived. 7. I will have been studying English for
9. My sister will have completed her 5 years by next year.
P. G. By the time I come back from 8. They will have been living in Vizag
abroad. for 5 years by the end of the year
10. I shall have finished my task by the 2030.
end of this month.

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 A P MODEL SCHOOL & Jr. COLLEGE, PATHAPATNAM, SRIKAKULAM DIST

Study the following examples :

(Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.)

1. They are preparing (prepare) for an exam now.

2. Birds make (make) the environment beautiful.
3. She has seen (see) the movie recently.
4.We have not paid (pay) the school fee yet.
5. He went (go) to his native place last week.

6. Kiran will build (build) a new house next week.

7. Jwala and Jaya have just finished (finish) the task.
8. There are (be) 26 districts in our state.
9. They were (be) in Vizag yesterday.
10. He has been reading the same lesson for four days.

11. She had checked (check) the papers before she submitted (submit) them.
12. He fell (fall) off the ladder as he was painting (paint) the wall.
13. After I had done (do) the homework, I went (go) to bed.
14. Kohli had scored (score) a century before we reached (reach) the stadium.
15. Laxman will have completed (complete) the work by tomorrow.

16. We were writing (write) Telugu exam at this time yesterday.

17. Srinu had (have) his breakfast five minutes ago.
18. I haven't had (not, have ) my lunch yet.
19. By the time we go there, they will be waiting (wait) for us.
20. Will you come (come) tomorrow?

21. What were you doing (do) at 5 pm yesterday?

22. We have known (know) him for five years.
23. Srija has broken (break) the glass. The pieces are still on the floor.
24. The difference between you and them is (be) beyond words.
25. Friendship adds (add) fragrance to life.

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 A P MODEL SCHOOL & Jr. COLLEGE, PATHAPATNAM, SRIKAKULAM DIST

Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets.

Exercise - 1
1. My friends __________ the Prime Minister yesterday. (see)
2. It started to rain while we ___________ tennis. ( Play)
3. He often _________ coffee. (drink)
4. Look there! Some body _____ into the lake. (jump)
5. Sahasra ______ not _____ her homework yet. (complete)
6. Mumbai ______ one of the largest cities in the world. (be)
7. I __________ everyday to keep myself fit. (exercise)
8. She _____ the guitar when I entered the room. (play)
9. This house ____ three lakhs in 1980. (cost)
10. Last year we _____ to the zoo. (go)
11. I _____ seventeen on my next birthday. (be)
12. Abdul _____ to be a doctor. (want)
13. If you start at once, you by six o’clock. (arrive)
14. My friend’s family _____ in this house since 2000. (live)
15. I think they _____ tomorrow morning. ( arrive)
16. My father ______ his car every day. (wash)
17. I saw him when I ____ out of the window. (look)
18. Look! The monkey ______ a banana. (eat)
19. Yashita ______ in Delhi for the next three days. (be)
20. He _______ a new bike last week. (buy)

Exercise 2
1. Deepa and Renu _______ late to class yesterday. (be)
2. At dinner time our family never _____ TV. (watch)
3. They are not sure if they ______ the next match. ( win)
4. By the time I go home, my children _____ still ______(play)
5. The baby _______ all morning. (cry)
6. When he ______ to open the door, he dropped his key.(try)
7. Pranav never _____ to China. (be)
8. I _____ for this company for seventeen years. (work)
9. When the weather is fine, we ______ a picnic in our garden. (have)
10. Stop that! Somebody ______ (come)

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11. Sindhu ______ tennis since she was seven. (play)

12. They ______ my brother an hour ago. (meet)
13. He _______ his hand before every meal. (wash)
14. The butcher _______ several pigs a moment ago. (kill)
15. Cows _______ on grass. (feed)
16. I ___________ this film before. (see)
17. Please don’t make a noise! I ______ (study)
18. Bread and butter ______ her favourite breakfast. (be)
19. Let’s hope that the wind ________ away the clouds. (blow)
20. We ______ football at this time yesterday. (play)

Exercise 3
1. I hope the weather _____ nice.(be)
2. Mom thinks dad ______ home early to night. (come)
3. Yesterday I ______ up at 5 o’clock. (get)
4. I ______ not ______ him for two days. (see)
5. She jumped off the bus while it ______ (move)
6. They _____ to Vijayawada tomorrow morning. (Drive)
7. We always _________ movies on Sundays. (watch)
8. I ______ a lot of work today. (do)
9. By this time next year, Meghana _______ her university degree. (take)
10. Can I have some milk before I ______ to bed? (go)

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Answers :
Exercise 1

1. Saw 8. Was playing 15. Will arrive

2. Were playing 9. Costed / cost 16. Washes
3. Drinks 10. Went 17. Was looking
4. Is jumping/ has 11. Will be 18. Is eating
jumped 12. Wants 19. Will be
5. Has completed 13. Will arrive 20. Bought
6. Is 14. Has been living
7. Exercise

Exercise 2

1. were 6. was trying 11. has been playing 16. have seen
2. watches 7. had never been 12. met 17. am studying
3. will win 8. worked 13. washes 18. is
4. will – be playing 9. will have 14. killed 19. blows
5. cries/ has been 10. is coming 15. feed 20. were playing
crying /was
crying/cried

Exercise 3

1. will be 6. will drive

2. will come 7. watch
3. got 8. did
4. have seen 9. will have taken
5. was moving 10. go

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IF / CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Type of Condition Verb form Function/ Condition
Sub – ordinate Main Clause
Clause
V1 or V1 + s/es V1 or V1 + sles Zero condition/ facts
I Open / Probable
V1 or V1 + s/es Will/ shall/ can/ may + V1 May / May not happen
a)Improbable Do not happen / have at
II V2 Would/ should/ could/ might + V1
the time of speaking
b)Imaginary Purely based on
Were Would / should/ could/ might +V1
imagination
Impossible / Would / should /could/ might +
III Had + V3 Fail to fulfill the condition
unfulfilled have + V3

Type Examples

Zero Condition 1. If you heat ice, it turns into water.

2. If you divide twenty with five, you get four.

Probable 3. If you run fast, you can catch the bus.

4. If you work hard, you will get good position in your life.

Improbable 5. If I had money, I could give you some.

6. If I had your phone number, I could phone you.

Imaginary 7. If I were a bird, I would fly high in the sky.

8. If I were you, I would not do it.

Unfulfilled / 9. If you had run fast, you could have caught the bus.
Impossible 10. If you had gone early, you would have met him.
11. If you do not go early, you can not meet him. Or
Unless you go early, you can not meet him.

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 A P MODEL SCHOOL & Jr. COLLEGE, PATHAPATNAM, SRIKAKULAM DIST

Fill in the blanks with the correct use of tenses.

1. My mother _______________ up early in the morning.

a) get b) gets c) will be d) shall be
2. The children _______________ in the field now.
a) has played b) are playing c) plays d) will had played
3. I _______________ her for several years.
a) has known b) have known c) knows d) knew
4. It ________________ raining since morning.
a) have been b) has been c) is d) was
5. He ______________ his house seven days ago.
a) left b) leave c) leaves d) is leaving

Answers : 1) b 2) b 3) b 4) b 5) a

6. I ______ a letter when he came to my house.

a) am writing b) was writing c) will write d) wrote
Answer: b) was writing
7. The train _______ before he reached the station.
a) has left b) was left c) had left d) is left
8. It ________ raining since morning when you rang me up.
a) had been b) has been c) have been d) was
9. If he works hard, he _________ pass.
a) will b) shall c) will be d) shall be Answer: a) will
10. The cook _______ cooking food at this time tomorrow.
a) shall be b) will be c) shall d) will Answer: b) wilbee

Answers : 6) b 7) c 8) a 9) a 10) b

11. You ____________ got ready before we visit your house.

a) will have b) shall have c) are d) were Answer: a) will have
12. By next Monday he ______________ staying at my uncle’s house for three weeks.
a) will have b) shall have c) will have been d) shall have been Answer: c) will have been
13. This road _____________ to the post office.
a) is leading b) leads c) has lead d) lead Answer: b) leads
14. He ________________ very hard these days.
a) had been working b) is working
c) have been working d) have worked Answer: c) have been working
15. Gambling __________ ruined many careers.
a) is b) was c) has d) have Answer: c) has

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Answers : 11) a 12) c 13) b 14) c 15) c

16. I ____________ white washing my house since morning, so I am feeling tired.

a) have been b) has been c) will be d) will have been
17. Our servant____________ us two weeks ago.
a) leave b) leaves c) is leaving d) left Answer: d) left
18. When I saw him, he ______________ playing chess.
a) is b) was c) will d) shall
19. The movie _______________ started when I reached the cinema hall.
a) has b) have c) had d) had been
20. The candidate __________________ speaking for ten minutes.
a) had b) has been c) was d) is

Answers : 16) a 17) d 18) b 19) c 20) b

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Modals
Modal auxiliaries, also known simply as modals, are a type of auxiliary verb used to express modality,
which refers to the speaker's attitude towards the action or state described in the sentence. Modals
express various meanings such as ability, possibility, permission, obligation, and probability. Here are
some common modal auxiliaries in English along with their functions and usages:

Modal Function Usage

ability She can speak three languages.

Sravanthi can sing well.
Can
permission You can go now.
Can I use your book once, please ?

possibility It can rain later.

Past ability When I was younger, I could run faster."

Could
Polite request Could you please pass the salt?
Could you explain this question, please ?

Possibility: It may rain tomorrow.

My father may come to the school?

May Permission You may leave the room.

Polite request May I borrow your pen?

May I borrow your tool kit ?

Possibility He might come to the party.

Might We might win the match.

Uncertainty It might be too late to call now.

Necessity You must finish your homework before watching

TV.
Must
Obligation Employees must attend the meeting.

Strong recommendation You must try this dish; it's delicious

Recommendation You should see a doctor.

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Advice You should study for your exam.

Should and
Ought to Expectation The bus should arrive in ten minutes.

Obligation You ought to apologize for your behavior.

Duty We ought to help those in need.

Future actions She will attend the conference.

Will Intentions I will study hard to pass the exam.

Predictions It will rain later today

Hypothetical If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.

Would Polite requests Would you mind closing the window?

Preferences I would rather stay home tonight.

Future actions We shall meet again tomorrow.

Shall Suggestions Shall we go for a walk?

Shall I order food ?

Offers Shall I help you with your bags?

Necessity You need not worry about the details; I'll take care
Need of everything.

Dare challenge, invitation, or How dare you speak to me like that?

permission, often in He wouldn't dare ask her out on a date.
questions or negatives.

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Select the correct option to fill in the blanks for the given sentences:

1. ”What’s happened to the dog? It isn’t here.” - ”Dan ___ have taken it with him.”

A) had to B) was to C) might D) will E) could

2. You ___ give it back to me before you go.
A) might B) couldn’t C) must D) need E) had to
3. That’s a question nobody ___ answer.
A) must not B) were to C) cannot D) might E) can
4. ___ God be with you.
A) can B) must C) may D) had to E) is to

5. A fool man ___ ask more questions than a wise man ___ answer.
A) may / can B) can / must C) may / might D) can / might E) must / could.

6. “Does Jack shave?” “No, he’s got a beard so he ___ shave.”

A) hasn’t to B) hasn’t got to C) don’t have to D) can’t E) will be able to
7. Don’t worry. You ___ do it just now. You ___ do it tomorrow.
A) must / can B) should / may C) can / could D) had to / must E) needn’t / can
8. I ___ speak English well now but I hope I ___ speak next year.
A) could / can B) can’t / shall be able to C) must / shall have to
D) may / may E) am able to / shall have to
9. The driver ___ have taken a side road.
A) shall B) need C) may D) have to E) is to
10. He ___ have replaced the tire, it was still quite good.
A) could B) can C) needn’t D) had to E) should

11. How ___ I tell her that her life will be ruined from this day on? I think I can’t.
A) must B) need C) may D) shall E) can
12. It was so warm that we ___ wear our coats. It was very pleasant.
A) couldn’t B) didn’t have to C) shouldn’t D) mightn’t E) mustn’t
13. They will get hungry on the train; I think, you ___ give them some sandwiches.
A) should B) could C) might D) had to E) needn’t
14. You ___ a raincoat. You are wet through.
A) must have worn B) may wear C) should have worn D) could wear E)needn’t have worn
15. “You ___ choose any present you like, take it, please”, said mother.
A) shall B) may C) might D) have to

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16. - Have you looked through these newspapers? - No, I haven’t. I ___ write an article.
A) has to B) had to C) mustn’t D) can E) might
17. We didn’t go out last night. We ___ to the cinema but we decided to stay at home.
A) could have gone B) must have gone C) should go D) are to go E) needn’t go
18. I was at home yesterday. You ___ have called and taken the dictionary.
A) must B) may C) could D) can E) had to
19. - When I was a child I ___ draw well. - And now? ___ you do it now?
A) must / May B) could / Can C) should / Need D) may / Could E) ought to / Can’t
20. That day as I ___ to be there at 5 sharp, I ___ to take a taxi.
A) am / had to B) is / may C) was / had to D) were / can E) were / had to

Answers

1: C 2: C 3: E 4: C 5: A 6: B 7: E 8: B 9: C 10: C

11: E 12: B 13: A 14: C 15: C 16: B 17: A 18: C 19: B 20: C

Complete the short dialogues with the words in the box.

ought to, should, shouldn't

Gita: Hi, Mani! What's wrong? You look dull.

Mani: I'm being bullied at school. What ________ I do?
Rani: You ______________ go and tell a teacher.
Mani: But what if the boy finds out?
Gita: You _______________ worry about that. You need to give a complaint.

Answers : should, ought to , shouldn't

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Subject - Verb Concord

A sentence (a group of words which makes complete sense) normally has two units:
1) theThe naming unit - the subject 2) the doing unit - the predicate. A verb is an essential part
of the predicate.

Sentence I am a student The sun rises in the east

Subject I The sun

Predicate am a student rises in the east

The agreement between the subject and the verb of a sentence is known as subject- verb
Concord. Concord can be of three kinds, as illustrated below.

(1) Grammatical Concord: Concord by grammatical features

e.g. This is my book (third person singular subject -- present tense)
Those are your books (third person plural subject - present tense)

(2) Notional Concord: Concord according to how we look at the subject, either as singular or
plural, depending on the sense.
e.g. The Committee is meeting this afternoon. (Committee: singular)
The Committee were divided in their opinion. (Committee: plural)

(3) Concord by proximity: Concord according to the subject or part of the subject which is close
to the verb.
e.g. Either your son or my children are responsible for this.
Either my children or your son is responsible for this.

● The baby cries when he is hungry,

● The babies cry when they are hungry.

● The boy, who is wearing black jeans, is my best friend.

● The boys, who are standing in this line, are my students.

● The colours of the rainbow are beautiful.

● The colour of these walls is dull.

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● No boy or girl is allowed to go out during college hours.

● Each of the girls is qualified for the prize.

● Ram and Rahim are best friends.

● Fruits and vegetables are the best part of a healthy diet.

● Bread and butter is my favourite snack. (Single unit/ person)

● My best friend and colleague has come.

● Neither girls nor boys are supposed to quit the game in the middle.
● Not only my brother's friends but also my friends are coming to the party.

● Either my classmates or my brother is waiting for me.

● Either my brother or my classmates are waiting for me.

● Someone has taken my pen.

● Everybody wants to be loved.

● Few were left alive after the tsunami.

● All are invited to the public meeting.

● There are many paths to success.

● There is a solution.

● Here is your book.

● Here are your books.

Fill in the blank choosing the correct alternative from the words in brackets.

1.The sun _____ in the east. ( rise / rises)

2.Neither of the tabs ____ working. ( are / is)
3.Twenty miles ____ a long distance to run. (are/is)
4 Each of the cars in the street ______ new. (are/is)
5.The wicket keeper and captain, Dhoni _____ given the man of the match award.( were/ was)

6.Somebody _____ forgotten to turn off the TV. (has/have)

7 C.V. Raman’s knowledge of Science _____ amazing.(are/is)
8.Everyone ______ done the homework as expected.(have/has)
9. This pair of shoes ____ mine. (aren't/ isn't)

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10. One of the planets _____ a year to complete an orbit.(take/takes)

11. Either the managers or the boss ______ the merchandise.(deliver/delivers)

12. Mumps ____ one of the most uncomfortable diseases. (are/is)
13. It _____ make any difference.(don't/doesn't)
14. The student, as well as his family members, ____ excited about the trip.(are/is)
15. One of my friends ____ to cook spicy food. (like/likes)

16. The number of students in each class _____ (varies/ vary)

17. Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children ____ my favourite novel. (are/is)
18 Waiting for buses ____ annoying. (are/is)
19. There ____ no schools for baby birds. (is/are)
20. The English department assured us that a series of seminars ____ to be arranged.
(were/was)

21. His jeans ___ too tight. (is/are)

22. Every class____ going on a field trip. (are/is)
23. The characters in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night ____ in a world that has been turned
upside-down. (lives/live)
24. The number of people who pursue a PhD degree ___ less. (is/are)
25. Everybody among your friends ____ playing. (like/likes)

26. Good news ____ expected. (is/are)

27. All that glitters ____ not good. (is/ are)
28. Blessed are they whose bodies ___ destroyed in the service of others. (get/gets)
29. There ____ a number of people waiting in line at the bus stop. (were/was)
30. A number of people _____ voiced their concerns about the new policy. (have/has)

Note : “The number of ” is singular.

“A number of “ is plural.

Answers

1. rises 6. has 11. delivers 16. varies 21. are 26. is

2. is 7. is 12.is 17. is 22. is 27. is

3. is 8. has 13. doesn't 18. is 23. live 26. get

4. is 9. isn't 14. is 19. are 24. is 29. were

5.was 10. takes 15. likes 20. were 25. likes 30. have

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Direct Speech and Indirect Speech / Narration

Direct Speech (DS) : Repeating the original speaker's exact words.
Indirect Speech (IDS) : Meaning of original speaker's words.

Ramesh said to Suresh, " I am going to my college now. "

Reporting Ramesh said to Reported Speech " I am going to my

college now ."
Speech Suresh,

Reporting Verb Said Reported Verb am

Steps to change from DS - IDS

Ramesh said to Suresh, " I am going to my college now. " (DS)

Ramesh told Suresh that he was going to his college then. (IDS)

Steps DS IDS
1.Reporting Verb said to told

2. Conjunction - that

3. Subjective/ Possessive case I he

4. Reported verb am was

5. Objective/ Possessive Case my his

6.words expressing nearness changed into distance now then

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● Verb in reported speech is changed according to verb in

reporting verb
Ramesh said to Suresh, " I am going to my college now. " ( DS)
Ramesh told Suresh that he was going to his college then. (IDS)

● If Reporting verb is in Present Tense or Future Tense, Reported

Verb will remain unchanged
Gopi says, " I am an actor. " (DS)
Gopi says that he is an actor. ( IDS)

● If Reporting verb is in Past Tense, Reported Verb is changed as

given below : (Step 4)

DS IDS
Present Tense Past Tense

Past Tense Past Perfect

am / is was

are were

has / have had

will would

shall should

can could

may might

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must had to

Ravi said, "He is hungry." (DS)

Ravi said that he was hungry. (IDS)
Ravi said, "He went there last week," (DS)
Ravi said that he had gone there the previous week. (IDS)

● If the person addressed, reports the speech,the second person

is changed into the first person.

He said to me , "you are getting lazy." (DS)

He told me that I was getting lazy. (IDS)

Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives (Step 3 & 5)

Person Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive

Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun

I I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
II You You Your Yours Yourself /
Yourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself

III It It Its Its Itself

They Them Their Theirs Themselves

He said , " I am going to my school." (DS)

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He said that he was going to his school. (IDS)

(Step 1&2)
Type of Reporting Verb Conjunction
sentence
DS IDS DS IDS
Assertive said said - that

said to told

Imperative said/ asked / ordered / +ve to

said to requested / wished/
advised/
commanded/
blessed……

-ve not to

Interrogative said/ asked Wh - Wh -

said to words words

HVs / Do If /
forms whether

Exclamatory said/ exclaimed - that

said to

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Words expressing nearness changed into distance /

Time Expressions (Step 6)

DS IDS

today that day

now then

yesterday the previous day

the last week the week before

next year the following year

tomorrow the next day

here there

this that

these those

1. He said, “ I want to join IIT now.” (DS)

He said that he wanted to join IIT then. (IDS)

2. She said , " Please wait a minute. " (DS)

She requested me to wait a minute. ( IDS)

3. Mrs. Slater said, “ Don’t talk so silly, Victoria.” ( DS )

Mrs. Slater warned/ shouted at/ asked Victoria not to talk so silly. ( IDS )

4. My friend said to me, “ where did you buy this bag ?’ (DS)
My friend asked me where I had bought that bag. (IDS).

5. Father said to me, “ Do you have a pair of old shoes” ?. (DS)

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Father asked me if I had a pair of old shoes. (IDS).

6. Are you going to finish strong ?” said Nick. (DS)

Nick asked him if he was going to finish strong. (IDS)

7. I said to them, “ what a wonder it is!”. ( DS )

I exclaimed to them that it was a great wonder. (IDS )
—----------------------------—---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Look at the following conversation and notice how it is reported.

NHK Radio : How is peace connected to a good environment?

Wangari Maathai : Many wars that are fought in the world are fought over natural resources.
Some wars are fought because the environment is so degraded that it is not
able to support communities and so they fight over the little that is left.
Others are fought because some people want to take a lot of the resources,
to control them, and to keep many other people out.

Reported speech of the above conversation:

NHK Radio asked Wangari Maathai how peace was connected to a good environment.
She answered that many wars that were fought in the world were fought over natural
resources. Some wars were fought because the environment was so degraded that it was not
able to support communities and so they fought over the little that was left. Others were
fought because some people wanted to take a lot of the resources, to control them, and to
keep many other people out.

A. Write the following in Reported Speech:

NHK Radio : What is the one thing we can do ?
Wangari Maathai : For me, my greatest activity is to plant a tree. I think that a tree is a
wonderful symbol for the environment and when we plant a tree we
plant hope. We plant the future for ourselves, for our children, for the
birds. We plant something that will last, long after we are gone.

Answer:
NHK radio asks Wangari Maathai what the one thing they can do is.
Wangari Maathai replies (/ answers) that her greatest activity is to plant a tree. She thinks that a
tree is a wonderful symbol for the environment and when we plant hope. We plant the future for
ourselves, for our children, for the birds. We plant something that will last, long after we are
gone.
(IDS is in the present tense -asks, replies, is……& I person plural - we)
Or

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(IDS is in the past tense & III person plural -They)

____________________________________________________________________

B. Report the following dialogue:

Man : I'm doing a survey on shopping habits.
Woman : OK. As long as it doesn't take long.
Man : How often do you eat hamburgers?
Woman : Never. I'm a vegetarian. I don't eat any animal products.
Man : Right! Can I just ask you a personal question? Are you wearing leather shoes ?
Woman : Yes, I am.
Man : Don't you think that's rather hypocritical?
Woman : No, not really.
Man : Oh, that's amusing.
________________________________________
B. The man said that he was doing a survey on shopping habits. The woman acknowledged
that she would answer the questions if they didn't take much time. The man asked her how
often she ate hamburgers. The woman replied that she never ate that as she was a vegetarian
and she did not eat any animal products. Then, the man sought her to permit to ask personal
question and enquires if she was wearing leather shoes. Women said that she was. The man
asked her if she did not think that was rather hypocritical. The woman said she really didn't.
Finally the man said that was only amusing .
(IDS is in the past tense -was, said, did, would………) Or
(IDS is in the present tense - is,says, do, will….. )
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Change the following sentence into Reported Speech.
1. My father said to me, ‘ Have you done your homework ?’ (DS)
My father asked me whether (if) I had done my homework. (IDS)

2. “ Don’t drink and drive,” The police warned the cab driver. ( DS )
The police warned the cab driver not to drink and drive. ( IDS)

3. The manager said to the clerk, “ complete these files by today.” (DS)
The manager ordered the clerk to complete those files by that day. (IDS)

4. “ Does she know Robert ?” he wanted to know. (DS)

He wanted to know if she knew Robert. (IDS)

5. The driver says, “Pilgrims are increasing day by day.” (DS)

The driver says that pilgrims are increasing day by day. (IDS)

6. He asked, “ Are you coming home with me ?” (DS)

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He asked if I was going home with him. (IDS)

7. Neelima said, “ My new job is very interesting.” (DS)

Neelima said that her new job was very interesting. (IDS)

8. My teacher said to me, “ Will you prepare yourself with a speech for tomorrow ?” (DS)
My teacher asked me if I would prepare myself with a speech for the next day. (IDS)

9. He said, “ I am doing a survey on shopping habits.” (DS)

He said that he was doing a survey on shopping habits. (IDS)

10. Ravi said, “ I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.” (DS)

Ravi said that he had woken up feeling ill, so he had not gone to work. (IDS)

11. The boy asked the teacher, “ Will there be any change in the programme ?” (DS)
The boy asked the teacher if there would be any change in the programme. (IDS)

12. Kalam said, “ she took me inside her kitchen and served me food. “ (DS)
Kalam said that she had taken him inside her kitchen and had served him food. (IDS)

13. Victoria said, “ Grandpa’s getting up.” (DS)

Victoria said that her grandpa was getting up. (IDS)

14. Father said, “ I myself will see you off at Dirang.” (DS)
Father said that he himself would see me off at Dirang. (IDS)

15. I said to them, “ what a wonder it is !” (DS)

I exclaimed that it was a great wonder. (IDS)

16. Ben said to Mrs. Slater, “ Do you think Mr. Abel hasn’t paid the premium ?” (DS)
Ben asked Mrs. Slater if she thought that Mr. Abel had not paid the premium. (IDS)

17. “ Are you planning to take any action ?” Roberge asked Ray. (DS)
Roberge asked Ray whether he was planning to take any action. (IDS)

18. NHK Radio said to her, “ What happened when you started working with the women?’. (DS)
NHK Radio asked her what had happened when she had started working with the women.
(IDS)
19. “ I can remember the time”, she said wistfully. (DS)
She said wistfully that she could remember the time. (IDS)

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20“ Are you going to finish strong ?” said Nick. (DS)

Nick asked him if he was going to finish strong. (IDS)
( B ) Report the dialogue between ……… , by completing the sentence.

1. Priyanka : What are you doing ?

Ganesh : I am doing my homework.
Ans : Priyanka asked Ganesh what he was doing and Ganesh replied that he was doing his
homework.

2. Victoria : Are you planning to pinch it ?

Henry : No, my child. Grandpa had given it to your mother before he died.
Ans : Victoria asked Henry whether he was ( they were ) planning to pinch it.
Henry denied it and told that her grandpa had given it to her mother before he had
died.

3. Henry : Where are my slippers ?

Mrs. Slater : In the kitchen,
Ans : Henry asked Mrs. Slater where his slippers were. Mrs. Slater replied that they were in
the kitchen.

4. NHK Radio : What is the one thing we can do ?

Wangari Maathai : To plant a tree.
Ans : NHK Radio asked Wangari Maathai what was the one thing they could do.

5. Roberge : Are you planning to take any action ?

Ray : No. I don’t want to hurt the reputation of the person.
Ans : Roberge asked Ray if he was planning to take any action.
Ray denied to take any action and said that he did not want to hurt the reputation of the
person.

6. Narayana Murthy : Anna, I have passed the exam.

Narayana Murthy’s father : Well done, my boy.
Ans : Narayana Murthy told anna (his father) that he had passed the exam. Narayana
Murthy’s father congratulated his boy (on passing his exam).

7. Wangari Maathai : Let us plant trees.

Women : We don’t know how to plant trees.
Ans : Wangari Maathai suggested to women that they should plant trees. The women replied
that they did not know how to plant trees.

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8. Narayana Murthy : Anna, I want to join IIT.

Narayana Murthy’s father : I cannot afford your expenses at IIT.
Ans : Narayana Murthy told his anna ( father ) that he wanted to join IIT.
Narayana Murthy’s father told him that he could not afford his expenses at IIT.

9. Abel : Who has been robbing me ?

Mrs. Jordan : Amelia and Henry. They have stolen your clock and bureau.
Ans : Abel asked Mrs. Jordan who had been robbing him. Mrs. Jordan replied that Amelia
and Henry were robbing him. She also said that they had stolen his clock and bureau.

10. Victoria : What are they coming for ?

Mrs. Slater : They are coming to talk over poor grandpa’s affairs.
Ans : Victoria asked Mrs. Slater what they were coming for. Mrs. Slater replied that they
were coming to talk over poor grandpa’s affairs.

11. Balu said, “ What is your father ?”

Raghu said, “ My father is a teacher.”
Ans : Balu asked Raghu what his father was and Raghu replied that his father was a teacher.

12. Vimala said to Kamala, “ Are you free now ?”

Kamala said, “ No, I am not free now.”
Ans: Vimala asked Kamala if she was not free. Kamala replied that she was not free
then.

13. Victoria said to her parents, “ It’s grandpa's clock.

Mrs. Slater said , “ Be quiet! It’s ours now.”
Ans: Victoria told her parents it was grandpa’s clock but Mrs. Slater hushed her daughter
and claimed that it was theirs then.

14.Father said. “ Is tomorrow a holiday ?”

Son said , “ Yes it is Sunday and so it is a holiday.”
Ans: Father aksed his son if the next day was a holiday and son replied in the positive and
added that being Sunday it was a holiday.

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Relative Clauses
Defining Relative Clause ( DRC) and Non- defining Relative Clause ( NDRC)
Relative Clauses (Class X CBSE Lesson 1 / Page No 9)
Look at these sentences
(a) All morning Lencho — who knew his fields intimately — looked at the sky.
(b) The woman, who was preparing supper, replied, “Yes, God willing.’’
The italicised parts of the sentences give us more information about Lencho and the woman. We call
them relative clauses. Notice that they begin with a relative pronoun who. Other common relative
pronouns are whom, whose, and which.

The relative clauses in (a) and (b) above are called non-defining, because we already know the identity
of the person they describe. Lencho is a particular person, and there is a particular woman he speaks
to. We don’t need the information in the relative clause to pick these people out from a larger set. A
non-defining relative clause usually has a comma in front of it and a comma after it (some writers use
a dash (—) instead, as in the story). If the relative clause comes at the end, we just put a full stop.

Join the sentences given below using who, whom, whose, which, as suggested.
1. I often go to Mumbai. Mumbai is the commercial capital of India. (which)
2. My mother is going to host a TV show on cooking. She cooks very well. (who)
3. These sports persons are going to meet the President. Their performance has been excellent.
(whose)
4. Lencho prayed to God. His eyes see into our minds. (whose)
5. This man cheated me. I trusted him. (whom)
Answers:
1. I often go to Mumbai, which is the commercial capital of India.
2. My mother, who cooks very well, is going to host a TV show on cooking.
3. These sportspersons, whose performance has been excellent, are going to meet the President.
4. Lencho, whose eyes see into our minds, prayed to God.
5. This man, whom I trusted, cheated me.

Sometimes the relative pronoun in a relative clause remains ‘hidden’. For example, look at the first
sentence of the story:
(a) The house — the only one in the entire valley — sat on the crest of a low hill. We can rewrite this
sentence as:

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(b) The house — which was the only one in the entire valley — sat on the crest of a low hill.
In (a), the relative pronoun which and the verb was are not present.

DRC NDRC
Defines a noun. Gives additional information about a noun.

Commas, hyphens or brackets are not used in Commeas, hyphens or brackets are used in
written. written.

No pause is used in spoken. Pause is used in spoken.

Without Relative Clause, sentence is meaningless. Without Relative Clause, sentence is still
meaningful.

Subject Object Preposition Possessive

DRC
People who (that) whom (that) (that)...... prep whose

things which (that) which (that) (that)...... prep of which

People -who whom prep+ whom whose

(who/m
NDRC +prep)

things which which Prep + which of which

(Prep + which) (whose)

1. Combine the two sentences into one, using a relative pronoun:

1. Nick has a small foot on his left hip. It helps him balance.
A: Nick has a small foot on his left foot which/that helps him balance.

2.Yamini is a doctor. I consulted her last week.

A:Yamini, whom I consulted last week, is a doctor.

3.The woman lives next door. Her son is a famous actor.

Ans:The woman, whose son is a famous actor, lives next door.

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4..I have a friend. I admire her determination.

Ans: I have a friend, whom I admire for her determination.

5.Mary is my friend. She lives next door.

A: Mary, who lives next door, is my friend.
2. Rewrite the following sentences using non-defining relative clauses:
Q.The book was interesting. I read it last week.
A :The book, which I read last week, was interesting.
Q. The teacher was very kind. He helped me with my homework.
A: The teacher, who was very kind , helped me with my homework.

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate relative pronouns:

1. The letter _____ he wrote to God was a simple plea for help.
2. The farmer _____ had lost everything in the storm desperately needed assistance.
3. The postmaster _______ was responsible for delivering the letters received the farmer' s letter.
4. The postman, _____ had never seen such a letter before, was puzzled.
5. The rain, ______ had been long-awaited by the drought-stricken village, finally arrived.
6. The village, ________ had suffered from a prolonged drought, rejoiced at the sight of rain.
7. The car ____ was parked outside is mine.
8. Do you know the woman ____ is talking to Tom?
9. I have a friend ____ lives in Canada.
10. This is the restaurant ____ serves the best pizza in town.

Ans: 1. that 2. who 3.who 4. who 5. which6. which 7.which 8.who 9.who 10.which

4. Identify whether the relative clause is Defining or Non-defining:

1. The girl who won the race is my sister. (Defining)
2. My brother, who is a doctor, lives in London. (Non-defining)
3. The house that Jack built is very old. (Defining)
4. Paris, which is the capital of France, is a beautiful city. (Non-defining)
5. The letter that he wrote to God was a simple plea for help.(Defining)

Ans: 1.Defining 2. Non-defining 3. Defining 4. Non-defining 5.Defining

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Voice
AV→PV : O→S + HV (being /been/be) V3 + by + S→O

AV PV

am/is/are being
—------------------------------------
was/were

have/has been
—------------------------------------
had

will/would /shall /should / be

can/ could / may / might /
must

Subjective Case Objective Case

I Me

We Us

You You

He Him

She Her

It It

They Them

1. Swathi /sings / songs. (AV

S V O
Songs are sung by Swathi. (PV)

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2. Swathi is singing songs (AV)

Songs are being sung by Swathi.(PV)
3. Swathi has sung songs. (AV)
Songs have been sung by Swathi.(PV)

4. Swathi sang songs. (AV)

Songs were sung by Swathi. (PV)

5. Swathi was singing songs. (AV)

Songs were being sung by Swathi.(PV)

6. Swathi had sung songs. (AV)

Songs had been sung by Swathi. (PV)

7. Swathi will sing songs. (AV)

Songs will be sung by Swathi. (PV)

8. Swati will have sung songs. (AV)

Songs will have been sung by Swathi. (PV)

Your Task : 1. (make / made/made/making )

1. Mahesh makes mats. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)
2. Mahesh is making mats. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)
3. Mahesh has made mats.(AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)
4. Mahesh made mats.(AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)
5. Mahesh was making mats. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)
6. Mahesh had made mats. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)
7. Mahesh will make mats. (AV)

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—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)
8. Mahesh will have made mats. (AV)
—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)

Your Task 2 : (draw / drew / drawn / drawing )

1. He draws pictures. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)
2. He is drawing pictures. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)
3. He has drawn pictures. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)

4. He drew pictures. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)

5. He was drawing pictures. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)

6. He had drawn pictures. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)

7. He will draw pictures. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)

8. He will have drawn pictures. (AV)

—-------------------------------------------------------- (PV)

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Exercise : Change the Voice.

1. Nick gives us motivational speech.(AV)
Motivational speech is given to us by Nick. (PV) Or
We are given motivational speech by Nick. (PV)

2. He offered me a chair. (AV)

A chair was offered to me by him. (PV) Or
I was offered a chair by him. (PV)

3. He teaches us English. (AV)

English is taught to us by him. (PV) Or
We are taught English by him. (PV)

4. Rama married Sita.(AV)

Sita was married to Rama. (PV)

5. I know him. (AV)

He is known to me. ( PV)

6. Smoke covered the room. ( AV)

The room was covered with smoke. ( PV)

7. Elders should be respected. (PV)

We should respect elders. ( AV)

8. Chappals should be left before entering the temple. (PV)

We should leave chappals before entering the temple. (AV)

9. The rules should be obeyed. (PV)

We should obey the rules. (AV)

10. The thief was arrested. (PV)

Policeman arrested the thief. (AV)
Exercise 2 (Imperative Sentence)
1. Please open the door. (AV)

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You are requested to open the door. (PV) (AV)

2. Water the plants regularly. (AV)
Let the plants be watered regularly. ((PV) (Let +O + be + (not) V3 )
3. Don't waste time. (AV)
Let time be not wasted. (PV)

4. Don't spoil the plants. (AV)

Let plants be not spoiled. (PV)
5. Don't play with the fire. (AV)
Let the fire be not played with. (PV)

Your Task :
6. Please wait a while. (AV)
7. Please close the window. (AV)
8. Help others. (AV)
9. Don't hurt others. (AV)
10. Save water. (AV)

Exercise 3 ( Interrogative )
AV→PV :
'Wh' words + HV / do forms + O→S (being /been/be) +
V3 + by + S→O

1. Who plays cricket ? (AV)

Who is cricket played by ? (PV) or
By whom is cricket played by? (PV)

2. Who drew that picture? (AV)

Who was that picture drawn by? (PV) or
By whom was that picture drawn? (PV)

3. When is she singing songs? (AV)

When are songs being sung by her? (PV)

4. What can he do? (AV)

What can be done by him? (PV)

5. What does he want ? (AV)

What is wanted to him? (PV)
Your Task :
6. Who sings songs? (AV)

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7. Who can play volleyball ? (AV)

8. What is he doing ? (AV)
9. When will they do it? (AV)
10. Why can't he do it? (AV

Combining the sentences using linkers or phrases

MC: Main Clause : gives complete meaning
SC : Sub- ordinate clause: gives partial meaning

Simple Complex Compound

1 MC ( may/ may not a 1 MC + 1 SC 2 MC

phrase )

Function : Contradiction

Simple Complex Compound

In spite of / Though/ but / yet

Despite Although /
Even though

1. He is poor. He is honest.
In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
Though he is poor, he is honest.
He is poor but he is honest.

Your Task :
2. They played well. They lost the match.
3. He ran fast. He could not catch the bus.

Function : Positive Condition

Simple Complex Compound

In case of / If and then

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In the event of

Function : Negative Condition

Simple Complex Compound

In case of not / Unless (If + not) or / or else

In the event of not

1.Work hard. You will get good position in your life.

In case of working hard, you will get good position in your life.
If you work hard, you will get good position in your life.
You must work hard and then you will get good position in your life.
or
In case of not working hard, you won't get good position in your life.
Unless you work hard, you won't get good position in your life.
You must work hard or else you won't get good position in your life.

Your Task :
2. Run fast. You can catch the bus.
3. Prepare well. You can obtain good mark.

Function : Result

Simple Complex Compound

too……to so……that (can / can very…. and therefore

not)

1. He is very weak. He can't walk any more.

He is too weak to walk.

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He is so weak that he can't walk any more.

He is very weak and therefore he can't walk anymore.

2. The tea was hot. I could not drink it.

The tea was too hot for me to drink.
The tea was so hot that I couldn't drink it.
The tea was very hot and therefore I could not drink.

YourTask :
3. She is very short. She cannot touch the wall.

Function : Reason

Simple Complex Compound

On account of / as/ since / because and so

Owing to /
because of /
V4 /Being

1.He was ill. He was absent.

Owing to illness, he was absent.
He was absent because of illness.
As /Since he was ill, he was absent
He was absent as/since/because he was ill.
He was ill and so he was absent.

2.The weather is cold . We want to stay indoors.

The weather, being cold, we want to stay indoors.
As the weather is cold , we want to stay indoors.
We want to stay indoors as/since/because the weather is cold.
The weather is cold and so we want to stay indoors.

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Your Task :
3.He was poor. He couldn't buy it.

Function : both / two things / in addition

Simple Complex Compound

Besides being / V4 as well as not only but also

1.He is a doctor. He is an actor.

Besides being a doctor, he is an actor.
He is a doctor as well as an actor.
He is not only a doctor but also an actor.

Your Task :
2.He studies well. He works well.
3.He writes plays. He acts in them.

Function : purpose

Simple Complex Compound

In order to so that and

1.I went to shopping. I want to buy jeans.

I went to shopping in order to buy jeans.
I went to shopping so that I could buy jeans.
I went to shopping and I wanted to buy jeans.

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Your Task :
2.I save money. I want to build a house.
3.I learn grammar. I want to communicate well.

Function : Sequence of action

Simple Complex Compound

V4 / On….. V4 When and

1.I heard his footsteps. I stood up.

Hearing his footsteps, I stood up.
When I heard his footsteps, I stood up.
I heard his footsteps and I stood up.

Your Task :
2.The thief saw the police. He ran away.
3.He saw me. He pretended to be raining

Function: Simultaneous action (two actions taken place at the same time)

Simple Complex Compound

Soon afrer / As soon as (+ve) / and at once

Immediately afrer No sooner... than (-ve) /
Hardly/ Scarcely…
when (-ve)

1.The teacher entered the class. The students stood up.

Immediately after the teacher entering the class, the students stood up.
As soon as the teacher entered the class, the students stood up.
No sooner did the teacher enter the class than the students stood up.

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Hardly / scarcely had the teacher entered the class when the students
stood up.
The teacher entered the class and at once the students stood up.

Your Task:
2.The thief saw the police. He ran away.
3.I finished the cleaning. My son dropped the cake.

such………. that

1.We watched a tremendous museum. We wanted to live there.

We watched such a tremendous museum that we wanted to leave there.
Your Task:
2.Savitri became a popular actress. She reached a high position.

Either……. or

1.He is a fool. He is a mad man to accept this task.

He is either a fool or a mad man to accept this task.

2.He may attend the function. His brother may attend the function.
Either he or his brother may attend the function.

Your Task :
3.He must have done this. His friend must have done this.
4.He has no other option. He has to fight. He has to run away.

Neither…….. nor

1.Prasad doesn't like football. Krishna doesn't like too.

Neither Prasad nor Krishna likes football.

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2.The Potter had not carried a sword. He had not ridden a horse.
The potter had neither carried a sword not ridden a horse.

Your Task :
3.Jainulabdeen had no formal education and no wealth.

If / Conditional clause

Combine using "If"

1.You want to succeed. You should work hard.
If you want to succeed, you should work hard.

2. Don't tease the dog. It will bite you.

If you tease the dog, it will bite you.

3. Heat the ice. It turns into water.

If you heat the ice, it turns into water.

Your Task :
4. Run fast. You can catch the auto.
5. Don't sit on the chair. You will fall down.

1. I don't have money. I can't give you any.

If I had money, I could give you some.

2. I don't have his phone number. I can't phone him.

If I had his phone number I could phone him.

Your Task :
3. I don't have time. I can't come with you.

1. He did not prepare well. He could not score well.

If he had prepared well, he could have scored well.

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2. They did not play well. They lost the match.

If they had played well, they would not have lost the match. or
If they had played well, they would have won the match.

Your Task :
3. He did not go early. He could not meet his friend.

Participle
Present Participle ( V 4)

1. He is unemployed. He has not got much money.

Being unemployed he has not got much money.
2. She sits in the chair. She watches everyone.
Sitting in the chair, she watches everyone.
3. He became impatient. He bursted at her .
Becoming impatient, he bursted at her .
4. He is a teacher. He should guide the students.
Being a teacher, he should guide the student.
Your Task :
5. The thief saw the police. He ran away.
6. Wangari Mathai led the moment. She won the Nobel Prize.
7. It was a holiday. We woke up late.

Past Participle (V 3)

1. He was recognised by his boss. He got an appreciation letter.

Recognised by his boss, he got an appreciation letter.
2. He was born in London. He became the citizen of the UK.
Born in London, he became the citizen of the UK.
3. We make some friendships in childhood. They last forever.
Friendships,made in childhood, last forever.
Your Task :
4. He was tired of blame. He didn't dare to face the public.

Perfect Participle ( Having + V 3 )

1. He has done his homework. He went out to play.

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Having done his homework, he went out to play.

Your Task :
2. I walked fast. I was tired.
3. I read the book. I returned it to the library.
4. We have taken the test. We felt relieved.

—-------------------------------------------------------&&&---------------------------------------------------------------

(Exercises : CBSE Model Paper )

Complete ANY TEN of twelve of the following tasks, as
directed.
i.Fill in the blank by using the correct form of the word in the
bracket, for the given portion of
a letter:
Dear Sir,
This is with reference to committee’s letter of recommendation
that ________ (highlight) the nominations for ‘Safe Residential
Area’ award for this current year.
ii.Read the given sentence from a recipe review article. Identify
the error and supply the correction in the sentence.
This delightful recipe must keep your hunger pangs at bay with
its balanced spices and oriental flavour.
Use the given format for your response.

Error Correction

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iii.Abhilash and Neha had a conversation about the

inauguration of Neha’s Dance Academy.
Report Abhilash’s question.
Is your best friend helping you in this venture?
iv.Read the dialogue between Shabnam and her mentor, Sara,
regarding her summer internship programme.
Sara: Why did you choose to participate in this internship
programme?
Shabnam: Ah! I am convinced this programme has the potential
to enhance my abilities.
Select the correct option to complete the reporting of the
above dialogue.
Sara asked Shabnam _________________________________ in
that internship programme.
Shabnam sighed and exclaimed that she was convinced that
programme had the potential to
enhance her abilities.
A. why to choose to participate B. to choose participation
C. why he had chosen to participate D. with her choice in
participating

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v.Fill the blank by choosing the correct option, to complete the

concluding line of an issued circular by an Organisation, to its
Managers.
A copy of the plan is enclosed and __________ (that/ then/
this) may be communicated to all Team Leaders for compliance.
vi. Identify the error and supply correction for the given
sentence from a commercial company’s current marketing
strategy.
The company aimed at increasing authority in areas frequently
visited by the clients.
Use the given format for your response.

Error Correction

vii.Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the
correction for the closing line, from an analytical report.
In conclusion, this study explores the association among
short-sleep pattern and overweight youngsters.

Option No. Error Correction

A explores explore

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B and or
C among between
D In for

viii Complete the given narrative, by filling the blank with the
correct option.
The experience of nursing an injured bird left me
_____________ grateful for knowing the importance of being
kind and compassionate to all creatures.
A. feeling B. having felt C. felt D. feels
ix. Report the dialogue between a vendor and his customer, by
completing the sentence:
Vendor: It is nice to see you, Sir!
Customer: Yes, indeed! Unlike last month, I have been away for
quite some time this month.
The vendor greeted his customer respectfully and mentioned
that he was pleased to see him.
The customer answered in the affirmative and explained that
______________________
x. Fill the blank by choosing the correct option to complete the
live feed on a school news channel.

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Congratulations Change Makers!

The regional competition awards have been announced and our
school music club ___________ the first prize.
A. had been won B. will win C. was winning D. has won
xi.Complete the line from a self- awareness song, by filling the
blank with the correct option.
The river runs through your veins
The trees and mountains ______ your name
The moon and stars watch over
You’re guiding your way back home
To dream the night away.
A. will call B. call C. had called D. calls
xii. Identify the error and supply correction for the following
note in a passengers’ flight instruction manual:

Note- Passengers will not reach the airport late in order to

avoid a fine equivalent to 5% of the basic fare.
Use the given format for your response.

Error Correction

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Answers
i highlights vi aimed-aims [it’s a current
ii must - will projection document]
iii Abhilash asked Neha vii C. among-between
whether / if her best friend viii A. feeling
was helping her in that ix unlike the previous month,
venture. he had been away for quite
iv C. why he had chosen to some time that month.
participate x D. has won
v this xi B. call
xii will-should
Exercises
Fill in the following blanks with should, could, must, may, might :

1) It ............. rain today.

2) The Education Minister ......... visit our school next week.

3) I told him that I ............. succeed.

4) ........... I use your scooter ?

5) You ........... not sit idle.

6) She told me that she .......... dance on the stage.

7) We ......... pay our taxes in time.

8) If he had worked hard, he .......... stand first.

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9) Take an umbrella ; it ......... rain any time

10) You have studied for eight hours ; you ........ be tired.

Answer key : 1) May 2) might 3) should 4) May 5) should 6) could 7) must 8) could 9) may 10) must

I. Fill in the Blanks with the correct option.

1. Many of the houses in this area ______(follow/follows)organic farming.

2. There _____( is/are) many objections for this plan.

3. Almost all the water ____(is/are) contaminated.

4. Everyone ______(want/wants)to know the name of the new born baby.

5. People _____(like/likes)it when you listen to them

6. The news ____(is/are) bad. I’m afraid.

7. Four times eight_____(is/are) thirty two.

8. The ebb and flow of the tides ____(is/ are) explained by Newton.

9. Slow and study____(win/wins)the race.

10. Neither Peter nor James _____(has/have) told lie.

11. Neither the minister nor his colleagues _____(is/are)held responsible for this.

12. The price of the apples_____(was/were)very high.

13. Measles____(is/are) an infectious disease.

14. A group of boys ______(was/were) playing in the ground.

15. A pair of scissors _____(was/were) taken out of the drawer.

16. My scissors_____(do/does)not cut well.

17. A lot of people _____(visit/visits) the exhibition.

18. A lot of water ____(has/have) been supplied to the villagers.

19. The students accompanied by the teacher _____(has/have) gone on a study tour.

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20. Jane and her sister_____(is,are) dancers.

21. The actor and director______(has,have) reached.

22. Either Ravi or his brothers _____(go,goes) to the movie,

23. One of my sisters ____(is,are)attending the party.

24. Where _____ (is/are) my scissors?

25. A dictionary _____ (is/are) missing from the library.

26. Mathematics______(is/are) my favourite subject.

27. Either answer_____(is/are)acceptable.

28. The leader as well his brothers_____(belong/belongs)to the same group.

29. The brothers as well as their sister _____(is/are)good at their studies.

30. A lot of houses_____(has/have)collapsed in the storm.

31. The children as well as their mother _____(attends/atteend)the party.

32. A large sum of money ______(was/were) stolen.

33. How do you react if anybody _____(give/gives) a compliment ?

34. Both ______(is/are) qualified for the job.

35. Economics _____ ( is / are) an interesting subject.

II. Error Correction

Trace out the errors in the following sentences and correct them.

1. That’s what they says: no one die of hunger.

2. The group of students are hoping to get distinctions in all the examinations.

3. Everyone of the workers receive the same benefit.

4. This box of jewels belong to Mary.

5. The modern student understand the importance of physical exercise and healthy diet.

6. They believe that logic have no place in faith.

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III. Choose the correct sentence from the following.

1. a) The cost of all these articles is risen.

b) The cost of all these articles are risen.

2. a) The formation of paragraphs are very important in article writing.

b)The formation of paragraphs is very important in article writing.

3. a) A poet and patriot has passed away.

b) A poet and patriot have passed away.

4. a)Gulliver’s Travels is an interesting book.

b)Gulliver’s Travels are an interesting book.

5. a) The father with his sons were present there.

b) The father with his sons was present there.

Answers

II. Error III. Choose the

I. Fill in the blanks Correction correct
sentence.

1. Follow 11. are 21.has 31.attend 1. Say, dies 1.a

2.are 12. was 22.go 32.was 2.is 2.b

3.is 13. is 23.is 33.gives 3. Receives 3.a

4.wants 14. was 24.are 34.are 4. Belongs 4.a

5.like 15. was 25.is 35.is 5. 5.b

Understands

6.is 16. Do 26.is 6. Has

7.is 17. Visit 27.is

8.is 18. has 28.belongs

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9.wins 19. have 29.are

10.has 20. are 30.has

Combine the following sentences using ‘who’ or ‘which/that’.

1. Nick has a small foot on his left hip. It helps him balance.
A: Nick has a small foot on his left foot which/that helps him balance.

2. Nick is mainly a torso. He was born with no legs and arms.

A: Nick, who was born with no legs and arms, is mainly a torso.

3. Nick plays golf with a club. It is tucked under his chin.

A: Nick plays golf with a club which/that is tucked under his chin.

4. Nick’s parents took a good decision. It may have been the best one for him.
A: Nick’s parents took a good decision which/that may have been the best
one for him.

5. Nick’s father taught his son how to type. He was a Computer programmer.
A: Nick’s father, who was a Computer Programmer, taught his son how to type.

6. Nick uses a wall mounted brush. It helps him brush his teeth.
A: Nick uses a wall mounted brush that/which helps him brush his teeth.

7. Nick read a newspaper article. It was about a disabled man.

A: Nick read a newspaper article which / that was about a disabled man.

8. The article was so inspirational. It gave courage to Nick.

A: The article which/that gave courage to Nick was so inspirational.

9. The girl was looking at Nick. She was at traffic lights.

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A: The girl who was at traffic lights was looking at Nick.

10. Nick did a 360 degree spin. It freaked the girl out.
A: Nick did a 360 degree spin that/which freaked the girl out.
—-------------------------------------------------------&&&---------------------------------------------------------------

Gap Filling
I.Complete the passage given below choosing the most appropriate options from the ones
that follow. Write your answers in the answer sheet against the correct blank numbers. Do
not copy the entire passage.

1.The brain uses energy (a) __________ exercise willpower. When the blood sugar drops, your
brain (b) ________ unable to concentrate, so a small nibble (c ) _________ nudge the brain
back into self control mode. Everyone should (d) _________ careful about it.

(a) (A) at (B) in (C) to (D) with

(b) (A) was (B) is (C) are (D) were
(c ) (A) could (B) can't (C) would (D) can
(d) (A) be (B) been (C) have been (D) being

2.An earthquake, perhaps the strongest in history (a) _______ Taiwan in last September. It
(b) ________ around fifteen hundred people and (c ) _______ hundreds of buildings.
Thousands of people (d) _________ or found missing.

(a) (A) strike (B) strikes (C ) striked (D) struck

(b) (A) kills (B) killing (C ) has killed (D) killed
(c) (A) destroy (B) destroys (C ) destroyed (D) had destroyed
(d) (A) was injured (B) injured (C) were injured (D) injuring

3.Devotion (a) _______ refers to a strong dedication or loyalty to a person, cause,

belief, or deity. It often (b) ________ profound commitment, affection, and loyalty,
whether it's in (c ) _______ religious, romantic, (d) _________ personal context.

a) A) typical B) typically C) type D)typically

b) A) involve B) involved C) involves D) involving
c) A) a B) an C) the D) X
d) A) if B) or C) but D) though

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4.Meditation(a) _______ a practice that involves focusing the mind (b) ________ a
particular object, thought, or activity to achieve mental clarity, emotional calmness,
and inner peace. It is often (c ) ________ with mindfulness and can have various
physical and mental health benefits, including reducing stress, improving
concentration, (d) ________ promoting overall well-being.

a) A) was B) is C) be D) has
b) A) of B) at C) on D) at
c) A) associate B) associated C) association D) associating
d) A) and B) but C) or D) if

5.Reading is the process of (a) _______ written or printed symbols (b) ________
comprehend information, ideas, or stories. It's a fundamental skill and a common (c )
________ activity that allows individuals to learn, explore new perspectives, and
enhance their knowledge on various subjects. Reading (d) ________ take many forms,
including books, articles, newspapers, and online content.

a) A) interpreting B) interprets C) interpreted D) interpretation

b) A) of B) for C) by D) to
c) A) leisurely B) leisure C) leisurable D) leisurably
d) A) will B) would C) shall D) can

6.Chocolates are sweet treats made (a) _______ cocoa beans, sugar, and often milk
and other ingredients. They (b) ________ in various forms such as bars, truffles, and
candies, and can be enjoyed on their own or used in desserts and confections.
Chocolates are beloved by (c ) ________ for (d) ________ rich flavor and comforting
indulgence.
a) A) from B) of C) off D) by
b) A) came B) comes C) coming D) come
c) A) some B) many C) few D) little
d) A) its B) his C) their D) theirs

7.Character typically (a) _______ to the moral and ethical qualities of (b) ________
individual, including their behavior, personality traits, and values. It's the combination
of virtues, beliefs, and habits (c ) ________ shape a person's actions and interactions

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with others. (d) ________ good character often involves qualities like honesty,
integrity, kindness, and resilience.

a) A) refer B) refers C) referred D) referring

b) A) a B) the C) X D) an
c) A) who B) whom C) that D) whose
d) A) developing B) developed C) develop D) developes

8.Charity refers to the (a) _______ of giving help, usually in the form of money,
goods, or services, to those in (b) ________ or to organizations that serve the
disadvantaged or promote humanitarian causes. It's a voluntary act motivated
(c ) ________ compassion, empathy, and a desire to make a positive difference in the
lives of others. Charity plays a crucial role in addressing social issues, alleviating
poverty, and fostering a sense of (d) ________ and solidarity.

a) A) acting B) acted C) acts D) act

b) A) need B) needs C) needed D) needful
c) A) from B) by C) with D) for
d) A) communal B) commune C) community D) communed

9.Technology (a) _______ the tools, techniques, and systems used by humans to solve
problems, achieve goals, and make life easier (b) ________ more efficient. It includes
everything (c ) ________ simple tools like a hammer to complex systems like
computers and the internet. Technology evolves (d) ________ and has a profound
impact on nearly every aspect of modern life, including communication,
transportation, healthcare, entertainment, and education.
a) A) encompasses B) encompass C)encompassed D) compass
b) A) and B) but C) so D) or
c) A) till B) by C) from D) on
d) A) rapid B) rapidly C) rapidness D) rapidity

10.Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions (a) _______ existence,

knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It (b) ________ to understand the
nature of reality, the meaning of life, and the (c ) ________ that govern human
thought and behavior. Philosophy explores concepts such as ethics, metaphysics,
epistemology, logic, and aesthetics through critical reasoning and systematic inquiry.

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It (d) ________ a central part of intellectual and cultural discourse for centuries,
influencing various fields including science, politics, ethics, and religion.

a) A) for B) about C) on D) in
b) A) seek B) sought C) seeks D) seeking
c) A) principles B) principal C) principled D) principling
d) A) had been B) was C) is D) has been

Gap Filling I Answers

1. a) C b) B c) D d) A 6. a) A b) D c) B d) C

2. a) D b) D c) B d) C 7. a) B b) D c) C d) A

3. a) D b) C c) A d) B 8. a) D b) A c) B d) C

4. a) B b) C c) B d) A 9. a) A b) D c) C d) B

5. a) A b) D c) B d) D 10. a) B b) C c) A d) D

II. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct option to complete the statement.
1. The boy _______ see the face of the girl because she was sitting with her back
to him.
A) won't B) don't C) couldn’t D) hasn't
2. Blessed are those _______ bodies get destroyed in the service of others.
A) whose B) who C) whom D) that
3. Nature _______ betrays the heart that loves her.
A) ever B) always C) often D)never
4. This house is _______ than that one.
A) big B) bigger C) biggest D) X
5. Each employee received a bonus for _______ hard work.
A) theirs B) his C) their D) her
6. My sister bought a new book yesterday.
A) bought B) buy C) buys D) buying
7.Some students enjoy studying late —---- night
A) in B) by C) from D) at

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8. He _______ not _______ yet.

A) had come B) will come C) has come D) shall come
9. They _______ since this morning.
A) have been playing B) had been playing C) are playing D) were playing
10. It _______ soon.
A) come B) comes C) came D) will come

II.Answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

C A D B C A D C A D

III.Fill the blanks using suitable modal verbs:

1. Sarah ___ come to the party if she finishes her work on time.
a) can b) could c) will d) should

2. You ___ eat vegetables for a balanced diet.

a) must b) should c) could d) would

3. I ___ believe you if you provide some evidence.

a) might b) can c) would d) must

4. They ___ be at home by now.

a) may b) can c) will d) should

5. We ___ go for a walk if the weather is nice.

a) might b) will c) can d) must

6. He ___ have finished his homework by now.

a) might b) should c) could d) must

7. You ___ wear warm clothes in winter to avoid getting sick.

a) may b) must c) could d) should

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8. She ___ have forgotten about the meeting.

a) might b) would c) should d) can

9. We ___ take the bus if we miss the train.

a) should b) can c) would d) will

10. The store ___ be closed already, so we should hurry.

a) might b) will c) should d) could

III.Answers : Modals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

a b d a a d b a a a

IV.Fill in the blanks using Relative Pronouns

1. The book _______ I borrowed from the library was really interesting.
2. She is the person _______ helped me when I was in need.
3. The house _______ we visited yesterday is for sale.
4. Is this the restaurant _______ we had dinner last week?
5. The dog _______ chased the cat belongs to my neighbor.
6. The car _______ was parked in front of the house is blocking the driveway.
7. Do you know anyone _______ can fix my computer?
8. I don't remember the date _______ we met for the first time.
9. The cake _______ you baked tastes delicious.
10. The movie _______ we watched last night was really entertaining.

IV.Answers : Relative Pronouns

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

that who which wher that which who when that which
e

V.Fill in the blanks using determiners:

1. _______ book is really interesting.

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2. _______ person helped me when I was in need.

3. _______ houses are for sale.
4. _______ are the shoes I want to buy.
5. _______ dog can learn new tricks.
6. _______ people prefer tea to coffee.
7. _______ students participated in the competition.
8. _______ applicants passed the exam.
9. _______ books were left on the shelf.
10. _______ options seem appealing to me.
V.Answers : Determiners

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

This That These Those Any Some Many Few Several Both

Editing
I. There is an error in each line. Write the error and the correction in the answer
sheet as given below:
Error Correction
1.Education is a process, which was deemed to a) ………………. .……………..
develop desirable qualities with people. b) ………………. .………………
The need of this quality differs by person to c) ……………. .………………
person, place to place but time to time. d) …………… .……………

Error Correction
2.Albert Einstein was borne on 14th March, 1879 a) ………… .…………
in the town of Ulm at Germany. He was a slow learner b).………… .…………
He did not speak until he was three years old. He is c) ………… .…………
never considering a brilliant pupil in school. d) ………… .…………

Error Correction
3.Far up in the mountains of Canada, there is a a) ………… .…………
old abandoned log cabin. Once it was occupied with b) ………… .…………
a young couple whom wanted to distance themselves c) ………… .…………
from the chaotic of this modern world. d) ………… .…………

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Error Correction
4.Flowers come on countless varieties, each with its own a) ………… .…………
unique beauty and symbolism. They're often used to expressed b) ………… .…………
emotions, celebrate occasions, or simply adds charm to spaces. c) ………… .…………
What specifical would you like to know about flowers? d) ………… .…………

Error Correction
5.Honeybees are fascinated creatures known a) ………… .…………
for its important role in pollination and honey b) ………… .…………
production. They play a crucial role in a ecosystem c) ………… .…………
by pollinating a wide variety of plants, including some d) ………… .…………
crops that humans rely on for food.

Error Correction
6.Listening is a vital aspect of communication or a) ………… .…………
involved actively paying attention to and b) ………… .…………
comprehending spoken or audio information. c) ………… .…………
Effective listening requires focus, concentration, d) ………… .…………
and empathy to fully understand the message being conveyed.

Error Correction
7.Literature encompasses written works that explores a) ………… .…………
but express human experiences, thoughts, emotions, b) ………… .…………
and ideas through the use of language. It includes an c) ………… .…………
wide range off genres, such as poetry, fiction, drama, d) ………… .…………
essays, and non-fiction.

Error Correction
8.Art is a divorce range of human activities a) ………… .…………
and creations that express ideas, emotions, but b) ………… .…………
experiences by various mediums such as c) ………… .…………
painting,sculpture, musical, literature, dance, d) ………… .…………
theater, film,photography, and more.

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Error Correction
9.Beauty was a subjective concept that encompasses a) ………… .…………
qualities or characteristics that brings pleasure, b) ………… .…………
satisfaction, or admiration to an observer. It can be c) ………… .…………
founded in various forms, including nature, art,people, d) ………… .…………
experiences, and ideas.

Error Correction
10.Mystery refered to something that is difficult or a) ………… .…………
impossible for understand or explain fully. It often b) ………… .…………
involves enigma or puzzling elements that c) ………… .…………
provokes curiosity, intrigue, or wonder. d) ………… .…………

Editing 1 Answers

Answers : 1 Answers : 6

Error Correction Error Correction

a) was is a) or and

b) with in b) involved involves

c) by from c) auduo auditory

d) but and d) focussed focus

Answers : 2 Answers : 7

Error Correction Error Correction

a) borne born a) explores explore

b) at in b) but and

c) is was c) an a

d) considering considered d) off of

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Answers : 3 Answers : 8

Error Correction Error Correction

a) a an a) divorce diverse

b) with by b) but or

c) whom who c) by through

d) chaotic chaos d) musical music

Answers : 4 Answers : 9

Error Correction Error Correction

a) on in a) was is

b) expressed express b) brings bring

c) adds add c) an the

d) special specifically d) founded found

Answers : 5 Answers : 10

Error Correction Error Correction

a) fascinated fascinating a) refered refers

b) its their b) for to

c) a the c) enigma enigmatic

d) some many d) provokes provoke

II.Select the option that identifies the error and supplies the correction for the closing line.

1.Simplicity is the mother off all values.

Option No. Error Correction

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A is was

B the a

C off of

D all no

2. Tigers live in different parts from Asia and Siberia.

Option No. Error Correction

A live lives

B in on

C different difference

D from of

3.Some of the diseases can be prevented from vaccination.

Option No. Error Correction

A Some any

B can could

C prevented prevent

D from through

4.Do you perhaps have dreams ?

Option No. Error Correction

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A Do Did

B perhaps usually

C have has

D dreams dream

5. Our skin ,hair and eyes contains a dark brown colouring material called melanin.

Option No. Error Correction

A contains contain

B a the

C colouring colourful

D called calls

6. Health include the healthy body and mind.

Option No. Error Correction

A Health Healthy

B include includes

C healthy health

D and or

7. People and animals need to breath oxygen to live.

Option No. Error Correction

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A and or

B need needs

C to for

D breath breathe

8. The statutory warning on cigarette packs have stopped neither smoking nor cancer.

Option No. Error Correction

A on of

B have has

C neither either

D nor or

9. The trees of the world is fast disappearing.

Option No. Error Correction

A The A

B of about

C Is are

D disappearing disappearing

10. Dyes are the substances when make clothes colorful.

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Option No. Error Correction

A Dyes Dies

B the a

C when which

D make makes

Editing 2 Answers

1.C 2. D 3.D 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.C

III. Identify the error and supply correction. Use the given format for your response.

1.Reading is one of the pleasurable activity.

Error Correction

activity activities

2.He came here by foot.

Error Correction

by on

3. One should respect his country.

Error Correction

his One's

4. They have come last week.

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Error Correction

have come came

5.The Second World War broke through in 1939

Error Correction

through out

6. She was not provided for the proper facilities to achieve success.

Error Correction

for with

7. It's the reason how a tree must be killed. But it's not an easy task.

Error Correction

how why

8. Obesity is more than a cosmetic problem; it's a health hazardous.

Error Correction

hazardous hazard

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9. Papaya is the healthy fruit with a list of properties that is long long exhaustive.

Error Correction

healthy healthiest

10. The most characteristic feature of spiders are their ability to produce silken threads.

Error Correction

are is

Transformation of Sentences
I.Read the following dialogues and complete the passage given below.

1.Customer: Can I have a small bottle of tomato sauce?

Shopkeeper: Sorry, I have only big bottles.

Customer: When will it be available?

Shopkeeper: I can give it to you tomorrow.

Customer: Thank you, then I will get it tomorrow.

The customer asked the shopkeeper (a) ……………………. The shopkeeper said that he only
had big bottles of tomato sauce. The customer wanted to know (b) ……………… The
shopkeeper said that (c ) ……………….

(a) (A) if he could have a small bottle of tomato sauce

(B) if he should have a small bottle of tomato sauce

(C) if he would have a small bottle of tomato sauce

(D) if he will have a small bottle of tomato sauce

(b) (A) when it should be available (B) when it would be available

(C) when it could be available (D) when it will be available

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(c) (A) he should give it to him the next day (B) he would give it to him the next day

(C) he could give it to him the next day (D) he will give it to him the next day

2.Tony : Hi! Where have you been so far?

What IDS for the following?
Danny : I've been in my home town for a couple of days.
Tony : I see. What's your program for today?
Danny: I'm going to go to bookstore. Will join you me?
Tony : Oh I went there yesterday.

Tony (a) ……………………………….. Danny replied that he had been in his hometown
for a couple of days. Tony acknowledged this and inquired about Danny's plans for the
day. Danny (b) ……………………………….. and asked if Tony would join him. Tony
responded (c ) …..…………………….

a) A) greeted Danny and asked where had been so far.

B) greeted Danny and asked where he had been so far.
C) greeted Danny and asked where he has been so far.

b) A) mentioned that he intended to go to the bookstore

B) mentioned what he intended to go to the bookstore
C) mentioned if he intended to go to the bookstore

c) A) that he would visit the bookstore the day before.

B)that he has visited the bookstore the day before.
C) that he had visited the bookstore the day before.

3.NHK Radio: What is the one thing we can do?

Wangari Maathai
: For me, my greatest activity is to plant a tree.I think that a tree is a
wonderful symbol for the environment and when we plant a tree we
plant hope. We plant the future for ourselves, for our children, for the
birds. We plant something that will last, long after we are gone.

NHK Radio asks Wangari Maathai (a) ………………………………..

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Wangari Maathai (b) …………………………………… to plant a tree. (c )

…..………………………….. for the environment and when we plant a tree we plant
hope. We plant the future for ourselves, for our children, for the birds. We plant
something that will last, long after we are gone.

a) A) what the one thing they could do is.

B)what the one thing can they do is.
C)what the one thing they can do is.

b) A) replies that her greatest activity was

B)replies that her greatest activity is
C)replied that her greatest activity is

c) A)She thinks that a tree is a wonderful symbol

B) She thought that a tree is a wonderful symbol
C)She thinks that a tree was a wonderful symbol

4.Teacher: Good morning, class! Today, we'll be discussing the Industrial Revolution.
Student: Uh, excuse me, could you explain what the Industrial Revolution is again?
Teacher: Of course, it was a period of major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
and transportation that transformed society.
Student: Ah, got it! So, how did it impact people's lives back then?
Teacher: Well, it led to urbanization, the rise of factories, and significant social and
economic shifts.
Student: Fascinating! Thanks for clarifying, teacher.

The student (a) ……………………………………. what the Industrial Revolution was again.
The teacher (b) …………………………………… stating that it was a period of major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation that transformed society. The student
then inquired about the impact of the Industrial Revolution on people's lives back then. The
teacher explained that it led to urbanization, the rise of factories, and significant social and
economic shifts. The student
(c ) …..…………………….
a) A) asks the teacher if she could explain
B) asked the teacher if she could explain
C) asked the teacher if she can explain

b) A) replies affirmatively,
B) replied angrily,

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C) replied affirmatively,

c) A) thanked the teacher for clarifying the topic.

B) thanks the teacher for clarifying the topic.
C) told the teacher for clarifying the topic

5.Doctor: Good afternoon! How are you feeling today?

Patient: Hello, doctor. I've been experiencing some persistent headaches lately.
Doctor: I see. Have you had any other symptoms along with the headaches?
Patient: Yes, sometimes I feel nauseous, and the headaches seem to worsen with
bright lights.
Doctor: Okay, it sounds like you might be experiencing migraines. We can discuss
treatment options to help manage your symptoms.
Patient: That would be great, thank you, doctor.

The doctor (a) ……………………………….. about their well-being. The patient responded,
mentioning experiencing persistent headaches recently. The doctor (b)
…………………………………… to which the patient mentioned feeling nauseous and
experiencing worsened headaches with bright lights. The doctor suggested that the symptoms
sounded like migraines and offered to discuss treatment options to manage them. The patient (c
) …..…………………………………….

a) A) greeted the patient and said

B) asked the patient and told
C) greeted the patient and asked

b) A) inquired about any accompanying symptoms,

B) told about any accompanying symptoms,
C) ordered about any accompanying symptoms,

c) A) expressed gratitude for the doctor's assistance.

B) asked for gratitude for the doctor's assistance.
C) suggested gratitude for the doctor's assistance.

Transportation of Sentences 1 Answers

1. a) A b) B c) C

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2. a) B b) A c) C

3. a) C b) B c)A

4. a) B b) C c) A

5. a) C b) A c) A

II.Read the conversation given below and complete the passage that follows:

1.Mahesh: Can you come to my house today?

Sathish: Sorry, Mahesh, I can't make it today.
Mahesh: Do you have any other programme for the day?
Sathish: No, actually my dad is coming from America today and I need to go to the airport to
pick him up.

Mahesh asked Sathish (a) …………. . Sathish replied (b) …………….. Mahesh asked him (c)
………… other programme for that day.

Ans. (a) whether he could come to his house that day.

(b) apologetically that he could not make it that day.
(c) whether he had.

2. Abel : Who has been robbing me ?

Mrs. Jordan : Amelia and Henry. They have stolen your clock and bureau.

Abel asked Mrs. Jordan (a) ………………... Mrs. Jordan replied that Amelia
and Henry were robbing him. She also (b) ………………….. clock and bureau.
Ans : a)who had been robbing him. b)said that they had stolen his

3. Victoria : What are they coming for ?

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Mrs. Slater : They are coming to talk over poor grandpa’s affairs.

Victoria asked Mrs. Slater (a) ……………….... Mrs. Slater (b) …………………..
poor grandpa’s affairs.
Ans : a)what they were coming for. b)replied that they were coming to talk over

4. Victoria : What have you got your coat off for, father ?
Henry : Mother and I are going to bring grandfather’s bureau down here.

Victoria (a) ……………….................... coat for. Henry answered (b) ……………………………

to bring grandfather’s bureau down there.
Ans : a) asked her father what he had got off his b) that her mother and he were going

5. Balu said, “ What is your father ?”

Raghu said, “ My father is a teacher.”

Balu (a) ……………….................... and Raghu replied (b) ……………………………

Ans :a) asked Raghu what his father was b) that his father was a teacher.

6. Victoria said to her parents, “ It’s grandpa's clock.

Mrs. Slater said , “ Be quiet! It’s ours now.”

Victoria (a) ……………….................... grandpa’s clock but (b) ……………………………

it was theirs then.
Ans: a) told her parents that it was b)Mrs. Slater hushed her daughter and claimed that

7. Murthy said,” I did not come to school yesterday. Sir.”

The Headmaster said, “ Bring your father tomorrow.”

Murthy (a) ……………….................... to school the day before and the Headmaster
(b) …………………………… the next day.
Ans: a) respectfully said that he had not come b) ordered him to bring his father

8. Rekha said, “ I have solved the problem in a second.”

Megha said. “ How intelligent you are?”

Rekha said (a) ………………................. the problem in seconds and Megha(b)…………

………………. very intelligent.
Ans: a) said that she had solved b) exclaimed that she was

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9. Victoria said, “ Oh ! Grandpa, I am so glad you are not dead.”

Abel said,” Eh ? What's that ? Who has gone dead ?

Victoria (a) ………………................. glad he was not dead. But Abel (b) ……………………
…….……… and who had gone dead.
Ans: a) merrily exclaimed that she was b) annoyingly asked what that was

10. Father said. “ Is tomorrow a holiday ?”

Son said , “ Yes it is Sunday and so it is a holiday.”

Father (a) ………………................. a holiday and son (b) …………………… and added that
being Sunday it was a holiday.
Ans: a) asked son if the next day was b) replied in the positive

III.Report the dialogue between …………… by completing the sentence.

1. Priyanka : What are you doing ?

Ganesh : I am doing my homework.

Priyanka asked Ganesh …………… and Ganesh replied that he was doing his homework.
Ans: what he was doing

2. Victoria : Are you planning to pinch it ?

Henry : No, my child. Grandpa had given it to your mother before he died.

Victoria asked Henry ………………………………………………..

Henry denied it and told that her grandpa had given it to her mother before he had died.
Ans: whether he was ( they were ) planning to pinch it.

3. Henry : Where are my slippers ?

Mrs. Slater : In the kitchen,

Henry asked Mrs. Slater where his slippers were. Mrs. Slater ………………………………..
Ans :replied that they were in the kitchen.

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4. NHK Radio : What is the one thing we can do ?

Wangari Maathai : To plant a tree.

NHK Radio asked Wangari Maathai ………………………………

Ans :what was the one thing they could do.

5. Roberge : Are you planning to take any action ?

Ray : No. I don’t want to hurt the reputation of the person.

Roberge asked Ray ………………………………

Ray denied to take any action and said that he did not want to hurt the reputation
of the person.
Ans :if he was planning to take any action.

6.Kunal: Where have you been yesterday?

Priyani: I was at my uncle's house.

Kunal asked Priyani …………. to which she replied that she had been at her uncle's house.
Ans:where she had been the previous day.

7. Narayana Murthy : Anna, I have passed the exam.

Narayana Murthy’s father : Well done, my boy.

Narayana Murthy told anna ( his father ) ………………………………

Narayana Murthy’s father congratulated his boy ( on passing his exam).
Ans :that he had passed the exam.

8. Teacher of Thomas : Your Tommy is too stupid to learn.

Mother of Thomas : My Tommy is not stupid to learn. I will teach him myself.

Teacher of Thomas wrote to the mother of Thomas that her Tommy was too stupid to learn.
Mother of Thomas ………………………………………………………………
and she told her that she would teach him herself.
Ans :replied to the teacher of Thomas that her Tommy was not stupid to learn

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9. Wangari Maathai : Let us plant trees.

Women : We don’t know how to plant trees.

Wangari Maathai ………………………………. The women replied that they did not know how
to plant trees.
Ans :suggested women that they should plant trees.

10. Narayana Murthy : Anna, I want to join IIt.

Narayana Murthy’s father : I cannot afford your expenses a IIT.

Narayana Murthy told his anna ( father ) that he wanted to join IIT.
Narayana Murthy’s father ………………………………
Ans :told him that he could not afford his expenses at IIT.

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