STUDY MATERIALS

FOR

VI SEMESTER BCA
AND
VI B.COM COMPUTER APPLICTION
OF

WEB CONTENT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Unit Description Page
No
1 Web Content Development and Management, Content Types and
Formats, Norms and Guidelines of Content Development, 3-31
Creating Digital Graphics, Audio Production and Editing.

Web Hosting and Managing Multimedia Content, Creating and

2 Maintaining a Wiki Site. Presentation Software Part I, Presentation 32-70
Software Part II, Screen casting Tools and Techniques,
Multilingual Content Development.

Planning and Developing Dynamic Web Content Sites, Website

Design Using CSS Creating and Maintaining a WIKI Site,
3 33-84
Creating and Managing a Blog Site,

E- Publication Concept, E- Pub Tools, Simulation and Virtual

Reality Applications, Creating 2D and 3 D Animations. 85-144
4 Introduction to Moodle ,Creating a New Course and Uploading,
Create and Add Assessment, Add and Enroll User and Discussion
Forum, Content Management System: Joomla, Content
Management System: Drupal

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 UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION: WEB CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
An organization needs a system to conduct its day-to-day activities and keep its customers and
employees informed. In order to do so, systems which can hold the data about the websites are
deployed. A Web Content Management System (WCMS) is a software system that enables the
users to create, manage and deploy content on web pages. The content includes text and
embedded graphics, photos, audio and video. This application comprises of authoring tools,
administration module and collaboration tools which enable the users to create and manage
website content easily without any programming knowledge. There are simple readymade
functions and modules which make it easier to manage and publish website content. A web
content management system simplifies the process of publication of web-based content to a
website. Most of the web content management systems are free and open source are
characterized by ease of use and easy customization as per needs. Some of the examples of
web content management system are WordPress, Joomla and Drupal.
WordPress is the most popular web content management system. It was developed as a
blogging CMS, but has been adapted into a full-fledged CMS. It is generally 40 Web Products
and Services considered to be the most user-friendly platform and is also the easiest to learn
and use. It is easy to publish text, images or video in WordPress without any knowledge of
HTML or any other programming language. Joomla is a popular web content management
system for publishing web content. It is a free and open-source that can be used to easily create
and edit web pages. Drupal is also a free and open-source web content management system. It
is being used worldwide for various websites ranging from personal blogs to corporate, political
and government websites. These WCMS facilitate collaborative creation of content. They make
web publishing fast, easy and affordable.
What is a content management system (CMS)? A CMS
is an application that is used to manage content,
allowing multiple contributors to create, edit and
publish. Content in a CMS is typically stored in a
database and displayed in a presentation layer based
on a set of templates like a website. The definition of a
CMS is an application (web- based), that
provides
capabilities for multiple

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users with different permission levels to manage (all or a section of) content, data or information of a
website project, or intranet application. Managing content refers to creating, editing, archiving,
publishing, collaborating on, reporting, distributing website content, data and information. The
following are common functions of a CMS:

• Content creation allows users to easily create and format content

• Content storage stores content in one place, in a consistent fashion
• Workflows assigns permissions for managing content based on roles such as authors,
editors and admins

• Publishing tells the software when and where the content should go live
• Optimization helps you improve digital experience and learn from your content

TYPES OF CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:

1. Component Content Management System (CCMS)
A component content management system, or CCMS, differs from a standard CMS in that
it organizes content at a granular level. Instead of managing content page by page, it takes
words, phrases, paragraphs, or photos and stores them in a central repository.
2. Document Management System (DMS)
Paper is almost extinct. Tracking business files on paper is a thing of the past. A document
management system (DMS) offers a paperless solution to manage, store, and track documents
in a cloud. It provides an automated solution for uploading, processing, and sharing business
documents without the hassle of printing, copying, or scanning.
3. Enterprise Content Management System (ECM)
An enterprise content management system collects, organizes, and delivers an organization’s
documentation, ensuring critical information is delivered to the correct audience (employees,
customers, business stakeholders, etc.)
4. Web Content Management System (WCMS)
A WCMS lets users manage digital components of a website without prior knowledge of
markup languages or web programming. A WCMS provides collaboration, authoring, and
administration tools to help manage digital content. Unlike other CMSs, which deal with
content destined for both the web and print, a WCMS handles exclusively web content.
5. Digital Asset Management System (DAM)
With a digital asset management system, users can store, organize, and share digital content
with ease. A DAM offers a simple, centralized library where clients, employees, or contractors

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can access digital content. These assets include audio, creative files, video, documents, and
presentations. A DAM is cloud-based, so users can access content from anywhere.

Web content management system (WCMS): It is a type of content management system (CMS)
that provides an organization with a way to manage digital information on a website through
creating and maintaining content without prior knowledge of web programming or markup
languages.
Or
The Web Content Management System (WCMS) is a computer application used to create, edit,
manage and publish content onto a website in an organized manner.

Key Difference between WCM and CMS

From a bird’s eye view perspective, content management system (CMS) is a computer
application of digital content, which supports multiple users in a collaborative space. Differing
from WCMS, it manages content with clearly defined ownership pertaining to documents,
movies, photographs, phone numbers and scientific data points.
It’s important to note that there’s an industry dilemma discussing the variances between CMS &
WCMS. They are often used interchangeably because there are so many similarities between
the two. The thing is, a content management system (CMS) often has WCMS components in it,
creating gray areas for identifying the distinction of WCMS vs CMS. So how can you tell them
the difference between web content management system (WCM) and content management
system (CMS)?
Managing a website and managing content are often done together, but can be done separate.
With that in mind, think of a Web Content Management System as the baby between Web
Management Systems (managing a site) and Content Management Systems (managing
content). With a WCMS and a CMS you can create, publish, and distribute content across
devices. With a WCMS, you can also manage the site or sites themselves, not just the content.
In general terms, an external or internal CMS offers features to manage web content, while a
WCMS takes those features and extends them into different areas, such as:

• Collaboration
• Digital asset management
• Workflow management / Business process management
• Web content management
• Knowledge management
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 • Document imaging
• Document management
• Records management How does a WCMS work?
A WCMS helps users maintain, control, change and reassemble content on a webpage. Users
store content within a database and can assemble the content using a flexible language such as
XML or .NET. Users can access the WCMS through a web browser, then edit the content and
maintain control of the layout from that browser-based interface.

There are two parts of a WCMS:

• The content management application (CMA) is a user interface that enables users -- such
as marketers and content creators -- to design, create, modify and remove content from
the website without needing help from the IT department.
• The content delivery application (CDA) provides back-end services that take the content
that users create in the CMA and turn it into the website that visitors can access.
A WCMS provides businesses with tools that enable brand consistency across mobile and web
channels by separating content and presentation. These systems enable businesses to have
editorial control, automate marketing efforts and publish content quickly and easily while
maintaining version control.
Capabilities and features
The three key features of any WCMS are as follows:
1. The ability to design, create and maintain personalized content for a website.
2. The ability for editors to review and approve content prior to publication.
3. An automated publishing process.

Additional features that a WCMS might include are:

• Automated, standard templates. Provides users with templates that they can easily add new or
existing content to, rather than designing their own templates
• Editing tools. Enables users to create and customize content, such as adding titles and headers
to improve content structure, or designing webpages with drag-and-drop tools
• Easily installs plugins. Gives users the ability to extend a site's functionality with plugins or
modules
• Software updates. Keeps the WCMS up to current web standards by updating software
• Workflow management. Ensures that authorized users review and approve content before
publishing

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• Collaboration tools. Enables multiple users to modify content
• Document management. Enables businesses to manage the document lifecycle, including
creation, revisions, publication, archive and removal
• Multilingual. Enables the display of content in various languages
• Versioning. Enables editors to retrieve previous versions of content

Advantages of using a WCMS

A WCMS benefits businesses in the following ways:
• Low cost. A WCMS is typically inexpensive, often being free or offering subscriptions that
outweigh overall costs.
• Easy to use. Most WCMS options are user-friendly for people who do not have a technical
coding background to create or maintain content.
• Easily customizable. A WCMS creates a universal layout that enables beginner users to create
and customize front ends easily.
• Workflow management. Administrators can control and personalize workflow management
in a WCMS. Some WCMS options enable administrators to set up their own workflow
management rules and provide them with a series of steps to set up each task.
• Search engine optimization (SEO). A WCMS provides businesses with the editing tools
required to improve search engine ranking. The WCMS should enable users to easily create
content with the correct keywords, provide meta information -- such as description, keywords
and alternative text for images -- and link content within the text.
Disadvantages of using a WCMS
On the other hand, a WCMS is not the best fit for all organizations. The disadvantages of a WCMS
include:

• High cost for larger implementations. A WCMS for larger companies can be expensive
because it may require extensive training and certifications. WCMS maintenance can also be
expensive because the software may require upgrades and licensing updates.

• Latency issues. Larger systems can become slower with time if the business does not keep
the hardware up to date or if the cache files grow too large.

• Security risks. If an administrator does not regularly patch the WCMS for security threats, it
remains vulnerable to hackers. To minimize security risks, administrators must monitor and
maintain the many moving parts of a WCMS -- such as the web server software, MySQL and
any plugins or add-ons.

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Types of WCMS
• Offline processing. This type of WCMS processes content before publishing it to the live
server. Offline processing systems enable users to work on content when they are not
connected to the internet. Using this system, content that a user uploads to a CMS does not
go live until the content author agrees to publishing it. Some examples of offline processing
systems include Vignette or Adobe Contribute.
• Online processing. Online processing systems employ templates on demand and whenever
the user adds content to a webpage for publication. Whenever a user is logged into their CMS
via a web browser and accesses a webpage, HTML is generated. Unlike an offline processing
system where it preprocesses content and applies templates beforehand, an online
processing system processes templates only when the user requests it. Online processing
systems include Joomla and Drupal.
• Hybrid processing. Hybrid processing systems use a combination of offline and online
processing. These systems can produce executable code, such as JSP, ASP or PHP instead of
HTML, meaning that the system doesn't need to be installed on every web server.

Content: On the Internet, content is any information that is available for retrieval by the user,
including web pages, images, music, audio, white papers, drivers and software downloads as
well as training, educational and reference materials

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 CONTENT TYPES: Content types are the categories or classifications of your content, based on its
purpose, function, or characteristics. For example, you might have content types such as blog posts,
products, events, testimonials, or FAQs.

Most popular types of content

The best websites create a mix of different content types to keep their readers interested. While
there are hundreds of different types of web content some of the important content types are
mentioned below
Articles
This type of web content develops an idea and incorporates interviews, quotes, and data to
support the article’s hypothesis. Articles are usually long-form content, between 1,000 and
3,000 words.
Blog posts
Blog posts typically range between 500 and 750 words, focusing on a variety of topics. Some of
these topics can include news in the industry, bios of industry leaders, reviews of new products,
and more.
Surveys
Adding surveys to your content arsenal can gauge your readers’ interest and to increase reader
engagement with your brand. Surveys are also fun for the reader and is one of the more
interactive content types.
Quizzes
Quizzes are another way to engage your reader, by having a question on one page and the
answer on the next, which adds extra potential for ad revenue and click-through’s.
Photos
Images help make your content more visually appealing, and contribute to the overall user
experience. Additionally, optimizing your photos with alt-text and captions to your images can
even help with your rankings on Google Images.
Videos
Using videos is a great way to diversify your content and add visual interest to your pages. These
can be videos you take yourself or videos from sources like YouTube or Vimeo. (Just make sure
to give credit where credit is due.)

Case studies

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Case studies outline how a particular individual or company used a product or service. Seeing a
real person use your product can help potential buyers see themselves using it and, thus,
encouragement to purchase from you.
Website content
Website content encompasses many content types. This can include website pages detailing
your individual services, products, people, locations, etc.
Guest blogs or posts
Find guest writers from notable people in your industry, writers of other blogs or websites that
focus on your topic, or on social media pages or groups related to your topic. Adding a few posts
by guest writers adds a new voice to your pages and helps to bring in new readers to your
website.
Interviews
First person interviews with people actively involved in your topic is a way to share different
points of view with your readers and expand their knowledge of your topic. You can ask readers
to submit questions in advance to increase your user engagement.
FAQs
Everyone has questions. A FAQ (frequently asked questions) page is one of the best content
types to help address common questions all in one place. This helps you better manage your
time and not have to answer the same question over and over again.
Press releases
Press releases from companies in your field make good fodder for your blog or website. Just
make sure that you don’t copy the release directly to avoid a duplicate content penalty from the
search engines.
Announcements
Do you have a new employee, product, or even some new swag? Let your readers know about it
in an announcement post. Market your site as the place readers can learn about news from your
company before any other source.
Contests
Contests are a good content type for getting new readers and to keep your readers coming back
to your site. Like quizzes, this repeat traffic is good for increasing your click-through rate.
E-books
Having an e-book that your readers can download, or read directly on your site, can expand on
your regular content types with more in-depth information. Promoting an e-book is an excellent
way to promote your company as an expert in your field.

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Landing pages
Landing pages are designed as the first page that a site visitor sees when they take an action like
clicking on an ad. It’s important that these remain your highest-quality pages, so they make a
good first impression to the user.
Infographics
Out of all the other types of content, infographics remain one of the best at providing a visual
representation of data or information to your reader. Plus, they also just look cool and can often
illustrate a point much more clearly than if you explained the point with only text.
Book reviews
Every topic has books written about it. Share with your readers the ones you’ve read and what
you thought of them. (Just make sure not to spoil any plot twists or surprises.) You might even
ask readers about their favourite books to increase engagement.
Product reviews
One of the perks of having a successful blog or website is that companies are often willing to
send you a product to review at no cost to you. You can also purchase a product to review (with
none of the potential ethical problems of accepting gifts.)
Podcasts
Podcasts are increasingly popular. These might be interviews or instructional talks and work to
support your other marketing efforts.
Testimonials
Share what your readers and/or customers are saying about you with a testimonial page. (Again,
it’s important to ask permission before you use someone else’s words.) Testimonials are great
from a marketing point of view because they come from (presumably) unbiased third parties.
Recipes
Who doesn’t like cooking? Just make sure that you only post original recipes. While ingredient
lists aren’t subject to copyright restrictions, the instructions on how to cook a dish are.

CONTENT FORMATS
These are the ways you present your content to your audience, based on its medium, style, or
layout. For example, you might have content formats such as text, video, audio, image,
infographic, or carousel. Content types and formats are not mutually exclusive; you can have
multiple formats for the same content type, or use the same format for different content types.
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Content can be in any format including text, graphics, audio and video in an electronic
environment. The Web is an amalgamation of multimedia objects with different kinds of
expositions as products. Not only the product, there are formats, particularly the file formats
which are important and must be taken care of and well understood. The file format plays a
major role in data compression and transfer over network. It also plays a major role in digital
archiving and preservation. The description of each media and corresponding file formats have
been discussed in the following sub-sections of this Unit.

Text File Formats

Plain text files usually have the extension ‘.txt’. They are also called ASCII text files and can be
viewed with an editor (such as Edit or Notepad) or with a Word Processor (such as MS Word or
Word Perfect). ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It was
used for character representation in computers. However, the ASCII has now been replaced by
Unicode. The characteristic feature of plain ‘.txt’ files is that they do not allow any kind of
formatting on the document (such as bold, italics, font colour, images, etc).

 .htm/.html/ files
These files are also text files that deserve a special mention as they are the ‘language’ in
which web pages are authored. ‘html’ stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. The code of a
web page is written in plain text and is saved with the extension ‘.htm/.html’. The web
browsers (such as Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, etc.) identify the file as
a web page, read the code and display it on the screen as we see it with the images, colours
and hyperlinks.
 .xml files
XML stands for eXtensible MarkUp Language. It is an offshoot of Standardized Generalized
MarkUp Language (SGML). This is also plain text file used for data storage and
exchange/transfer. 32 Web Products and Services Formatted Documents

 .doc files
A very common format found on PCs, for formatted text files, ‘.doc’ stands for document
files. These files may be created, viewed and edited using programs such as MS Word.
Several formatting features such as bold, italics, justification, bulleting, etc. are possible. It is
a proprietary format of Microsoft.
 .odt files

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 ODT stands for Open Document Text. It is part of the Open Document Format (ODF)
originally developed by Sun Microsystems Inc., but now maintained by Organization for the
Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS). It is an XML based format. The files
use ‘.odt’ file extension. They are originally supported by Open Office and the Star Office word
processor. ODT format includes several XML files and configuration files in zipped format. A zip
file is a collection of many files. These files can be viewed with any archive managing software,
like Winzip.  .pdf files
‘PDF’ stands for Portable Document Format. This file format was developed by Adobe
Systems in order to make it possible to transfer formatted documents over the Internet so
that their appearance would not change on any system. The biggest advantage of .pdf files is
that it allows for printing of web pages – page by page as though it is a document file. This
file type requires pdf reader for viewing e.g. Adobe Acrobat, XPDF, etc. This software can be
downloaded from the Internet. .ps files ‘PS’ stands for ‘Post Script’ files. It is also an ASCII file
type that is technically plain text. However, it is unreadable unless an on-screen viewer like
‘Ghostscript’ or any other postscript viewer is used.

Graphic Files: Graphic file formats are many in number. Images are most important feature of
web pages or any kind of publishing. It adds value as well as attracts the readers. In the Web
parlance, images have to be capable of downloading quickly, they should not be bulky, though
the original resolution should be preserved.
There are several Graphic file formats. Graphic styles may be divided into two major types:
• Raster Graphics
• Vector Graphics
Raster Graphics: Raster Graphics/Images are collection of dots or pixels. They are also called as
bitmaps. The colour of each pixel is described by one or more information 33 Collaborative
Content Development channels – separated into the primary hues – Red, Green and Blue or in a
single
stream of colour mapped data. Raster images are simple images and are hence most suitable for
interoperability. However, the primary disadvantage is that they do not scale well. Scaling may lead
to a loss of resolution and hence poorer picture quality.
Vector Graphics: The more complicated of the two is Vector Graphics. They define an image as a
collection of vector equations. The advantage of vector graphics is that it gives smooth curves and
lines irrespective of the size of the image or resolution. However, the disadvantage is that they take
longer to draw and require more storage space.

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Some Common Graphic File Formats
 .bmp files : Bitmap files or .bmp files are the standard Windows Raster format. These files lay
emphasis on quick display. They store images in the uncompressed form. The obvious trade off
is that bmp files occupy lot of space. These files are quickly downloadable but on each transfer
over network the quality of picture is lost.
 .cgm files Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) is an ANSI standard graphic file format for 2D
vector graphics and raster graphics. CGM is a metafile that is a file containing information that
describes or specifies another file. Therefore, it holds data and information for reconstructing
graphical images. It was originally designed and used for clip art libraries, but is now mainly used
for technical applications such as CAD drawings.
 .gif files One of the most popular graphic file formats on the Internet, Graphic Interchange Files
(.gif) was developed by CompuServe with the main purpose of archiving information. The .gif
images are usually scanned stand-alone pictures that are not ‘drawn’ using an application
program.
 .jpeg/.jpg files JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group that designed this format for
high compression. It is one of the most popular image formats on the Web. It discards extra data
and hence has good compression capabilities. It is a web standard and stores images in small
size. It is useful when large numbers of files are to be incorporated and support millions of
colours. It has better compression in photographs as compared to .gif
 . JAS files JAS format is from JASC Inc. This file format is designed to create the smallest possible
image file for 24 bits per pixel colour images and 8 bits per pixel gray scale images. Saving and
retrieving an image using the JAS file format will result in some loss of image data. It has very
high level of compression.
 PICT files This is the standard Apple Macintosh graphic file format. It is accepted by many
applications and imported/exported using clipboard (cut, copy, paste) to almost any text or
graphics program. Raw files This flexible format consists of a stream of bytes that describes the
color information in the file.

Each pixel is described in binary format where 0=black and 255=white. This format is used to
transfer documents between different applications.
 .tiff files TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format. This format was designed to overcome the
problem of application dependence. It was originally designed to become the standard format.
The format was intended to be capable of handling just about any possibility. This file format is

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 generally used when graphic files need to be moved between different computer types (For
example: PC to Mac and viceversa). These files allow for high resolution and are supported by
most scanning and image editing software. This format works well for both on-screen display
and print photographs. This format differentiates among three categories of images i.e. black
and white, grayscaled, and colour.
 Audio File Formats Sound files or audio files are gaining popularity on the Web. Today, most of
the latest soundtracks are available on the Internet as sound files. There are even a few albums
that have their presence only on the Web. Another popular application is online live news
broadcasting. There are audio enabled websites. The following section discusses some of the

common audio file formats.

 .au files It is a simple audio file format which is most commonly found on the Web. It is required
by PC users to load applications such as Waveform Hold and Modify (WHAM) to play these files.
Macs need different sound applications to play this file type.
 .mid files The .mid file extension is the standard extension used by MIDI music files. MIDI is a
technical standard for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. These are used mostly in audio
control in the multimedia industry. The MID files are used by a variety of music authoring
programs and MIDI hardware devices
 .MIDI file specification allows for lengths to be specified as a variable number of bytes.
 .aiff files Audio Interchange File Format (aiff) was developed by Apple. Although it was originally
made for Macs, now it can be used by other platforms too. It is a good audio file format for use
on the Internet. It can also be used in multimedia authoring on both Macs and Windows.
 .mp3 MP3 stands for MPEG layer three. It is currently the most popular audio file format. Its
hallmark is its CD quality of music. MP3 allows for very high levels 35 Collaborative Content
Development of compression. A minute of music may constitute approximately 1 Mb file. An
MP3 player, is readily available on both Macs and Windows, is required to play this file type.

 .voc files Creative Lab’s Sound Blaster uses the .VOC file. They are designed for storing digitized
voice data and hence the name. They can also handle any digitised sound in any format. The
VOC files have a two part structure. The header block which defines the contents of the file and
the data block which actually contains the audio information.
 .wav Wav file is a commonly used file format on Windows machines. It can be used on the
Internet and is good for multimedia authoring. It is flexible and handles both compressed and
uncompressed storage formats. Video Files Formats Video files have become most popular with
films being available and viewed on VCDs and DVDs. However within a multimedia lab, it is

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 important to be aware of the video file formats as these are the most disk space-occupying
(bulky) types.
 .avi files Audio-Video Interleave (AVI) file format was developed by Microsoft. It is called
‘Interleave’ because the video and audio are bound together in chunks. The AVI file format is a
very popular video file format and many videos have been produced in the format. AVI files can
be opened in most of the video players such as VLC (Video LAN Client), RealPlayer, and
Microsoft’s Windows Media Player.
 .mov/.movie files Movie files are the common format used in QuickTime movies. It is a
multimedia format developed by Apple. Originally, it was designed for Apple machines but now
it is widely used in websites for streaming audio or video.
 .mpg/.mpeg files This is another standard format. This format uses MPEG compression scheme
of audio and visual (AV) digital data. MPEG video is a series of video standards defined by the
Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) External Link.

The major standards are:

MPEG-1 - VHS-quality, commonly used for Video CD (VCD) and CD-ROM.
MPEG-2 - DVD-quality, commonly used for DVD, digital television, set-top boxes, etc.
MPEG-4 - Scalable delivery, used in various applications including the Internet, cell phones and
television. MPEG-4 is a patented collection of methods defining compression. It was used for
compression of web-based audio/video streaming data and CD distribution, voice (telephone,
videophone) and broadcast television applications. 36 Web Products and Services
.qt files : Quick Time is a file format for storing and playing movies with sound. Developed and
supported primarily by Apple Computer, the latest version is used on Macs. In Windows. Quick Time
files usually appear with the “.MOV” filename extension.

Content Tools (Media-wise) The generation of content is through human intellect but there are also
tools which are used to express the intellect more efficiently. Content is expressed in text, graphic,
audio and video using different tools. Based on the form of media, tools can be categorized as:
• Text editing tools
• Graphic editing tools
• Audio capture and editing tools
• Video capture and editing tools
Text Editing Tools: Text editors are software used in Desktop Publishing (DTP). These are editors
such as MS-Office Suite, Open Office Suite and Star Office, etc. They include packages to type text

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and also proof read. Other than this, they also contain packages for presentation, spread sheets and
database for powerful presentation, calculation, and storage and retrieval respectively. A lot of
literature already exists which requires retro-conversion from print to digital. Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) technology is used to convert printed text to digital. Software like Omni Page Pro,
Text Bridge, Abbyy FineReader, etc. are OCR software available in the market. However, nowadays
scanners come with basic OCR utility which can be used for light weight text editing. Graphic Editing
Tools : DTP is supplemented by effective use of graphics (images). This includes capturing the image
and processing it in a presentable format. This requires use of capture devices like camera (ordinary
as well as digital camera), scanners and data transfer cables. Once an image is captured it is to be
converted to usable format and size. However, sometimes value addition to the image is also done
by touching up the image. For the purpose, software like Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, etc. are
widely used by professionals. However, GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is also a powerful
tool to edit graphics available under Open- Source License.
Audio Capture and Editing Tools: Sound has more pneumonic property than text and graphics.
Hence, libraries are going more and more towards recording and collecting audio materials. Audio
can be recorded with a recorder which is inbuilt in Mobile phones, Dictaphones, Computers, etc.
These are affordable devices used commonly in day-to-day affairs. However, there are very costly
studios with various kinds of mixers and error correction devices which are also available and are
used in professional recording and music. Audio Capture Card is available in the present day
computers which can be used for recording. The card is connected with a Microphone which
records input and feeds to the card. There are inbuilt utility software in the operating system which
can be used to record and save the voice. Professional software like Authorware, WavePad,
Goldwave, etc. can be used to create mixing effect.
Video Capture and Editing Tools: Libraries have lot of recorded presentations in their
collections. The recording of any event is captured with the help of a video camera. Nowadays
video camera directly record in computer readable format, therefore, there is no need to attach
Video Capture Card with the computer. For editing the video there are many options available
for example, CyberLink PowerDirector, Corel Video Studio ProX4, Adobe Premiere Elements,
MAGIX Movie Edit Pro, VideoPad, Pinnacle 31 Collaborative Content Development Studio HD,
Roxio Creator, Sony Vegas Movie Studio Platinum, Roxio Video Lab, ShowBiz DVD and many such
others.
Why do you need to connect content types and formats?
Connecting content types and formats is important for several reasons. First, it helps you create
consistent and coherent content experiences for your audience, by ensuring that your content

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matches their expectations, needs, and preferences. Second, it helps you optimize your content
for search engines and social media, by using the appropriate formats and metadata for each
channel and platform. Third, it helps you manage your content more efficiently and effectively,
by reducing duplication, simplifying updates, and enabling reuse and repurposing of your
content.

NEEDS AND GUIDELINES OF CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

Needs Information explosion is of concern for information professionals and end users who are
trying to harness information for their appropriate use. In the context of online and Internet
documents the information available is voluminous and the rate at which resources are added is
even more daunting.
It is not only the matter of concern for end-users’ point of view but also of equal concern to 'the
hosts who aim at having a target audience while hosting resources online. The efforts should,
therefore, be to develop content and host it, so that it reaches its end-users. In a distributed
uncontrolled system of online resources, retrieval of information is one the main concern. The
search facilities available through general Internet search engines are inadequate in' harnessing
all available information.
Reason is not only the bulk of the information but also the non-standard way of authoring and
presentation which makes searching difficult. If each electronic resource were to have a 'title
page' or the information that occurs in the title pages of the documents then it would have been
much easier to organize and locate information in an environment such as the Net. The need
for standardized way of hosting electronic documents has lead to the development of few
standards and guidelines. Strictly speaking, very few of these guidelines are meant for content
aspects, rather they deal more with issues in structuring of documents and presentation
aspects.

For instance, the Sun Site follows certain premises, for provision of content on their site [Neilson
and Fox]: firstly that; "Writing for the web is very different from writing for print".
Users' interaction with web pages is quite different form print in that:
• 79% of users scan the page instead of reading word-by-word;  Reading
from computer screens is 25% slower than from paper; and
• Web content should have 50% of the word count of its paper equivalent.

Another aspect which is important in content development is what the content itself should
consist of, rather than just 'how' it should be presented. This issue has an important bearing

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 especially in the web world where spurious and harmful information may be hosted with
ulterior motives. Website hosts, therefore, give a great deal of thought to making adequate
policies about the permissible content that will be hosted by them and also the screening
procedures before going public.
Electronic resources in the global networked environment have brought new challenges in
information processing. With the possibilities of access and usage in diverse locations,
standardization has become a major issue. Standardization of the ways in which information is
stored and represented has become a key in activities like generating secondary services and
information locating tools. The main advantages of standardization of representation facilitates:
• re- usability of information once created;
• true inter -operability with respect to different platforms and applications and multiple
languages; and
• global networking and seamless integration of resources.

Some General Guidelines : The Internet and other electronic documents users often come
across problems such as incompatibility of forms and formats, download time, difficulties in
comprehending the content, incomplete information, etc. Adherence to some general practices
and ethics by the content developers are necessary to assure reasonably well-written and
organized resources for the end-users. According to Jacob Neilson, a web content analyst, the
content developers should take care of the following points:

i) Well-tested and widely used packages in designing web pages should be used. It .is better to
avoid recently released software, especially if there is use of plug-ins such as Flash or PDF. A
good rule is not to use upgraded versions immediately till they mature. Software vendors
require time to fix their bugs and offer reasonably reliable versions. It also gives users time to
upgrade.
ii) As far as possible Scripts in web pages should be avoided. Adding code means that there is also
a risk of bugs (or faults). If scripts are a must, then they should be tested and debugged on all
combinations of platforms and browser versions. Norms and Guidelines for Content
Development 333 Content Development.
iii) It is advisable to have simple point-and-click web navigation. Special menu controls often fail,
especially for users who move their mouse fast or who have motor skill impairments.

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iv) The website should always be made as compact in size as possible. It is good to have spare
server capacity so that your site can cope with traffic surges.
v) Server software must be robust. When selecting vendors, ensuring code quality must be a
priority.

According to Mick Wood, following guidelines help content developers to-cater for the needs of all
Internet users.
 Screen Layout Screen layout should be consistent. The more consistent a website is in its
design, the easier it will be for users to navigate. Users, especially persistent users, tend to learn
and remember the location of key, functions and controls.
 Logos Screen layout should include logos, navigation buttons and footer information. Putting
the logo in a consistent place on every page (usually top left) ensures that visitors are fully
aware that they are on the same site.
 Update Information 'Page Last Updated' information needs to be included. Visitors will quickly
know if you have added any new content to your site, and iti may prompt you to do so. The
date format should be understandable, i.e., 1st February 2003 is better that 02-01-2003. In the
UK 02-01-03 means 2nd January 2003 and in USA it means 1SI February 2003.

 Links A link to the home page should be added to every page except the homepage itself. Pages
should not link to themselves as this can confuse some users. Making your logo the home page
link is considered to be a good practice.
 Image Sizes Considerable number of Internet users still use modems with connection speeds of
33K or less. Pages should therefore be kept to a maximum of 35K ensuring download.

times of less than ten seconds for these users. Visitors may not wait if your pages take too long
to download. All images, including spacer images, should include alternative text. The
alternative text should describe the function of the image, if applicable:
 Use of Frames should not be used unless absolutely necessary. Frame-based sites can be
confusing for the visually disabled, particularly those using -screen readers or speech browsers -
users can easily become disorientated, Additionally, users cannot easily bookmark individual
pages within a frame-based site.
 Page Title Each page should have a descriptive and different title, clear and helpful headings,
and a logical structure. Titles are used by search engines to identify web 'pages, If two or more.
pages have the same title they cannot easily be differentiated by users.

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 Font Attributes The FONT tag should generally be avoided III creating accessible websites. While
attribute specifications like SIZE="+ 1" or SIZE=" -1" are relatively harmless, absolute sizes like
SIZE="l" can result in text that is too small to read. Instead: Cascading Style Sheets should be
used to font web pages. Style sheets allow authors to suggest relative changes in font size with
much greater flexibility than is allowed under FONT.
 Color Attributes The COLOR attribute of the FONT tag should always be avoided since many
browsers still display the font color when the user tries to override author specified colors. The
result could be an unreadable document if the font color does not contrast well against the
reader's chosen background.
 Text Size and Font Text should be the equivalent of size 12 points to enhance reading
performance. Research has shown that there is no noticeable difference in reading speed or
user preference between Times New Roman, Georgia or other serif fonts and Helvetica, Arial or
other sans-serif fonts. The FACE attribute of the FONT tag cannot be overridden by the user in
many browsers. This may result in the author choosing a font that is very difficult to read given
the user's platform and environment settings. The same font may display strangely on different
platforms.
 Link Identification Links should be Clearly identified and it should make sense when reading out
of context. Links should never be designated with the text 'click here'. Some screen readers can
be set to read out a list of links on a particular page; a list of 'click here' links is not helpful. .
Blue underlined text is the preferred choice for all links. Some users miss links because the text
is not underlined. Research shows that users can easily find links which include visual cues, that
is, links that are underlined, rather than having to move the mouse to see when the pointer
changes to a hand (this is known as mine sweeping).
 Visited links should be designated using a different colour. Many users use link colours to
identify which parts of a site they have already visited.
 Page Display. Pages should be fluid flexible because users browse the Internet using a variety of
screen resolutions. Pages should be designed to expand or contract according to the user's
settings, thus preventing horizontal scrolling. Horizontal scrolling is. a particular problem for
screen reader users because the screen reader does not automatically scroll horizontally - users
may miss important content.
 Device Independence Pages should be device independent. Not all users navigate websites
using a mouse - many disabled users use Assistive Technology. All users should be able to
navigate the site using the input device of their choice. Keyboard shortcuts, using the 'access
key' attribute, should be provided for key links.

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 Readability Paragraphs and sentences should be kept short. Readability improves when
sentences 'and paragraphs are kept relatively short. Users tend to scan web pages and will
often skip over large chunks of text.
These guidelines are not formal guidelines. However, these need to be followed by the host of
the electronic documents. The issues relating the the content and its organisation are complex
and are under consideration -for arriving at standard Norms and Guidelines for Content
Development 335 Content Development practices by organisations such as the International
Organization for Standardization - ' (ISO) [www.iso.org]. The ISO 8879 deals with SGML, the
Standard Markup Language for the web and has been adopted by Text Encoding and
Interchange (TEI) initiative which deals with guidelines for structuring of web documents. Digital
Graphics: Digital graphics are visual images or objects that are displayed on a digital device such
as a computer. They often combine both pictures and text to gain the attention of viewers on a
website or digital space. Or Digital graphics combine art and technology to communicate ideas
through images and the layout of web screens and printed pages. All digital images are either
raster graphics or vector graphics.
Different file types designate different types of graphics. Jpg (“jpeg”), gif, tiff, and png files are
generally raster, while eps and ai files are vector. For a comprehensive list of file types and their
characteristics.
Raster Graphics
Raster graphics (also called a bitmap) is a way to construct a picture using small building blocks
called pixels. When enough pixels are included close together, your eye stops seeing a collection
of different points and starts seeing a whole image. Digital photographs are always rasterized.

What is a Pixel?
Just as atoms are the basic units that make up all matter, pixels are the basic units that make up
all raster graphics. But unlike atoms, which have smaller component parts, pixels are the
smallest unit of a picture that can be controlled. In raster graphics, pixels are small, solidly-
coloured squares.

Image Quality
Using photos and graphics with the right resolution for your use will prevent your material from
looking pixelized. Images intended for print (not t-shirts) need to be 300 ppi, and those intended
for viewing on screens should be 72 ppi.

What is PPI?
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The quality of a raster graphic is determined by the number of pixels per inch (sometimes called
points per inch, or ppi): more ppi is higher quality, and fewer ppi is lower quality. If raster
graphics are enlarged, the number of pixels per inch goes down, and the image becomes lower
quality and may appear pixelized.

Vector graphics
Vector graphics use mathematical geometric elements (points, lines, curves, circles, and
polygons) to create pictures. Because vector images are simply visual representations of
geometric concepts (as opposed to raster files) they can be made infinitely large or small
without losing image quality.

Basic elements of digital graphics

All digital graphics, regardless of type, contain the same seven basic design elements:
• Color. Building from the three primary colors of red, yellow, and blue, designers use a color
wheel to find the most visually appealing options for their work. Color theory is closely tied
to psychology, so graphic designers often incorporate those concepts into their digital
graphics to influence the viewer’s behavior.
• Scale. Different elements of a design should have varying sizes that give a viewer a focal
point, with other elements secondary. How the disparate parts of the image work together
in terms of their proportions is known as visual hierarchy.
• Line. The lines of a digital graphic convey movement, even if nothing is physically moving on
the screen. Mood lines are an important part of graphic design that helps designers create a
particular “feel” in their work.
• Shape. In basic terms, a shape is something that is defined more by its boundaries than what
it actually contains. Geometric shapes have uniform proportions (like a square or triangle),
while organic shapes have less well-defined edges and don’t fit into a particular category.

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 • Alignment. The way images relate to each other in their space is often due to alignment.
Thisis the invisible line that connects separate graphics together by their edges or centers.
• Space. The empty spaces around a graphic are just as important as the shapes within. In
some cases, the arrangement of white space around the design can completely change the
sentiment of the graphic.
• Contrast. Designers can manufacture visual interest by juxtaposing the elements of a design.
For instance, white text on a black background is a high-level contrast that draws attention
to certain parts of the graphic.
Benefits of digital graphics
The goal of any digital graphic is to convey a particular message, whether it's for marketing,
entertainment, or educational purposes. Other benefits include:
• Attracting viewers’ attention. Particularly for marketing teams, digital graphics should be
able to capture the attention of anyone who sees them and persuade them to learn more
about the company and what they offer. Visual images can convey the same message as a
written advertisement, but in a more succinct and appealing way.
• Strengthening business branding. Some of the world’s most highly-recognizable businesses
can be identified simply from their logo or font. Digital graphics are a crucial way for
companies to establish their visual brand and differentiate themselves from competitors.
• Communicating an idea more effectively. Not every potential customer understands or
learns information in the same way. For visual learners, digital graphics are often the best
method for them to review and retain details that could be easily forgotten or overlooked if
written down.
Best practices for digital graphics
Whether creating graphics for advertising a product or service or designing learning materials,
following design best practices makes any type of digital graphic more effective.
• Limit the number of typefaces used. When adding text to a digital graphic, it’s best to keep
fonts within the same family, if not the same font entirely. If using multiple fonts, they
should either be serif or sans serif, rather than a mix of two in the same graphic
• Go with a “less is more” approach. Every element in a design should have a purpose. White
space around text or images provides a break for the viewer’s eyes and gains more curiosity
than a cluttered design.
• Play with scale. Along with color, scale can make an exciting contrast within digital graphics.
• Mixing proportionate images and texts draws viewers’ eyes to specific areas of the design.

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• Reuse design elements. Repetition is naturally appealing to humans, so using the same or
similar graphics and visual motifs throughout a design makes the overall digital graphic more
interesting and comforting for the viewer.

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CREATE YOUR OWN DIGITAL GRAPHIC DESIGNS
Most graphic designs today are digital, created on computers. The elements of the graphic design
are arranged in an attractive manner using specialized graphics software. Once the digital graphic
design is complete, it may be printed with a computer printer, or sent to a commercial printer.
Things You'll Need
• Computer
• Graphics software
• Pencil and paper
• Printer
• Photo or illustration, optional
• Scanner, optional
Step 1
Prepare your design idea with pencil and paper. Decide what words, images, colors and shapes
to use in your digital graphic design. Use the pencil to make a few rough sketches of how your
design should look. Try several different layouts, combining the typography, images and shapes
in an attractive manner that effectively communicates your message. Color information may be
noted to the side of the rough sketch, or added using color pencils. These are quick sketches to
develop your design idea, not finished designs.
Step 2
Turn on your computer and open a file in a graphics program. Among the more popular graphic
design programs are InDesign, Photoshop and Illustrator from the Adobe software company, and
Corel Graphics Suite. Open Office Draw may be downloaded for free (see Resources).

Step 3
Name the file and save it. Type in the words you will use in your design. Select a font for the
words. Resize the words and place them according to your rough pencil sketch. Select a new
color for the words if indicated in your rough sketch. Your words have become typography for
the purpose of your digital graphic design.

Step 4
Import any existing photo or illustration files you need into your digital graphics file using the
design software's "Import File" feature. If you only have a hard copy of the photo, use a scanner
to create a digital file. After importing, resize as needed and position in your design as per your

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rough pencil sketch. You may also simply open the photo or illustration file, copy it and paste it
directly into your digital graphics file.

Step 5
Use the tab features in the design software to add graphic and color elements as per your rough
pencil sketch. Borders may be added to photos, for example. A variety of shapes may be added
and colorized as needed.

Step 6
Print out a copy of your digital graphic design to check it. Make changes as desired. Print your
final copy or copies, or copy your project onto a CD or memory card and have it commercially
printed. In some cases, you may be able to email the project directly to a commercial printer.

AUDIO PRODUCTION AND EDITING

Audio editing is the process of manipulating sound recordings. This can be done for many
reasons, such as to improve the quality of the recording, to remove unwanted noise or sounds,
or to change the length or pitch of a particular audio clip. Audio editing can be a complex
process, but there are several software programs that make it easier to do. Whether you're a
musician looking to fine - tune your tracks or someone who wants to edit a podcast episode,
audio editing software will help you get the job done.
How does audio editing work?
Audio editing can be done with various audio editing programs, but a digital audio workstation
(DAW) is the most common. Most DAWs will have a variety of tools to help you edit audio. For
example, you can use equalization (EQ) to change the sound frequencies or add effects such as
reverb or delay.

Audio editing is a complex process, and there are a number of different techniques that can be
used to achieve the desired result. The exact methods used in the basics of audio editing that
you learn will vary depending on the software being used and the project's specific needs.
Steps involved in the audio editing process
There are four main steps involved in the basics of audio editing:
• Selection
• Editing
• Processing
• Output

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 Selection is the first step in audio editing. This is where you identify the portion of the audio
that you want to edit, and it can be done manually or with the help of software tools.Next is
editing, where you make changes to the selected audio. Again, many different techniques can
be used here, and the exact method will depend on the software being used.
Processing is the third step, where you add effects or make other changes to the processed
audio. Several different plugins or software programs can be used for this. Most audio
processing programs will offer a suite of tools to help you get the sound you need. These can
include EQ, compression, limiting, reverb, and delay. There are many different ways to process
audio, so it's important to find a program that offers the specific tools required for your project.
output, where you save the edited audio file. The most common audio formats are WAV and
MP3, but there are many others. WAV files are uncompressed and will take up more space than
MP3 files. They are best suited for applications where sound quality is paramount, such as music
editing or DVD authoring. MP3 files are compressed and will take up less space than WAV files.
They are ideal for applications where file size is crucial, such as streaming audio or portable
devices.
Now that you know the basics of audio editing, you can start experimenting with different
techniques to see what works best for you. There is no right way to edit audio, so feel free to
experiment.
Benefits of audio editing
• Improve the quality of your audio content. Audio editing can help you remove background
noise, boost clarity and volume, and clean up any mistakes in your recording.
• Make your audio content more engaging. This can help you attract and retain listeners, which
is especially important if you're using audio as a marketing tool.
• Save time and money. For example, if you have a podcast, you can edit together different
segments from different episodes to create a new episode, rather than starting from scratch
each time.
Types of audio editing
Audio editors use a variety of editing programs to make audio changes, and the type of software
you use will depend on the type of music editing you need to do.
There are three main types of audio editing: cutting, fading, and mixing.
• Cutting is the most basic type of audio editing. To cut an audio file, select the portion of the
file you want to remove and then delete it. This is often used to remove unwanted sections
from a recording, such as pauses or mistakes.

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• Fading is used to smooth out abrupt changes in volume. For example, if you have a recording
of someone speaking and there is a sudden loud noise, you can use fading
to gradually reduce the recording volume until the noise is gone.
• Mixing is used to combine multiple audio files into one. This is often used to create
background music for a video or podcast. For example, you could mix several tracks to create
an instrumental version of a song.
Audio editing software doesn’t have to cost a bomb – you can find some very functional and
very high-powered digital audio workstations for free, below is a list of the top five we like using
when editing our audio:
 Audacity – it does almost everything you want, and it’s open- source. It tends to be
peoples ’go to’ product.
 Ocenaudio – keeping the same UI between Linux, Mac, and Windows. The features page
says the program handles large files.
 PreSonus Studio One Prime – feature- limited, and it is available for both Mac and
Windows. If you are not looking for anything too fancy, Studio One Prime will be feature-
rich enough for you.
 WavePad – easy peasy pumpkin pie – sums this one up perfectly. There are also mobile
apps that integrate with it, however only for Android and Amazon Kindle.
 Apple Garage Band – the simpler, more user-friendly audio editor. And your mac already
comes equipped.
Whether you are a total amateur, an old pro, in need of a freebie – they will be more than
sufficient for your needs and will be sure to impress you.

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 UNIT II
Web Hosting And Managing Multimedia Content
Web Hosting is a service that allows hosting/post-web-server applications (website or web
page) on a computer system through which web-browser clients can have easy access to
electronic content on the Internet. Web Server or Web Host is a computer system that provide
web hosting.
When Internet user’s want to view your website, all they need to do is type your website
address or domain into their browser. The user’s computer will then connect to your server and
your web pages will be delivered to them through the browser. Basically, the web hosts allow
the customers to place documents, such as HTML pages, graphics, and other multimedia files,
etc. onto a special type of computer called a web server. It provides a constant and highspeed
connection to the backbone of the Internet.
Different types of Web hosting services are listed below:
 Free Hosting
 Virtual or Shared Hosting
 Dedicated Hosting
 Co-location Hosting
 Cloud hosting Free Hosting:
This is a free non-paid web hosting service. This type of hosting is available with many
prominent sites that offer to host some web pages for no cost, like Hostinger.
Advantages:
 Free of cost
 Use websites to place advertisements. banners and other forms of advertising media
Disadvantages:
 Customer support is missing
 Low bandwidth and lesser data transfer
 No control over your website
Shared/Virtual Hosting:
It’s a web hosting service where many websites reside on one web server connected to the
internet. This type of hosting is provided under one’s own domain name, www.yourname.com.

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 With a hosting plan with the web hosting company, one can present. oneself as a fully

independent identity to his/her web audience, like Lindo

Advantages:
 Easy and affordable
 Secured by hosting provider
 24/7 Technical support Disadvantages:
 Shared resources can slow down the whole server
 Less flexible than dedicated hosting Dedicated Hosting:
Hosted on a dedicated server, this type of hosting is best suited for large websites with high traffic.
In this, the company wishing to go online rents an entire web server from a hosting company. This is
suitable for companies hosting larger websites, maintaining others’ sites or managing a big online
mall, etc like Google Cloud. Advantages:
 Ideal for large business
 Strong database support
 Unlimited software support
 Powerful e-mail solutions
 Complete root access to your servers Disadvantages:
 Its very expensive
 Requires superior skill sets Co-located Hosting:
This hosting lets you place your own web server on the premises of a service provider. It is similar to
that of dedicated hosting except for the fact that the server is now provided by the usercompany
itself and its physical needs are met by the hosting company like AWS.
Advantages:
 Greater Bandwidth High Up-Time
 Unlimited Software Options
 High Security Disadvantages:
 Difficult to configure and debug
 Its expensive
 Require high skills

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Why is web hosting important?
Hosting your business website on an internal server can be n an internal server can be time-
consuming and expensive. Web hosting providers offer the following benefits.
Performance
A web hosting company that manages hardware resources for multiple websites has greater
purchasing power. It invests in cutting-edge technology so that you get high-performing web
servers with processing power, internal memory, and other computing resources. This improves
website performance, and your visitors can load pages quickly.
Reliability
Web hosting service providers take away the stress of ongoing server maintenance. They
perform regular system upgrades to maintain high security standards. By doing so, they free up
your IT resources so that you can focus on application delivery instead of server management.
Technical support
Most web hosting services offer comprehensive support for troubleshooting performance
issues. They also streamline website monitoring and analytics, data backup and recovery, and
other similar features that make your website run more smoothly.
Security and compliance
Web hosting services use an end-to-end approach to secure infrastructure, including physical,
operational, and software measures that meet all compliance requirements.
What are the features of web hosting?
Most web hosting companies provide different hosting packages and plans. Your monthly web
hosting cost can range from free to paid, depending on factors such as the following:
 Size of your website.

 Number of daily website visitors.

 Peak time website or webpage traffic.

 Web hosting features that you require

Before selecting a web hosting service, explore the different features that various services
provide. The following are the main features generally provided.
Disk space
Your website will require storage space for emails, web files, images, and databases. While you
are estimating your storage requirements, also consider future website growth and website
traffic. Low disk space impacts user experience, so it is an important factor in the selection of a
web hosting service.

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 Bandwidth and data transfer
In the web hosting industry, the terms bandwidth and data transfer are often used
interchangeably. However, they are two different things. Bandwidth is the amount of data that
your website can transfer to visitors at one time. Data transfer is the actual amount of data that
it transfers.
You can think of bandwidth as a pipe. The bigger the pipe, the more the water can pass through
it. However, for various reasons, you might not use the total capacity of the pipe. Data transfer is
like the actual amount of water that goes through the pipe in a given time period.

Email accounts
Many web hosting plans include an email account. You can link your email address to your
website name. For example, if your website name is example.com, your email address will
be [email protected]. The following are the main types of email accounts.
POP3
POP3 accounts give you server space to store your emails, which you can access directly or by
using your email client program.
Forwarding mail
Forwarding mail accounts redirect emails to another email address. This account could be a
personal email account with an email service provider or a third-party account that manages
your website emails for you.
Aliases
Some web hosts have emails plans that you can use to create several aliases or email account
names without creating a full POP3 account. For example, you might want to display sales@,
support@, and orders@ addresses on different pages of you website. Instead of having multiple
POP3 accounts that need to be checked and administered, you could redirect everything to a
single inbox.
FTP access
FTP refers to website file transfer and sharing. Many websites have documents, such as PDF files
or image files, that they want internet users to download. The web hosting company uses FTP
access to provide this service.

Web Hosting Companies

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Following are the several companies offering web hosting service:
S.N. Hosting Company S.N. Hosting Company
1. Blue Host 7. liquid Web
2. Go Daddy 8. Media TempleServInt
3. Host Gator 9. Wired Tree
4. just Host 10. Wild West Domains
5. Laughing Squid 11. Wix
6. Hivelocity 12. WIPL

Steps to Host a website:

Step 1: Decide What Type of Website You Want: You will typically find 2 types of websites:
 Static or Basic Websites: Static websites are simple websites with one or more web pages
(called HTML pages). You can build them on your computer with software like
Dreamweaver and then upload the pages to your host’s server using any FTP software (such
as FileZilla). Whenever you need to make changes to your website, you’ll have to edit the
pages on your computer and upload them again. Since they cannot be modified
dynamically, such websites are called static websites. Static websites are cheaper than
dynamic websites (below) but come with limited functionality and no option for e-
commerce or interactivity.
 Dynamic Websites: Dynamic websites contain information that changes, depending on the
time of day, the viewer and other factors. They make use of both client-side and server-side
scripts to create and update content. Client-side scripts, which run on a user’s computer,
are mainly used for appearance and interaction purposes. Server-side scripts, which reside
on a server and are extensively used by E-commerce and social networking sites, allow
users to have individual accounts and provide a customized response for each user.
Dynamic websites are CMS-driven, and allow you to directly add and edit content (i.e. text,
design, photos, and videos), as well as let your visitors leave comments and start
discussions. Dynamic websites are ideal for businesses and organizations. Examples of
dynamic websites include blogs, forums, photo galleries and e-commerce sites.
Step 2: Choose Your Hosting Server
Unlike static HTML sites which can be hosted on most web servers, when it comes to web
applications, there are basically two types of hosting platforms. Depending on your hosting
needs and what you’re most comfortable with, you can choose from:

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  Linux Hosting, which allows running scripts written in PHP, Perl, Python and other Unix-
originated languages, and usually supports PostgreSQL and MySQL databases. This is the
most commonly used system today.
 Windows Hosting, which allows running ASP scripts utilizing .NET and other Microsoft
technologies, and supports Microsoft SQL Server and Access database.
Step 3: Select Your Web Hosting Plan
You will typically find a wide range of services in web hosting, such as:
 Shared Hosting: In shared hosting, you get to share the physical server with other website
owners. However, you will have your own separate account (secured with login credentials).
Shared hosting is very affordable because the cost of operating the server is shared
between you and the other website owners.
 VPS Hosting (Virtual Private Server Hosting): In VPS hosting, every website is stored on a
very powerful server that is divided into several virtual compartments. The server software
is configured separately so that each unit can function independently. It should be your
preferred option if you have high-security concerns but don’t want to invest in a faster (but
costlier) dedicated server.
 Dedicated Hosting: Dedicated hosting offers you an entire server for yourself, thereby
making it faster, more secure…and costlier. It is the ideal solution for larger businesses and
high-traffic websites because it allows for maximum customization, configuration,
installation and flexibility.
 Cloud Hosting: Cloud hosting allows multiple virtual servers (clouds) to work together to
host a website or a group of websites. It offers unlimited ability to handle sudden traffic
spikes. A cloud-hosted website is not limited to a single server, and the resources allocated
to it can shrink or expand dynamically, depending on how much traffic you get It’s a great
option for large websites, including e-commerce websites, newsletters and blogs.

Step 4: Change Your DNS Address

After you have purchased your web hosting, you will get Name Servers (also known as Domain
Name Servers or DNS) – which is the Internet’s equivalent of a phone book that contains IP
Addresses.
To get your website up and working, you will need to change the Name Servers of your domain.
It’s a simple but mandatory step for you to get started.

Go to your Domain Control Panel via http://manage.hostgator.in/customer.

1. Enter your registered email address and password.
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 2. Click on the Domain Name for which you need to change the Name Servers.
3. In the Domain Registration section, click on the Name Servers option.
4. Replace the existing Name Servers with the ones provided by your current web host, and click
on the Update Name Servers button.

Step 5: Upload Your Website

You can now upload your website to your account by connecting to the server using either cPanel’s
File Manager or FTP Client (such as FileZilla) – after which your website will go live.

 How to Upload Your Website Using cPanel File Manager

o Log in to your cPanel. o Click on the icon titled File Manager. o
Select Web Root and click on Go.
o Add all the files and folders under public_html and their
respective domain folder.

 How to Upload Your Website Using FTP Client

You can connect to FTP via an FTP program such as FileZilla Client. It allows you to see the files and
folders on our server like you’d see them on your computer. You can use it to drag and drop your
website’s files into the /public_html/ folder.

To connect to your web server via FileZilla, follow these steps:

1. Install FileZilla and open it
2. From the File menu, select Site Manager
3. Click on New Site
4. Enter the username and password you received in your welcome mail
5. Set the Port to 21 (FTP always runs on Port 21)
6. Click Connect
Once your FTP is connected, you will see the files and folders of your:
 Local computer on the left
 Web hosting service on the right
To upload files to your hosting service provider via FileZilla, follow these steps:
1. From the left-hand side of FileZilla, select the file(s) and folder(s) you want to upload
2. Drag and drop the file(s) and folder(s) to the directory location on the right side of your web
hosting service. FileZilla will now start uploading.

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3. After the uploading is finished, FileZilla log will confirm success and your uploads will be
visible on the right-hand side. Your website is now live now!

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 Multimedia content
Multimedia content refers to the combination of various media elements, such as text, images,
audio, video, and interactive elements, to deliver information or entertainment in a dynamic
and engaging format. It encompasses a wide range of digital content that combines different
media types to enhance the user experience and convey messages effectively.

Benefits of multimedia content

• Enhanced engagement: Multimedia content captivates and engages audiences more effectively

than traditional text-based content. The use of visuals, audio, and interactive elements
stimulates multiple senses, making the content more memorable and impactful.
• Improved information retention: By presenting information through multiple media formats,
multimedia content facilitates better information retention. Research shows that people tend
to remember more when information is delivered through a combination of visuals, audio, and
text, compared to text alone.
• Increased reach and accessibility: Multimedia content has broad appeal and can reach a
diverse audience. It accommodates different learning styles and preferences, making it
accessible to individuals with varying abilities and preferences. It allows you to communicate
your message effectively to a larger audience.
• Better communication of complex concepts: Some concepts or ideas are challenging to explain
solely through text. Multimedia content provides a powerful means to simplify complex
concepts through visualizations, animations, and interactive elements, making them more
understandable and digestible for the audience.
• Higher conversion rates: Multimedia content has the potential to drive higher conversion rates.

Engaging visuals, compelling videos, and interactive elements can capture users’ attention,
increase their interest in your products or services, and ultimately lead to higher conversion
and sales.
What are some best practices for creating multimedia content?
• Define your objectives: Clearly define the objectives and purpose of your multimedia content.
Determine whether you aim to educate, entertain, or persuade your audience. Aligning your
objectives will guide the creative process and ensure your content effectively meets your goals.

• Understand your target audience: Research and understand your target audience’s
preferences, interests, and needs. Tailor your multimedia content to resonate with their tastes

39
 and communication preferences. Consider factors such as age, demographics, and cultural
background to create content that appeals to your specific audience.

• Maintain consistent branding: Ensure your multimedia content aligns with your brand identity
and messaging. Consistent branding elements, such as color schemes, logos, and typography,
help reinforce your brand recognition and create a cohesive visual experience across different
media formats.
• Optimize for different devices: Create multimedia content that is optimized for various devices,

including desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones. Ensure that your content is
responsive, visually appealing, and functional across different screen sizes and resolutions.
• Encourage interaction: Incorporate interactive elements within your multimedia content to
encourage audience engagement and participation. This can include clickable links, quizzes,
polls, or interactive videos that allow users to make choices or explore further information.
Identifying Multimedia elements
There are five basic elements of multimedia: text, images, audio, video and animation.
Example - Text in fax, Photographic images, Geographic information system maps, Voice commands,
Audio messages, Music, Graphics, moving graphics animation, Full-motion stored and live video,
Holographic images. Text and images are static objects, whereas audio, video and animations are
dynamic objects that move or change.
Text
 Text is most commonly used to communicate information.
 It has alphanumeric characters, in addition to special characters.
 It involves the use of text types, sizes, fonts, colours and background colours.
 Multimedia applications support linked content, through Hypertext.
 Text in SMS, FAX, Email are examples of this element in Communication.
 Common file types include: TXT, DOC, DOCX, PDF. Images
 Images/Illustrations are the oldest form of media
 They help to illustrate ideas through still pictures.
 There are two types of images - Bitmaps and Vector
 Bitmap images are real images that can be captured from devices such as cameras.
 Vector graphics are created using software in the computer.

This multimedia element enables to generate, represent, process, manipulate, and display
pictures. Common file types for Images include: JPG, PNG, TIF, BMP

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Audio
 The speech, music and sound effects used in multimedia is digital audio.
 Multimedia applications use audio or the sound element like, website or presentation can
add audio files from a musical background, or a voiceover / spoken explanation.
 There are two basic types of audio or sound; analog and digital.
 The original sound signal is termed as Analog audio.
 The digital sampling of the original sound is termed as Digital audio.
 Common file types for Audio include: MP3, WAV, WMA
Video
 Video presents moving pictures and typically combines images and sound for a multimedia
experience.
 This technology records, synthesizes, and displays images known as frames in such
sequences at a fixed speed that makes the creation appear as moving; this is how we see a
completely developed video.
 To watch a video without any interruption, video device must display 25 to 30
frames/second.
 Common file types for Video include AVI, WMV, FLV, MOV, MP4
Animation
 Animation is the process of making a static image to look as if it is moving.
 It helps in creating, developing, sequencing, and displaying a set of images technically
known as frames. • Digital animation can be classified as 2D two dimension and 3D Three-
dimension animations
 GIFs, an abbreviation for graphic image files, are small files that present a single image or
rapidly display a sequence of a few images to give the appearance of motion.
 Adobe Flash is the most common tool for creating these animations.
 Common file types for Animation include: GIF, FLV Creating multimedia content:
The first step to creating engaging content is to choose the right tools for your media format
and platform. Depending on your budget, skills, and goals, you can use different software and
applications to edit and enhance your videos, audio, images, and text.
For example, you can use Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, or iMovie for video editing,
Audacity, GarageBand, or Anchor for audio editing, Photoshop, Canva, or PicMonkey for image
editing, and WordPress, Medium, or Substack for text editing.

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1. Presentation software: In the context of a web content management system (CMS),
presentation software plays a crucial role in enhancing the visual appeal and user experience of
a website. A CMS is a platform that enables users to create, manage, and publish digital content
on the web. The presentation layer, often referred to as the frontend or user interface, is what
users interact with when they visit a websiteHere's how presentation software integrates with a
web CMS:
2. Themes and Templates:
• Presentation software allows users to design and create themes or templates for a website.
These themes determine the overall look and feel of the site, including colors, fonts, layout,
and other design elements.
• CMS platforms often provide a way to integrate these themes seamlessly. Users can choose
or customize a theme within the CMS, and the presentation layer adapts accordingly.
2. Responsive Design:
• Modern websites need to be responsive, meaning they should adapt to various screen
sizes and devices. Presentation software helps in creating responsive designs that ensure a
consistent and user-friendly experience across desktops, tablets, and mobile devices.
• CMS platforms often have features or plugins that facilitate the implementation of
responsive design elements generated by the presentation software.
3. Content Integration:
• Presentation software allows for the easy integration of various content types, such as
text, images, videos, and interactive elements. This content can be managed and
organized through the CMS backend.
• The CMS acts as a central hub for content creation and management, while the
presentation layer ensures that this content is displayed to users in a visually appealing
manner.
4. Customization and Branding:
• Presentation software enables customization to align the website with the brand
identity. Users can incorporate logos, brand colors, and other visual elements into the
design.
• The CMS allows for the easy updating and maintenance of these branding elements,
ensuring consistency across all web pages.
5. Customization and Branding:

42
 • Presentation software enables customization to align the website with the brand
identity. Users can incorporate logos, brand colors, and other visual elements into the
design.
• The CMS allows for the easy updating and maintenance of these branding elements,
ensuring consistency across all web pages.
6. Dynamic Content:
• CMS platforms often support the creation of dynamic content that can be updated
regularly. Presentation software plays a role in presenting this dynamic content in a
visually engaging way.
• Sliders, carousels, and other interactive elements created with presentation software can
be embedded into the CMS to showcase dynamic content.
7. Customization and Branding:
• Presentation software enables customization to align the website with the brand
identity. Users can incorporate logos, brand colors, and other visual elements into the
design.
• The CMS allows for the easy updating and maintenance of these branding elements,
ensuring consistency across all web pages.
8. Customization and Branding:
• Presentation software enables customization to align the website with the brand
identity. Users can incorporate logos, brand colors, and other visual elements into the
design.
• The CMS allows for the easy updating and maintenance of these branding elements,
ensuring consistency across all web pages.
9. Dynamic Content:
• CMS platforms often support the creation of dynamic content that can be updated
regularly. Presentation software plays a role in presenting this dynamic content in a
visually engaging way.
• Sliders, carousels, and other interactive elements created with presentation software can
be embedded into the CMS to showcase dynamic content.
10. User Experience (UX) Optimization:
• Presentation software contributes significantly to the overall UX by providing tools for
designing intuitive navigation, clear calls-to-action, and engaging interfaces.
• CMS platforms work in conjunction with presentation software to ensure that the
designed UX is effectively implemented and maintained.

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 In contrast, presentation software and web CMS work together to deliver a seamless and visually
appealing web experience. The CMS handles content creation and management, while the
presentation software focuses on designing the frontend to optimize user engagement and
satisfaction.
Here are examples of presentation software that are commonly used in conjunction with WCMS platforms:
1. Microsoft PowerPoint:
• Description: Microsoft PowerPoint is a widely used presentation software that
allows users to create slideshows with various multimedia elements, transitions,
and animations.
• Integration with WCMS: Users can design presentation slides in PowerPoint and
export elements (such as images and videos) for integration into a WCMS.
Presentation themes and styles can be aligned with the overall website design.
2. Google Slides:
• Description: Google Slides is a cloud-based presentation software that enables
collaborative editing and sharing. It is part of the Google Workspace suite.
• Integration with WCMS: Google Slides allows teams to collaborate on
presentations in real-time. Content and design elements can be integrated into a
WCMS, providing a dynamic and collaborative approach to web content creation.
3. Apple Keynote:
• Description: Keynote is Apple's presentation software known for its sleek design
tools and animations. It is commonly used in the Apple ecosystem.
• Integration with WCMS: Design elements created in Keynote, such as custom
themes, slide layouts, and interactive features, can be exported and integrated into a
WCMS for a visually appealing website.
4. Prezi:
• Description: Prezi is a presentation software that offers a unique zooming
interface, allowing for non-linear storytelling and dynamic presentations.
• Integration with WCMS: Prezi presentations can be embedded into WCMS
platforms to create engaging and interactive content. This adds a layer of visual
interest to web pages.
5. Canva:
• Description: While Canva is primarily a graphic design tool, it also offers
presentation templates and features for creating visually stunning slides.

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 • Integration with WCMS: Canva designs can be exported and integrated into a
WCMS, providing a user-friendly approach for creating visually appealing content
without extensive design skills.
6. Adobe Spark:
• Description: Adobe Spark is a suite of design tools that includes Spark Video for
creating presentations with animated elements.
• Integration with WCMS: Spark Video presentations can be exported or
embedded into a WCMS, allowing for the inclusion of multimedia content and
animations on web pages.
7. Haiku Deck:
• Description: Haiku Deck is a presentation tool known for its simplicity and focus
on visual storytelling. It offers a library of high-quality images for users.
• Integration with WCMS: Haiku Deck presentations can be embedded into WCMS
platforms to enhance visual storytelling on websites.
8. Slider Revolution:
• Description: Slider Revolution is a plugin for creating responsive sliders,
carousels, and dynamic content within websites.
• Integration with WCMS: While not a traditional presentation software, Slider
Revolution is often used within WCMS platforms to create dynamic and visually
appealing sliders on the homepage or other sections of a website.
When integrating presentation software with a WCMS, it's essential to consider factors such as
responsiveness, collaborative features, and the ability to export or embed content seamlessly.
Each of these presentation tools brings its unique features and capabilities to the table, allowing
content creators to enhance the visual presentation of their web content.

Google Slides offers a user-friendly interface for designing slideshows collaboratively. Here are
detailed steps to help you create a presentation using Google Slides:
Step 1: Access Google Slides
1. Open your web browser and go to . Google
Slides
2. Sign in to your Google account. If you don't have one, you can create a Google
account or use an existing Gmail account.
Step 2: Create a New Presentation
3. On the Google Slides homepage, click on the "+" (plus) sign to create a new presentation.

45
4. You can choose a blank presentation or select a template by clicking on "Blank" or "From a
template," respectively.
Step 3: Customize Slide Layout and Design
5. Once you're in the presentation editor, you can customize the layout and design of your
slides.
• Slide Layout: Click on the "Slide" menu and choose "Layout" to select different slide
layouts for your content, such as title slides, content slides, or section headers.
• Theme: Click on the "Slide" menu, then "Change background" to choose a theme or
customize the background color of your slides.
• Font and Text Formatting: Use the toolbar to change font styles, sizes, and
formatting options.
Step 4: Add Content to Slides
6. Click on the "+" button in the toolbar to add a new slide. Choose the type of slide you want
to add (title slide, content slide, etc.).
7. Click on the text boxes to add your title and content. You can also insert images, videos,
charts, and other elements using the "Insert" menu.
8. Continue adding slides and content until your presentation is complete.
Step 5: Collaborate with Others
9. Click on the "Share" button in the top-right corner to collaborate with others. Enter email
addresses to invite collaborators, set their permissions, and add a message.
10. Collaborators can simultaneously work on the presentation in real-time. Changes are
automatically saved to Google Drive.
Step 6: Insert Transitions and Animations
11. Click on the "Transition" button to add slide transitions between slides.
Use the "Animations" menu to add entrance, exit, and emphasis animations to individual
elements on a slide.

Step 7: Present and Preview

12. Click on the "Present" button in the top-right corner to enter presentation mode. Navigate
through the slides using the arrow keys.
13. Use the "Present" button in the bottom-right corner to preview how your presentation will
look to your audience. Step 8: Save and Export

46
14. Your presentation is automatically saved to Google Drive. However, if you want to download
it, click on "File" and choose "Download." Select the format you prefer, such as PowerPoint,
PDF, or other options. Step 9: Share and Publish
15. Click on the "Share" button to share your presentation with others. You can either invite
collaborators or generate a shareable link.
16. If you want to embed your presentation on a website or blog, click on "File," then
"Publish to the web." Configure settings and click "Publish." Step
10: Edit and Revise
17. If you need to make edits after sharing, collaborators can make changes in real-time, and the
presentation will be updated automatically.
18. To revise your presentation, open it in Google Slides, make changes, and click "File" > "Save"
to ensure the updates are saved.

CREATING AND MAINTAINING A WIKI SITE WIKI

A wiki is a collaborative website or web application that allows users to create, edit, and
organize content collectively. The term "wiki" comes from the Hawaiian word for "quick,"
reflecting the collaborative and fast-paced nature of content creation and editing on these
platforms. The defining feature of a wiki is its openness to contributions from multiple users,
facilitating the creation and modification of content in a collaborative and dynamic manner.
Here are key characteristics of a wiki:
1. Collaborative Editing:
• Wikis enable collaborative editing, allowing multiple users to contribute to and edit
content. Edits are typically tracked, and users can see the revision history of a page.
2. Open Editing:
• Most wikis are open to public editing, meaning that users do not need advanced
technical skills to contribute. However, some wikis may have restrictions or require
user accounts to edit.

3. Web-Based:
• Wikis are web-based platforms, accessible through web browsers.
Users can contribute to and access content from any device with
internet access.
4. Hyperlinked Structure:

47
 • Wiki pages are often interconnected through hyperlinks. This
interconnected structure allows users to navigate seamlessly
between related topics within the wiki.
5. Markup Language:
• Many wikis use a simplified markup language or a rich-text editor for
formatting content. This makes it easy for users to add headings, lists,
links, and other formatting elements.
6. Revision History:
• Wikis maintain a detailed revision history of each page, documenting
changes made over time. This history allows users to review edits,
track the evolution of content, and revert to previous versions if
needed.
7. User Contributions:
 Contributors to a wiki can include anyone from the general public to subject matter
experts. The collaborative nature of wikis allows a diverse range of individuals to
contribute their knowledge and expertise.
8. Community Governance:
 Wikis often have a community-based governance model where users collectively
contribute to decision-making processes, such as establishing guidelines, resolving
disputes, and determining content policies.
9. Knowledge Sharing:
• Wikis serve as platforms for knowledge sharing and documentation.
They are commonly used for creating documentation, encyclopedias,
instructional materials, and other types of informative content.
10. Examples of Wikis:
• Wikipedia: A well-known example, Wikipedia is a free online
encyclopedia that allows users to create, edit, and update articles on
a wide range of topics.
• MediaWiki: The software behind Wikipedia and other wikis. It is
open-source and widely used for creating collaborative websites.
• Confluence: A commercial wiki software developed by Atlassian,
often used for team collaboration, project documentation, and
knowledge sharing.

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How Wikis Work:
1. Creation of Pages:
 Users can create new pages on a wiki by adding content on a specific topic. This initial
content can be a starting point for collaborative contributions.
2. Editing:
 Users can edit existing pages by adding, modifying, or deleting content. Editing can be
done using a simple markup language or a rich-text editor, depending on the wiki
platform.
3. Hyperlinking:
 Users can create hyperlinks between pages to establish connections and facilitate
navigation. Hyperlinks are a fundamental aspect of the interconnected structure
of wikis.
4. Revision Tracking:
 Each edit made to a page is tracked in the revision history. Users can view the
history to see who made changes, when edits were made, and what specific
changes were implemented.
5. Collaboration:
 Multiple users can collaborate on a single page simultaneously. This collaborative
environment allows for the sharing of knowledge, expertise, and diverse
perspectives.
6. Moderation and Governance:
 Some wikis implement moderation features to ensure the quality and accuracy of
content. Governance may involve community-driven decision-making and the
establishment of guidelines.
7. Search Functionality:
 Wikis typically include a search function that allows users to quickly find relevant
information within the vast amount of content available.
some key advantages of using wikis:
1. Collaborative Editing:

49
 Advantage: Wikis enable multiple users to collaboratively create and edit content.
This collaborative approach facilitates the pooling of knowledge and expertise
from diverse contributors.

50
2. Open Accessibility:
 Advantage: Most wikis are open and accessible to the public, allowing users to
contribute without the need for advanced technical skills. This openness
encourages a wide range of individuals to participate.
3. Ease of Use:
 Advantage: Wikis typically have user-friendly interfaces and straightforward editing
tools. The simplicity of markup language or rich-text editors makes it easy for
contributors to format and edit content.
4. Interconnected Structure:
 Advantage: Wikis utilize hyperlinks to connect related pages, creating an
interconnected structure. This facilitates easy navigation and allows users to
explore diverse topics within the same wiki.
5. Revision History:
 Advantage: Wikis maintain a detailed revision history, documenting every change
made to a page. This feature allows users to track the evolution of content,
review edits, and revert to previous versions if needed.
6. Knowledge Sharing:
 Advantage: Wikis serve as effective platforms for knowledge sharing. They are
commonly used for creating documentation, instructional materials,
encyclopedias, and other repositories of information.
7. Community Collaboration:
 Advantage: Wikis often foster a sense of community collaboration, where
contributors collectively shape the content and governance of the platform. This
community-driven approach encourages diverse perspectives.
8. Rapid Updates:
 Advantage: Wikis allow for rapid updates and real-time collaboration. This is
particularly useful when information needs to be kept current or when a group of
contributors is working together on a project.
9. Transparency and Accountability:
 Advantage: The revision history and user attribution in wikis provide transparency
and accountability. Users can see who made edits, when changes were made,
and review edit summaries, promoting responsible editing behavior.
10. Documentation and Information Retrieval:

51
  Advantage: Wikis are effective tools for documentation. They provide a centralized
location for information, making it easy for users to retrieve and reference
information quickly.

11. Flexible Structure:

 Advantage: Wikis often have a flexible and adaptable structure. Pages can be easily

created, edited, and reorganized to accommodate evolving content needs.

12. Search Functionality:
 Advantage: Most wikis include robust search functionality, allowing users to quickly find
relevant information within the vast amount of content available. This enhances the
overall usability of the platform.
13. Cost-Effective Collaboration:
 Advantage: Wikis are often cost-effective collaboration tools. Many wiki platforms are
open-source or offer free versions, making them accessible to a wide range of users
and organizations.
14. Supports Remote Collaboration:
 Advantage: Wikis support remote collaboration, allowing contributors from different
locations to work on the same project. This is particularly valuable in today's global
and distributed work environments.
15. Continuous Improvement:
 Advantage: The collaborative nature of wikis encourages continuous improvement.
Contributors can update content as needed, ensuring that information remains
accurate and relevant over time.

Creating a wiki involves several key steps, from choosing a platform to setting up hosting and
inviting contributors. Here's a brief overview of the process:
1. Define Purpose and Scope:
• Clarify why you need a wiki and what topics it will cover. Define the scope
to guide content creation.
2. Choose a Wiki Platform:
• Select a wiki platform that suits your needs, such as MediaWiki,
Confluence, or DokuWiki.
3. Set Up Hosting and Domain:

52
 • Choose whether to self-host or use a cloud-based service. Set up hosting
for your wiki and acquire a domain name.
4. Install and Configure:
• Follow the installation instructions for your chosen platform. Customize
the appearance by configuring themes and visuals.
5. Create Initial Structure:
• Establish categories, sections, and create initial pages to structure your
wiki logically.
6. Invite Contributors and Set Permissions:
• Define user roles and invite contributors. Set permissions for editing,
administrative tasks, and moderation.
7. Encourage Collaboration:
• Foster a collaborative environment by encouraging users to edit, add
content, and engage in discussions.
8. Implement Search Functionality:
• Configure search settings to ensure users can easily find relevant
information.
9. Set Up Revision History:
• Configure settings for revision history and version control to track changes
made to pages.
10. Provide Documentation and Training:
• Create user documentation and conduct training sessions or tutorials to
guide contributors.
11. Regularly Review and Update Content:
 Regularly review and update content to ensure accuracy and relevance.
12. Implement Moderation and Governance:
 Set up moderation guidelines and mechanisms to ensure content quality. Define
governance processes.
13. Gather Feedback and Iterate:
 Implement feedback mechanisms to gather input from users. Use feedback to
make improvements and updates.

Presentation software:

53
Presentation software is a tool used to create visual presentations, typically in the form of slideshows, to
convey information to an audience. Examples of popular presentation software include Microsoft
PowerPoint, Google Slides, and Keynote.

When it comes to web content management, presentation software can be integrated into a content
management system (CMS) to create interactive and engaging content on websites. For example, a
company may use a CMS like WordPress to manage their website content. Within WordPress, they can
embed a presentation created using a tool like Google Slides directly into a webpage. This allows visitors
to view the presentation without leaving the website.

By incorporating presentation software into web content management, organizations can enhance the user
experience, provide valuable information in a visually appealing format, and keep visitors engaged on their
website. This integration can be particularly useful for showcasing product demos, sharing company
updates, or delivering online training materials.

Here's a breakdown of part 1 and part 2 focusing on presentation software in web content management:

Part 1: Introduction to Presentation Software in Web Content Management

1. Understanding Presentation Software

Definition: Presentation software refers to tools that enable users to create visually appealing
slideshows, presentations, and multimedia content.

Importance: Presentation software allows content creators to communicate information effectively,

engage audiences, and convey complex ideas in a visually digestible format.

2. Features of Presentation Software

• Slide Creation: Ability to create and customize slides with text, images, charts, videos, and
animations.

• Templates: Pre-designed templates for consistent branding and professional-

looking presentations.

• Multimedia Integration: Support for integrating various multimedia elements such as audio, video,
and interactive content.

• Collaboration: Features for collaborative editing and real-time sharing of presentations among team
members.

• Export Options: Ability to export presentations in different formats such as PDF, PowerPoint, HTML,
or video.

3. Integration with Web Content Management Systems (CMS)

• Seamless Integration: Presentation software can be integrated into web CMS platforms to streamline
content creation and publishing workflows.

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 • Content Repository: Access to a centralized content repository within the CMS for storing and
managing presentation assets.

• Embedding: Ability to embed presentations directly into web pages or articles, enhancing the user
experience.

• Version Control: Integration with version control systems to track changes and revisions to
presentations.

Part 2: Advanced Features and Best Practices In presentation software

1. Advanced Design Features:

• Custom Templates: Create personalized designs for branding consistency.

• Master Slides: Establish uniform formatting across all slides.

• Custom Fonts and Colors: Tailor the presentation to match branding guidelines.

• Object Alignment and Distribution: Ensure precise arrangement of elements on slides.

• Grid and Guides: Use visual aids to maintain alignment and spacing.

• Backgrounds and Themes: Enhance visual appeal with thematic backgrounds.

2. Interactive Elements:

• Hyperlinks: Navigate to external resources or other slides within the presentation.

• Action Buttons: Enable interactive navigation within the presentation.

• Forms and Surveys: Integrate feedback mechanisms directly into the presentation.

• Quizzes and Polls: Engage the audience with interactive quizzes or polls.
3. Collaboration and Sharing:

• Cloud Integration: Share presentations online for collaborative editing.

• Version Control: Track changes and revisions made by multiple collaborators.

• Commenting and Feedback: Provide and receive feedback within the presentation software.

• Export and Sharing Options: Export presentations in various formats for sharing or printing.
4. Advanced Animation and Transition Techniques:

• Custom Animations: Create custom animation sequences for specific effects.

• Motion Paths: Define the movement trajectory of objects on slides.

• Timing and Triggers: Control the timing and activation of animations.

• Advanced Transitions: Explore advanced transition effects for added visual interest
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5. Accessibility and Inclusivity:

• Alternative Text: Provide alternative text descriptions for images and visual content.

• Readability: Ensure text is legible and accessible to all audience members.

• Closed Captioning: Include captions for audio and video content to support hearing-impaired
individuals.

Examples of Presentation software Microsoft

powerpoint:

Integrating Microsoft PowerPoint with a Web Content Management System (WCMS) allows users to
create, edit, and publish presentations directly within the WCMS interface. This integration streamlines
the process of managing presentation content, facilitates collaboration among team members, ensures
consistent formatting across web pages, and provides insights into audience engagement through
analytics. Additionally, it enables organizations to maintain accessibility standards, implement security
measures, and provide training and support to users. Overall, the integration enhances efficiency and
effectiveness in delivering engaging content on web platforms.

Key features of Microsoft PowerPoint include:

Slide Creation and Editing: Users can create slides with text, images, charts, diagrams, and multimedia
content, and easily edit them to customize the presentation.

Templates and Themes: PowerPoint offers a wide range of pre-designed templates and themes to help users
create professional-looking presentations quickly.

Animation and Transitions: Users can add animations and transitions to slides to make the presentation
more dynamic and engaging.

Integration with Other Microsoft Office Apps: Seamless integration with apps like Word and Excel allows
users to embed charts, tables, and other content directly into PowerPoint slides.

Embedding Multimedia: Users can embed videos, audio files, and online content into their presentations to
enhance visual appeal and interactivity.

Presenter Tools: PowerPoint offers presenter view, speaker notes, and rehearsal features to help presenters
prepare and deliver their presentations effectively.

Slide Show Customization: Users can customize the presentation's slide show settings, such as slide
transitions, timings, and navigation options.

Accessibility Features: PowerPoint includes features to improve accessibility, such as alt text for images,
accessible slide layouts, and compatibility with screen readers.

Integration with Cloud Services: Users can save presentations to cloud storage services like OneDrive and
SharePoint, enabling easy access and collaboration from anywhere.

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Export and Sharing Options: PowerPoint offers various export and sharing options, including saving
presentations as PDFs, sharing via email, or presenting online using Microsoft Teams or SharePoint.

Google slides:
Google Slides is a web-based presentation program that’s part of the Google Workspace suite of productivity
tools1. It allows users to create, edit, and collaborate on presentations in real-time.

In the context of a Web Content Management System (WCMS), Google Slides can be used as a content
creation tool. A WCMS is a software package that provides some level of automation for the tasks required
to effectively manage content. It allows editors to create new content, edit existing content, perform
editorial processes on content, and ultimately make that content available to other people to consume it.

Google Slides presentations can be part of the digital content data managed by a WCMS. This content
data can be text, images, music, documents, etc. A Google Slides presentation, being a document, can be
stored and managed in an electronic format within a WCMS.

Google Slides offers features that enhance collaboration and productivity. For example, you can work on
a single presentation online with your business partner, your whole team, or external contacts. You
control who gets permission to edit, view, or just add comments. Additionally, Google Slides is
thoughtfully connected to other Google apps you love, saving you time. You can embed charts from
Google Sheets or reply to comments directly from Gmail. You can even search the web and Google Drive
for relevant content and images directly from Slides.

Google Slides presentations can be used in a web-friendly format by converting them into a format
that is easily accessible and viewable on the web. Here are some ways to make Google Slides
presentations more web-friendly.

1. Convert to PDF: One way to make a Google Slides presentation web-friendly is to

convert it into a PDF format. This ensures that the presentation can be easily viewed
and downloaded by users without the need for specific software or plugins.

2. Export as images: Another option is to export each slide of the Google Slides
presentation as an image (e.g., PNG or JPEG). This allows users to view the presentation
slide by slide on a webpage, making it more visually appealing and accessible.

3. Embed in a webpage: Google Slides presentations can be embedded directly into a

webpage using the embed code provided by Google Slides. This allows users to view the
presentation within the webpage itself, without having to navigate to a separate
platform. Google Slides presentations can be used in a web-friendly format by
embedding them directly into a webpage. This allows users to view the presentation
without leaving the website. Once you have embedded the Google Slides presentation
into your webpage, users can view the presentation directly on the site. They can
navigate through the slides, interact with any embedded links or media, and engage
with the content without having to leave the webpage.

4. Shareable link: Google Slides presentations can also be shared with a link that allows
users to view the presentation in their web browser. This is a simple and convenient way
to make the presentation accessible to a wider audience.

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 By utilizing these methods, Google Slides presentations can be made more web-friendly, ensuring that they
are easily accessible and engaging for users on the web.

However, it’s important to note that while Google Slides can be used to create content for a WCMS, it is
not a WCMS itself. It does not have the features to manage and publish content on the web like a WCMS
does. It is primarily a tool for creating presentations.

Screen Casting
1. Screen Capture:
 A screencast captures everything happening on the computer screen. This includes
movements of the cursor, interactions with software, opening and closing of files,
and any other on-screen activity.
2. Audio Narration:
 Screencasts often include audio narration recorded simultaneously with the screen
capture. The narrator explains the actions on the screen, providing context and
guidance.
3. Educational and Tutorial Content:
 Screencasts are commonly used for educational purposes, tutorials, and
demonstrations. They are effective for teaching users how to use software,
navigate websites, or complete specific tasks.
4. Software Demonstrations:
 Developers and educators use screencasts to demonstrate the features and
functionalities of software applications. This can be helpful for showcasing new
features or providing software walkthroughs.
5. Training and Learning:
 Screencasts are valuable tools for training purposes. They allow trainers to create
instructional materials that can be accessed by learners at their own pace.
6. YouTube and Online Platforms:
 Screencasts are frequently uploaded to online platforms like YouTube or embedded in
websites for easy sharing and accessibility. They are a popular format for content
creators, particularly in technology-related fields.
7. Annotation and Highlighting:
 Some screencasting tools offer features for annotating and highlighting elements on
the screen. This is useful for drawing attention to specific areas or providing
additional information.
8. Software Tools:

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  Various software tools are available for creating screencasts. Examples include
Camtasia, OBS Studio, Snagit, and QuickTime Player. These tools often provide
options for recording, editing, and exporting screencasts.
9. File Formats:
 Screencasts are typically saved in video file formats such as MP4, MOV, or AVI. This
makes them easy to share and view across different devices and platforms.

10. Live Streaming:

 Some screencasting tools allow for live streaming of on-screen activities. This is
commonly used by gamers, educators, or professionals conducting live tutorials
or presentations.
11. Quality and Resolution:
 The quality and resolution of a screencast depend on the settings used during
recording. Higher resolution captures more details but may result in larger file
sizes.
12. Editing Capabilities:
• Many screencasting tools provide basic video editing capabilities. Users can trim, cut, or
enhance the recorded content before sharing it.
How Are Screencasts Used?
As you can see, a screencast is a type of video tutorial that is most often created to demonstrate
a process that’s shown on the screen.
Screen recording software now enable screencasting on any type of device, even on
smartphones. For example, there are plenty of screen recording and screen mirroring apps for
iOS and Android that help bloggers make screencast videos on the go. However, when we think
of screencasts, it’s probably education that first comes to mind.
So, use cases for screencasts include:
• Training for non-techies. With screencasts, you can show your learners how to use specific
features of Microsoft Excel or other tools. Compared to unclear written explanations,
screencasts make more sense.
• Classroom work. Screencasting helps teachers save more time when introducing a topic in
the classroom and invest more time in practice, communication, and discussions. A teacher
can record their screen while explaining how to solve math equations and share the video
with students so they can watch it before coming to class.

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• Software demos and tutorials. Businesses that produce or sell software, or offer a web
service can benefit greatly from making video tutorials on how to use their tools. This is
another instance where screencasts can come into play.
• Visual explanation. Skillful photoshoppers, advanced users of Microsoft Excel, and other
software experts use screencasts to share their knowledge with the world.
• Gameplay streaming. For gamers, a screencast is a way to share their gameplay with the
world, as well as get feedback on their skills and teach their peers how to improve their
performance.

Brief about four popular screencast tools:

1. Camtasia:
Key Features:
• Powerful Editing: Camtasia is renowned for its advanced video editing capabilities. It
provides a multi-track timeline for precise editing and enhancement of recordings.
• Webcam Integration: Users can seamlessly integrate webcam footage into their
screencasts, allowing for a more personalized and engaging presentation.
• Screen and Audio Recording: Camtasia facilitates high-quality screen and audio
recording, making it suitable for creating professional tutorials, presentations, and
software demonstrations.
• User-Friendly Interface: Despite its powerful features, Camtasia maintains a user-
friendly interface, making it accessible for both beginners and experienced users.
2. Snagit:
• Key Features:
• Quick Capture: Snagit excels in quick and easy screen capture, making it a
convenient tool for capturing screenshots and short video clips.
• Image and Video Editing: It offers robust image and video editing features,
enabling users to annotate, highlight, and enhance their captures.
• GIF Creation: Snagit supports the creation of GIFs, providing a dynamic way to
convey information in a concise and shareable format.
• Webcam Recording: Users can easily incorporate webcam footage into their
screencasts for added engagement and communication.

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 3. OBS Studio (Open Broadcaster Software):
• Key Features:
• Free and Open-Source: OBS Studio is a free and open-source screencasting tool,
making it accessible to a wide range of users.
• Live Streaming: Apart from screencasting, OBS Studio is known for its live
streaming capabilities, making it a popular choice among gamers and content
creators.
• High Customization: It offers high customization for recording settings, allowing
users to tailor the recording experience to their specific requirements.
• Multi-Platform Support: OBS Studio is compatible with Windows, macOS, and
Linux, offering flexibility across different operating systems.

4. Loom:
• Key Features:
• Quick Video Recording and Sharing: Loom is designed for quick video recording
and sharing, making it a convenient choice for on-the-fly communication.
• Cloud Storage for Videos: Loom provides cloud storage for videos, allowing users
to access and share their recordings easily from anywhere.
• Annotation and Drawing Tools: Users can annotate and draw on their screen
recordings, enhancing the visual communication and emphasizing key points.
• Webcam and Screen Recording: Loom allows simultaneous webcam and screen
recording, enabling a more personal and engaging communication style.

Brief steps to screencast using Loom:

1. Sign Up or Log In:
• Visit the Loom websiteom/) and sign up (https://www.loom.c for an account.
If you already have an account, log in.
2. Install Loom Extension:
• Install the Loom browser extension for Chrome, Firefox, or Edge.
3. Launch Loom:
• Click on the Loom icon in your browser toolbar to launch the application.
4. Choose Recording Options:
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 • Select your recording option: "Screen + Cam" for screen and webcam, "Screen
Only" for just the screen, or "Cam Only" for webcam footage.
5. Set Recording Preferences:
 Choose your microphone, webcam, and select the screen or application window to
record.
6. Record Your Screencast:
 Click "Start Recording" to begin. If using "Screen + Cam," your webcam footage will
appear on the side.
7. Narrate and Demonstrate:
 Speak clearly as you demonstrate actions on your screen. Provide
explanations as needed.
8. Stop Recording:
 Click the Loom icon or the "Finish" button to stop recording when you're done.
9. Review and Edit (Optional):
 Review your recording and trim the beginning or end if necessary. Edit other
aspects if needed.
10. Save or Share:
 Click "Finish" to save your recording. Choose to save it to your Loom account, share

it via a link, or download the video.

11. Share Link or Download:
 If sharing via a link, Loom provides a URL. Alternatively, download the video file to
your computer.

MULTILINGUAL CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

Multilingual Content Development refers to the process of creating and producing digital
content that is accessible and relevant to users who speak different languages. This involves
designing, writing, and presenting information in multiple languages to cater to a diverse and
global audience. Multilingual content development is crucial for websites, applications,
marketing materials, and other digital platforms seeking to reach users from various linguistic
backgrounds.

Here are key aspects of multilingual content development:

1. Content Strategy:

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 Define a comprehensive content strategy that addresses the target audience's linguistic
diversity. Determine which languages are relevant to your audience and prioritize them
accordingly.
2. Language Selection:
Identify the languages that your target audience speaks. This may involve considering
regional dialects and variations to ensure a nuanced and culturally appropriate approach.
3. Localization:
Localize content by adapting it not only linguistically but also culturally. Consider nuances in
language, idioms, cultural references, and sensitivities to create content that resonates with
each specific audience.
4. Translation Services:
Engage professional translation services or use advanced translation tools to ensure accurate
and high-quality translation of content. Translation may include text, images, multimedia, and
other types of content.

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 5. SEO Optimization:
Implement search engine optimization (SEO) strategies for each language version of the
content. This involves incorporating language-specific keywords, meta tags, and other SEO
elements to improve discoverability in search engines.
6. User Interface (UI) Localization:
Localize the user interface elements, such as buttons, menus, and labels, to match the language
and cultural expectations of users. This contributes to a seamless and user-friendly experience.
7. Cultural Sensitivity:
Be mindful of cultural differences and sensitivities when creating content. Avoid content that
may be offensive or misunderstood in different cultural contexts.
8. Consistent Branding:
Maintain a consistent brand image across all language versions. Ensure that brand messaging,
tone, and visual elements are cohesive, regardless of the language.
9. Content Management System (CMS) Integration:
Use a multilingual content management system or integrate multilingual capabilities into your
existing CMS. This facilitates the efficient management and organization of content in different
languages.
10. Content Collaboration:
Establish collaborative workflows for content creation, editing, and review involving
contributors who are proficient in the target languages. Collaboration is crucial for maintaining
quality and accuracy.
11. Accessibility:
Ensure that the content is accessible to users with different language preferences. Provide
language switch options, clear navigation, and user-friendly interfaces to enhance accessibility.
12. Quality Assurance:
Conduct thorough quality assurance and testing for each language version. This includes
reviewing translations, checking for formatting issues, and ensuring that the content meets the
intended goals in every language.
13. Continuous Updates:
Regularly update and maintain all language versions of the content. Keep information
current and relevant to each target audience.
Multilingual content development is a strategic and ongoing effort that requires careful
planning, collaboration, and attention to cultural and linguistic nuances. Successful execution

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contributes to a positive user experience and broadens the reach of digital content to a global
audience.
Advantages of multilingual content development
1. Global Reach:
Expands audience outreach to diverse markets, enabling businesses to connect with
individuals globally and increase their brand presence on an international scale.
2. Improved User Experience:
Increases engagement with content tailored to users' languages, ensuring a positive and
user-friendly experience that resonates with individuals on a personal level.
3. Increased Accessibility:
Enhances inclusivity by catering to different linguistic backgrounds, making information
more accessible to a wider audience and breaking down language barriers.
4. SEO Benefits:
Boosts search engine rankings in various regions, optimizing content for search engines in
different languages and increasing visibility globally.
5. Cultural Relevance:
Ensures authenticity and sensitivity to cultural nuances, creating content that resonates
with diverse audiences and fosters a deeper connection with the brand.
6. Competitive Advantage:
Differentiates businesses and demonstrates adaptability, providing a strategic edge by
appealing to a wider market and addressing the diverse needs of consumers.
7. Brand Consistency:
Maintains consistent brand messaging across languages, reinforcing a unified brand identity
and preventing potential confusion among global audiences.
8. Economic Opportunities:
Opens doors to new business prospects internationally, unlocking economic opportunities
and facilitating growth in untapped markets.
9. Loyalty and Trust:
Builds trust by communicating in users' preferred languages, establishing a stronger
connection and fostering loyalty among a global customer base.
10. Adaptation to Local Markets:
Tailors marketing to align with local preferences, adapting promotional strategies to
resonate with cultural nuances and preferences.

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 11. Legal and Regulatory Compliance:
Meets legal requirements for language-specific information, ensuring compliance with
regulations in regions where specific language disclosures are mandated.
12. Effective Communication:
Reduces misunderstandings and ensures clear communication, enhancing effective
communication by conveying messages accurately and avoiding language barriers.
13. International Collaboration: Facilitates collaboration among diverse global teams,
breaking down language barriers and promoting effective communication and
cooperation.
14. Social Media Engagement:
Broadens social media reach across linguistic communities, leveraging the power of
multilingual content to engage with a wider audience on various social media platforms.
15.Educational Resources:
Enhances accessibility of learning materials globally, making educational resources
available in multiple languages and improving accessibility for learners worldwide.

Developing multilingual content:

Select a Multilingual CMS: Choose a Content Management System that supports multilingual
capabilities. Popular CMS options like WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla have plugins or built-in
features for managing content in multiple languages.
Content Organization: Plan a clear content structure, considering language-specific categories and
tags. This helps in organizing and managing multilingual content effectively.
Translate Content: Create high-quality translations for each piece of content. You can hire
professional translators or use translation tools, but ensure that translations are accurate and
culturally relevant.
URL Structure: Implement a URL structure that reflects language variations. This could involve using
language codes or subdomains to distinguish between different language versions of your site.
Hreflang Tags: Incorporate hreflang tags in your HTML to inform search engines about the language
and regional targeting of each page. This helps search engines deliver the correct language version
to users.

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Language Switcher: Include a user-friendly language switcher on your website,
allowing visitors to easily switch between languages. This can be in the form of a
dropdown menu or flags representing different languages.
Localized Metadata: Customize metadata (title tags, meta descriptions) for each
language version to optimize search engine results for specific regions and
languages.
Responsive Design: Ensure your website has a responsive design that adapts
well to various devices and screen sizes, considering the diverse audience
accessing your content.
Testing: Thoroughly test all language versions of your website. Check for
functionality, design consistency, and language accuracy. Pay attention to how
different languages display on various devices.
Regular Updates: Keep all language versions up to date simultaneously.
Regularly update content, announcements, and any changes across all language
variations to maintain consistency.
User Feedback: Encourage user feedback on language-specific content to
identify any issues or areas for improvement. This helps in refining the
multilingual user experience.
Analytics Monitoring: Use analytics tools to monitor the performance of each
language version. Analyse user behaviour, engagement, and conversions to
refine your multilingual content strategy.
By following these steps, you can establish a robust framework for multilingual
content development, ensuring a seamless and engaging experience for your
diverse audience.

Creating multilingual content in WordPress

Creating multilingual content in WordPress typically involves using a plugin like
WPML (WordPress Multilingual Plugin) or Polylang. Here, I'll provide a step-by-step
guide using WPML: Step 1: Install and Activate WPML
1. In your WordPress dashboard, go to "Plugins" > "Add New."
2. Search for "WPML" and click "Install Now" next to the WPML
Multilingual CMS plugin.
 3. Once installed, click "Activate."
Step 2: Configure Basic Settings
1. After activation, go to the WPML menu on your dashboard.
2. Follow the setup wizard to configure the basic settings for your
multilingual website. This includes choosing your site's default language
and selecting additional languages.

Step 3: Translate Pages and Posts

1. Edit an existing page or post, or create a new one.
2. In the post/page editor, you'll see a new section for translations.
3. Click on the "+" button to add a translation for each language.
4. Translate the content manually or use WPML's translation
services. Step 4: Translate Media Files
1. If your content includes images or other media, ensure these files are
translated or replaced with language-specific versions.
2. You can upload translated media files directly or link to external
translations.
Step 5: Translate Menus and Widgets
1. Navigate to "WPML" > "Languages" > "Menu language synchronization."
2. Enable synchronization for menus. Now, you can translate your menus
for different languages.
3. Translate widgets under "WPML" > "Languages" > "Widgets." Step 6: Set
Up Language Switcher
1. Go to "WPML" > "Languages."
2. Choose the language switcher options and customize its
appearance.
3. Place the language switcher in your site's header, footer, or
sidebar. Step 7: SEO Considerations
1. WPML automatically adds hreflang tags to pages, helping search engines
understand language targeting.
 2. Review and customize SEO settings for each language using popular SEO
plugins like Yoast SEO or All in One SEO Pack.
Step 8: Test and Review
1. Thoroughly test your website to ensure accurate translations and
proper functionality.
2. Check for any formatting issues or discrepancies in different
language versions. Step 9: Keep Plugins Updated
1. Regularly update WPML and any other plugins to ensure compatibility and
access to new features.
By following these steps, you can effectively create multilingual content in WordPress
using the WPML plugin. Note that the process may vary slightly if you choose a
different multilingual plugin like Polylang.