BIOLOGY

CLASS IX

CHAPTER-6

TISSUES
Animal Tissues
Presentation 4

6.3 Animal tissues

6.3.1 Epithelial tissue
6.3.2 Connective tissue
6.3.3 Muscular tissue
6.3.4 Nervous tissue
Supportive
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE OR EPITHELIUM
(protective tissue or covering tissue)

Location
• Occurs as a protective covering all over the body
• Covers most organs and cavities within the body
• Forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate
• Forms outermost layer of skin
It lines the buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, nose, air
tubes, lungs alveoli, kidney tubules and all blood vessels
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUE

• Epithelial cells are tightly packed with a little cementing

material between them and almost no intercellular spaces
• Permeability of cells of various epithelia play an important
role in regulating exchange of material between the body and
the external environment and also between different parts of
body
• Regardless of the type, all epithelium is usually separated
from the underlying tissue by an extracellular fibrous
basement membrane.
 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Different epithelia show differing structures that
correlate with their unique functions

• Squamous epithelium
types: Simple squamous epithelium (single layer)
Stratified squamous epithelium (more than one layer)
• Cuboidal epithelium
• Columnar epithelium
• Ciliated epithelium
• Glandular epithelium
Type of epithelial Shape/ Location Function
Tissue arrangement of
cells
Simple Squamous Protection from
Epithelium Thin flat, closely Lines cavities mechanical injury &
packed cells, form (lung alveoli, entry of germ, regulates
a delicate lining blood vessels) exchange of material,
facilitates diffusion
Stratified Epithelial cells
Squamous arranged in many Skin,
Epithelium layers, the top oesophagus, Protection from
most layer is made lining of the mechanical injury
up of squamous mouth
epithelium
Cuboidal Epithelium Kidney tubules,
Absorption,
Cube shaped ducts of salivary
secretion and
cells and sweat glands
excretion
etc
Columnar Epithelium
Pillar shaped Absorption and
Lining of intestine
cells secretion

Ciliated Epithelium Rhythmic

Columnar
Lining of trachea, movement of cilia
epithelium that
fallopian tube etc moves the material
bears cilia
in one direction
Glandular Portion of Present in glands
Epithelium epithelial tissue like salivary glands
folds inwards to etc (multicellular
Secretion
form a gland)
multicellular Goblet cells
gland (unicellular gland)
 (the packing tissue)

• It is most abundant tissue in body

• It binds or connects various tissues and organs in the body
and provides them rigidity, support and protection.

Characteristics
§Cells are loosely packed and embedded in an intercellular
matrix.
§Matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid depending on
the function of connective tissue.
 Connective Tissue

Supportive
Loose Connective Dense Regular
Tissue Vascular

Bone Cartilage
Tendon Ligament
Areolar Adipose Blood Lymph
Tissue Tissue
• Cells are loosely packed
• Found between skin and
muscles, around blood
vessels, nerves and in the
bone marrow
• Matrix contains fibres and
macrophages

Function:
• Packaging tissue as
fills the space inside organs
• Supports internal organs
• Helps in repair of tissues
• Joins skin to muscles
• Round to oval shaped cells called adipocytes, filled with fat
globules
• Present below the skin around internal organs and in yellow
bone marrow
Functions:
• Stores fat, acts as insulator
• Acts as shock absorbing cushion around delicate organs like
kidneys
Collagen
fibres

Elastic fibres
Ligament Elastic tissue dense fibrous Joins
and has great tissue with bone to
strength spindle- bone
shaped cells
and very little
matrix
Tendon Strong Fibrous fibrous tissue Joins
tissue but has with small muscle
limited number of to bone
flexibility cells and rich
(inelastic) extracellular
matrix
 Connective tissue Characteristics Matrix Function
Bone -Porous, firm and Calcium and -Provides
brittle phosphorus framework that
-Bone cells called compounds supports body
osteocytes occur present in -Anchors muscles
singly arranged in the matrix -Protects important
lamellae. organs
-Strong and non
flexible
-Hardest tissue
Cartilage -Firm but elastic Solid Matrix -Smoothens bone
Widely spaced cells composed of surfaces at the joints
called chondrocytes proteins and - Provides
occur in two or fours sugars framework and
-Found in nose tip, supports body like
ear, pinna, trachea in case of the nose
and larynx tip, ear pinna
Plasma
Fluid matrix is called plasma in which blood cells are
suspended. It contains proteins, salts, hormones etc.

Types of blood cells

RBCs, WBCs and platelets

Activity 6.4
Blood smear
under the
microscope
 Functions of
blood

• Transport of gases,
digested food,
hormones and waste
materials to different
body parts
• Provide immunity to the
body
• Clotting of blood in case
of injury
Muscular tissue is made up of muscle fibers consisting of
muscle cells. This tissue is responsible for movement in
our body.

Muscle fiber contain special proteins called contractile

proteins, actin and myosin. These help in contraction and
relaxation of the muscle fibre thereby causing movement.
There are three types of muscles in humans
STRIATED/ SKELETAL MUSCLE

The skeletal muscles show striations and

therefore are a type of striated muscles.
They have the following characteristics:-
§ These are long and cylindrical in
shape
§ The muscles also show alternate light
and dark bands also called as
striations
§ They are unbranched
§ They are multinucleate
§ The nuclei in these muscles are
peripheral
§ These muscles are voluntary in
nature
SMOOTH MUSCLES

The smooth muscles are also known as non

striated muscles.

They have the following characteristics:-

§ These are short and spindle shaped
§ They are unbranched
§ They are uninucleate
§ The muscles do not show alternate light and
dark bands
§ These muscles are involuntary in nature

They are present in the walls of internal organs.

 CARDIAC MUSCLES

The cardiac muscles are found in the heart.

They have the following characteristics:-

§ These are short and rectangular in shape
§ They are branched
§ They are uninucleate
§ These muscles are involuntary in nature
§ The muscles show faint alternate light and dark bands
§ The cells have intercalated discs.
These muscles do not get fatigued and show continuous rhythmic contraction and
relaxation.
 Types of Muscle fibres

uninucleate

Conscious
Con
Control

etc.
 NERVOUS TISSUE

§ All cells possess the ability to respond to stimuli. However, cells of

the nervous tissue are highly specialised for being stimulated and
then transmitting the impulse very rapidly from one place to
another within the body.

§ The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of the nervous
tissue. The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.
§ A neuron consists of a cell body called cyton with a nucleus and
cytoplasm.
§ Many short, branched parts (processes) called dendrites arise from the
cyton.
§ Usually each neuron has a single long part (process), called the axon.
§ The axon ends in branched structures called nerve endings or axon
endings (axon terminal).
§ An individual nerve cell may
be up to a meter long.

§ Many nerve fibres bound

together by connective tissue
make up a nerve.

§ The signal that passes along

the nerve fibre is called a nerve impulse.

§ The functional combination of nerve and muscle tissue

enables animals to move rapidly in response to stimuli.
1. What are the functions of areolar tissue?
2. Name the following.
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue present in the brain.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
3. Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bone,
lining of kidney tubule.
4. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three
types of muscle fibres.
5. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?
6. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac
muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location
in the body.
7. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.
8. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.