40 Essential Linux Commands That Every User Should Know

Linux is a family of open-source Unix operating systems based on the Linux Kernel. They include Ubuntu,
Fedora, Debian, openSUSE, and Red Hat. Using Linux to manage a Virtual Private Server (VPS) is common
practice.
When operating Linux, you need to use a shell – a program that gives you access to the operating system’s
services. Most Linux distributions use a graphical user interface (GUI), making them beginner-friendly.
However, we recommend utilizing the command-line interface (CLI) because it’s quicker and offers more
control. Tasks that require multiple steps on the GUI can be done in a matter of seconds by entering
commands into the CLI.
So if you want to use Linux, learning the common utilities or commands will go a long way. This article will
discuss the 40 basic commands to help you use your Linux distro effectively.
• What Is a Linux Command?
• The 40 Most Commonly Used Linux Commands
• Bonus Tips and Tricks
• Download a Free Linux Commands Cheat Sheet
• Linux Commands FAQ
• What Is the Basic Command of Linux?
• How Many Commands Does Linux Have?

What Is a Linux Command?

A Linux command is a program or utility that runs on the CLI – a console that interacts with the system via
texts and processes. It’s similar to the Command Prompt application in Windows.
Linux commands are executed on Terminal by pressing Enter at the end of the line. You can run commands
to perform various tasks, from package installation to user management and file manipulation.
Here’s what a Linux command’s general syntax looks like:
CommandName [option(s)] [parameter(s)]
A command may contain an option or a parameter. In some cases, it can still run without them. These are the
three most common parts of a command:
• CommandName is the rule that you want to perform.
• Option or flag modifies a command’s operation. To invoke it, use hyphens (–) or double hyphens
(—).
• Parameter or argument specifies any necessary information for the command.
Keep in mind that all Linux commands are case-sensitive.
The 40 Most Commonly Used Linux Commands
Before proceeding to the list of basic commands, you need to open Terminal first. If you are still unsure,
check out our CLI tutorial.
Although the steps may differ depending on your Linux distribution, the Terminal application is usually
found in the Utilities section.
Here is the list of basic Linux commands:
1. sudo command
Short for superuser do, sudo is one of the most popular basic Linux commands that lets you perform
tasks that require administrative or root permissions.
When using sudo, the system will prompt users to authenticate themselves with a password. Then,
the Linux system will log a timestamp as a tracker. By default, every root user can run sudo
commands for 15 minutes/session.
If you try to run sudo in the command line without authenticating yourself, the system will log the
activity as a security event.
Here’s the general syntax:
sudo (command)
You can also add an option, such as:
• -k or –reset-timestamp invalidates the timestamp file.
• -g or –group=group runs commands as a specified group name or ID.
• -h or –host=host runs commands on the host. 2. pwd command
Use the pwd command to find the path of your current working directory. Simply entering pwd will
return the full current path – a path of all the directories that starts with a forward slash (/). For
example, /home/username.
The pwd command uses the following syntax:
pwd [option]
It has two acceptable options:
• -L or –logical prints environment variable content, including symbolic links.
• -P or –physical prints the actual path of the current directory. 3. cd command
To navigate through the Linux files and directories, use the cd command. Depending on your current
working directory, it requires either the full path or the directory name.
Running this command without an option will take you to the home folder. Keep in mind that only
users with sudo privileges can execute it.
Let’s say you’re in /home/username/Documents and want to go to Photos, a subdirectory of
Documents. To do so, enter the following command:
cd Photos.
If you want to switch to a completely new directory, for example, /home/username/Movies, you
have to enter cd followed by the directory’s absolute path:
cd /home/username/Movies
Here are some shortcuts to help you navigate:
• cd ~[username] goes to another user’s home directory.
• cd .. moves one directory up.
• cd- moves to your previous directory.
4. ls command
The ls command lists files and directories within a system. Running it without a flag or parameter
will show the current working directory’s content.
To see other directories’ content, type ls followed by the desired path. For example, to view files in
the Documents folder, enter:
ls /home/username/Documents
Here are some options you can use with the ls command:
• ls -R lists all the files in the subdirectories.
• ls -a shows hidden files in addition to the visible ones.
• ls -lh shows the file sizes in easily readable formats, such as MB, GB, and TB.

5. cat command
Concatenate, or cat, is one of the most frequently used Linux commands. It lists, combines, and
writes file content to the standard output. To run the cat command, type cat followed by the file
name and its extension. For instance:
cat filename.txt.
Here are other ways to use the cat command:
• cat > filename.txt creates a new file.
• cat filename1.txt filename2.txt > filename3.txt merges filename1.txt and filename2.txt and
stores the output in filename3.txt.
• tac filename.txt displays content in reverse order.

6. cp command
Use the cp command to copy files or directories and their content. Take a look at the following use
cases.
To copy one file from the current directory to another, enter cp followed by the file name and the
destination directory. For example:
cp filename.txt /home/username/Documents
To copy files to a directory, enter the file names followed by the destination directory:
cp filename1.txt filename2.txt filename3.txt /home/username/Documents
To copy the content of a file to a new file in the same directory, enter cp followed by the source file
and the destination file:
cp filename1.txt filename2.txt
To copy an entire directory, pass the -R flag before typing the source directory, followed by the
destination directory:
cp -R /home/username/Documents /home/username/Documents_backup
7. mv command
The primary use of the mv command is to move and rename files and directories. Additionally, it
doesn’t produce an output upon execution.
Simply type mv followed by the filename and the destination directory. For example, you want to
move filename.txt to the /home/username/Documents directory:
mv filename.txt /home/username/Documents.
You can also use the mv command to rename a file:
mv old_filename.txt new_filename.txt

8. mkdir command
Use the mkdir command to create one or multiple directories at once and set permissions for each of
them. The user executing this command must have the privilege to make a new folder in the parent
directory, or they may receive a permission denied error.
Here’s the basic syntax:
mkdir [option] directory_name
For example, you want to create a directory called Music:
mkdir Music
To make a new directory called Songs inside Music, use this command:
mkdir Music/Songs
The mkdir command accepts many options, such as:
• -p or –parents create a directory between two existing folders. For example, mkdir -p
Music/2020/Songs will make the new “2020” directory.
• -m sets the file permissions. For instance, to create a directory with full read, write, and
execute permissions for all users, enter mkdir -m777 directory_name.
• -v prints a message for each created directory. 9. rmdir command
To permanently delete an empty directory, use the rmdir command. Remember that the user running
this command should have sudo privileges in the parent directory.
For example, you want to remove an empty subdirectory named personal1 and its main folder mydir:
rmdir -p mydir/personal1 10. rm command
The rm command is used to delete files within a directory. Make sure that the user performing this
command has write permissions.
Remember the directory’s location as this will remove the file(s) and you can’t undo it.
Here’s the general syntax:
rm filename.To remove multiple files, enter the following command:
rm filename1 filename2 filename3
Here are some acceptable options you can add:
 • -i prompts system confirmation before deleting a file.
• -f allows the system to remove without a confirmation.
• -r deletes files and directories recursively.

11. touch command

The touch command allows you to create an empty file or generate and modify a timestamp in the
Linux command line.
For example, enter the following command to create an HTML file named Web in the Documents
directory:
touch /home/username/Documents/Web.html

12. locate command

The locate command can find a file in the database system.
Moreover, adding the -i argument will turn off case sensitivity, so you can search for a file even if
you don’t remember its exact name.
To look for content that contains two or more words, use an asterisk (*). For example:
locate -i school*note
The command will search for files that contain the words school and note, whether they use
uppercase or lowercase letters.

13. find command

Use the find command to search for files within a specific directory and perform subsequent
operations. Here’s the general syntax:
find [option] [path] [expression]
For example, you want to look for a file called notes.txt within the home directory and its
subfolders:
find /home -name notes.txt
Here are other variations when using find:
• find -name filename.txt to find files in the current directory.
• find ./ -type d -name directoryname to look for directories.

14. grep command

Another basic Linux command on the list is grep or global regular expression print. It lets you find a
word by searching through all the texts in a specific file.
Once the grep command finds a match, it prints all lines that contain the specific pattern. This
command helps filter through large log files.
For example, you want to search for the word blue in the notepad.txt file:
grep blue notepad.txt
The command’s output will display lines that contain blue. 15. df command
Use the df command to report the system’s disk space usage, shown in percentage and kilobyte
(KB). Here’s the general syntax:
df [options] [file]
For example, enter the following command if you want to see the current directory’s system disk
space usage in a human-readable format:
df -h
These are some acceptable options to use:
• df -m displays information on the file system usage in MBs.
• df -k displays file system usage in KBs.
• df -T shows the file system type in a new column. 16. du command
If you want to check how much space a file or a directory takes up, use the du command. You can
run this command to identify which part of the system uses the storage excessively.
Remember, you must specify the directory path when using the du command. For example, to check
/home/user/Documents enter:
du /home/user/Documents
Adding a flag to the du command will modify the operation, such as:
• -s offers the total size of a specified folder.
• -m provides folder and file information in MB
• k displays information in KB.
• -h informs the last modification date of the displayed folders and files. 17. head command
The head command allows you to view the first ten lines of a text. Adding an option lets you change
the number of lines shown. The head command is also used to output piped data to the CLI.
Here’s the general syntax:
head [option] [file]
For instance, you want to view the first ten lines of note.txt, located in the current directory:
head note.txt
Below are some options you can add:
• -n or –lines prints the first customized number of lines. For example, enter head -n 5
filename.txt to show the first five lines of filename.txt.
• -c or –bytes prints the first customized number of bytes of each file.
• -q or –quiet will not print headers specifying the file name. 18. tail command
The tail command displays the last ten lines of a file. It allows users to check whether a file has new
data or to read error messages.
Here’s the general format:
tail [option] [file]
For example, you want to show the last ten lines of the colors.txt file:
tail -n colors.txt

19. diff command

Short for difference, the diff command compares two contents of a file line by line. After analyzing
them, it will display the parts that do not match.
Programmers often use the diff command to alter a program instead of rewriting the entire source
code.
Here’s the general format:
diff [option] file1 file2
For example, you want to compare two text files – note.txt and note_update.txt:
diff note.txt note_update.txt
Here are some acceptable options to add:
• -c displays the difference between two files in a context form.
• -u displays the output without redundant information.
• -i makes the diff command case insensitive. 20. tar command
The tar command archives multiple files into a TAR file – a common Linux format similar to ZIP,
with optional compression.
Here’s the basic syntax:
tar [options] [archive_file] [file or directory to be archived]
For instance, you want to create a new TAR archive named newarchive.tar in the
/home/user/Documents directory:
tar -cvf newarchive.tar /home/user/Documents
The tar command accepts many options, such as:
• -x extracts a file.
• -t lists the content of a file.
• -u archives and adds to an existing archive file.
Check out the more practical examples to know more about the other functions.
21. chmod command
chmod is a common command that modifies a file or directory’s read, write, and execute
permissions. In Linux, each file is associated with three user classes – owner, group member, and
others.
Here’s the basic syntax:
chmod [option] [permission] [file_name]
For example, the owner is currently the only one with full permissions to change note.txt. To allow
group members and others to read, write, and execute the file, change it to the -rwxrwxrwx
permission type, whose numeric value is 777:
chmod 777 note.txt
This command supports many options, including:

• -c or –changes displays information when a change is made.

• -f or –silent suppresses the error messages.
• -v or –verbose displays a diagnostic for each processed file. 22. chown command
The chown command lets you change the ownership of a file, directory, or symbolic link to a
specified username.
Here’s the basic format:
chown [option] owner[:group] file(s)
For example, you want to make linuxuser2 the owner of filename.txt:
chown linuxuser2 filename.txt 23. jobs command
A job is a process that the shell starts. The jobs command will display all the running processes
along with their statuses. Remember that this command is only available in csh, bash, tcsh, and ksh
shells.
This is the basic syntax:
jobs [options] jobID
To check the status of jobs in the current shell, simply enter jobs to the CLI.
Here are some options you can use:
• -l lists process IDs along with their information.
• -n lists jobs whose statuses have changed since the last notification.
• -p lists process IDs only. 24. kill command
Use the kill command to terminate an unresponsive program manually. It will signal misbehaving
applications and instruct them to close their processes.
To kill a program, you must know its process identification number (PID). If you don’t know the
PID, run the following command:
ps ux
After knowing what signal to use and the program’s PID, enter the following syntax:
kill [signal_option] pid
There are 64 signals that you can use, but these two are among the most commonly used:
• SIGTERM requests a program to stop running and gives it some time to save all of its
progress. The system will use this by default if you don’t specify the signal when entering the
kill command.
• SIGKILL forces programs to stop, and you will lose unsaved progress.
For example, the program’s PID is 63773, and you want to force it to stop:
kill SIGKILL 63773 25. ping command
The ping command is one of the most used basic Linux commands for checking whether a network
or a server is reachable. In addition, it is used to troubleshoot various connectivity issues.
Here’s the general format:
ping [option] [hostname_or_IP_address]
For example, you want to know whether you can connect to Google and measure its response time:
ping google.com 26. wget command
The Linux command line lets you download files from the internet using the wget command. It
works in the background without hindering other running processes.
The wget command retrieves files using HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols. It can perform recursive
downloads, which transfer website parts by following directory structures and links, creating local
versions of the web pages.
To use it, enter the following command:
wget [option] [url]
For example, enter the following command to download the latest version of WordPress:
wget https://wordpress.org/latest.zip 27. uname command
The uname or unix name command will print detailed information about your Linux system and
hardware. This includes the machine name, operating system, and kernel. To run this command,
simply enter uname into your CLI.
Here’s the basic syntax:
uname [option]
These are the acceptable options to use:
• -a prints all the system information.
• -s prints the kernel name.
• -n prints the system’s node hostname. 28. top command
The top command in Linux Terminal will display all the running processes and a dynamic real-time
view of the current system. It sums up the resource utilization, from CPU to memory usage.
The top command can also help you identify and terminate a process that may use too many system
resources.
To run the command, simply enter top into the CLI. 29. history command
With history, the system will list up to 500 previously executed commands, allowing you to reuse
them without re-entering. Keep in mind that only users with sudo privileges can execute this
command. How this utility runs also depends on which Linux shell you use.
To run it, enter the command below:
history [option]
This command supports many options, such as:
• -c clears the complete history list.
• -d offset deletes the history entry at the OFFSET position.
• -a appends history lines. 30. man command
The man command provides a user manual of any commands or utilities you can run in Terminal,
including the name, description, and options.
It consists of nine sections:
• Executable programs or shell commands
• System calls
• Library calls
• Games
• Special files
• File formats and conventions
• System administration commands
• Kernel routines
• Miscellaneous
To display the complete manual, enter:
man [command_name]
For example, you want to access the manual for the ls command:
man ls
Enter this command if you want to specify the displayed section:
man [option] [section_number] [command_name]
For instance, you want to see section 2 of the ls command manual:
man 2 ls 31. echo command
The echo command is a built-in utility that displays a line of text or string using the standard output.
Here’s the basic syntax:
echo [option] [string]
For example, you can display the text Hostinger Tutorials by entering:
echo “Hostinger Tutorials”
This command supports many options, such as:
• -n displays the output without the trailing newline.
• -e enables the interpretation of the following backslash escapes:
• \a plays sound alert.
• \b removes spaces in between a text.
• \c produces no further output.
• -E displays the default option and disables the interpretation of backslash escapes.

32. zip, unzip commands

Use the zip command to compress your files into a ZIP file, a universal format commonly used on
Linux. It can automatically choose the best compression ratio.
The zip command is also useful for archiving files and directories and reducing disk usage.
To use it, enter the following syntax:
zip [options] zipfile file1 file2….
For example, you have a file named note.txt that you want to compress into archive.zip in the current
directory:
zip archive.zip note.txt
On the other hand, the unzip command extracts the zipped files from an archive. Here’s the general
format:
unzip [option] file_name.zip
So, to unzip a file called archive.zip in the current directory, enter:
unzip archive.zip 33. hostname command
Run the hostname command to know the system’s hostname. You can execute it with or without an
option. Here’s the general syntax:
hostname [option]
There are many optional flags to use, including:
• -a or –alias displays the hostname’s alias.
• -A or –all-fqdns displays the machine’s Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN).
• -i or –ip-address displays the machine’s IP address.
For example, enter the following command to know your computer’s IP address:
hostname -i 34. useradd, userdel commands
Linux is a multi-user system, meaning more than one person can use it simultaneously. useradd is
used to create a new account, while the passwd command allows you to add a password. Only those
with root privileges or sudo can run the useradd command.
When you use the useradd command, it performs some major changes:
• Edits the /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group, and /etc/gshadow files for the newly created
accounts.
• Creates and populates a home directory for the user.
•
• Sets file permissions and ownerships to the home directory.
Here’s the basic syntax:
useradd [option] username
To set the password:
passwd the_password_combination
For example, to add a new person named John, enter the following command simultaneously:
useradd John
passwd 123456789
To delete a user account, use the userdel command:
userdel username
35. apt-get command
apt-get is a command line tool for handling Advanced Package Tool (APT) libraries in Linux. It lets
you retrieve information and bundles from authenticated sources to manage, update, remove, and
install software and its dependencies.
Running the apt-get command requires you to use sudo or root privileges.
Here’s the main syntax:
apt-get [options] (command)
These are the most common commands you can add to apt-get:
• update synchronizes the package files from their sources.
• upgrade installs the latest version of all installed packages.
• check updates the package cache and checks broken dependencies.

36. nano, vi, jed commands

Linux allows users to edit and manage files via a text editor, such as nano, vi, or jed. nano and vi
come with the operating system, while jed has to be installed.
The nano command denotes keywords and can work with most languages. To use it, enter the
following command:
nano [filename]
vi uses two operating modes to work – insert and command. insert is used to edit and create a text
file. On the other hand, the command performs operations, such as saving, opening, copying, and
pasting a file.
To use vi on a file, enter:
vi [filename]
jed has a drop-down menu interface that allows users to perform actions without entering keyboard
combinations or commands. Like vi, it has modes to load modules or plugins to write specific texts.
To open the program, simply enter jed to the command line. 37. alias, unalias commands
alias allows you to create a shortcut with the same functionality as a command, file name, or text.
When executed, it instructs the shell to replace one string with another.
To use the alias command, enter this syntax:
alias Name=String
For example, you want to make k the alias for the kill command:
alias k=’kill’
On the other hand, the unalias command deletes an existing alias.
Here’s what the general syntax looks like:
unalias [alias_name]
38. su command
The switch user or su command allows you to run a program as a different user. It changes the
administrative account in the current log-in session. This command is especially beneficial for
accessing the system through SSH or using the GUI display manager when the root user is
unavailable.
Here’s the general syntax of the command:
su [options] [username [argument]]
When executed without any option or argument, the su command runs through root privileges. It will
prompt you to authenticate and use the sudo privileges temporarily.
Here are some acceptable options to use:
• -p or –preserve-environment keeps the same shell environment, consisting HOME, SHELL,
USER, and LOGNAME.
• -s or –shell lets you specify a different shell environment to run.
• -l or –login runs a login script to switch to a different username. Executing it requires you to
enter the user’s password.

39. htop command

The htop command is an interactive program that monitors system resources and server processes in
real time. It is available on most Linux distributions, and you can install it using the default package
manager.
Compared to the top command, htop has many improvements and additional features, such as mouse
operation and visual indicators.
To use it, run the following command:
htop [options] You can also add options, such as:
• -d or –delay shows the delay between updates in tenths of seconds.
• -C or –no-color enables the monochrome mode.
• -h or –help displays the help message and exit. 40. ps command
The process status or ps command produces a snapshot of all running processes in your system. The
static results are taken from the virtual files in the /proc file system.
Executing the ps command without an option or argument will list the running processes in the shell
along with:
• The unique process ID (PID)
• The type of the terminal (TTY)
• The running time (TIME)
• The command that launches the process (CMD)
Here are some acceptable options you can use:
• -T displays all processes associated with the current shell session.
• -u username lists processes associated with a specific user.
• -A or -e shows all the running processes.
Bonus Tips and Tricks
Here are some tips and tricks you can use to manage the Linux system:
• Enter the clear command to clean the Terminal screen.
• Press the Tab button to autofill after entering a command with an argument.
• Use Ctrl + C to terminate a running command.
• Press Ctrl + Z to pause a working command.
• Use Ctrl + S to freeze your Terminal temporarily.
• Press Ctrl + Q to undo the Terminal freeze.
• Use Ctrl + A to move to the beginning of the line.
•
• Press Ctrl + E to bring you to the end of the line.
• When executing multiple commands in a single line, use (;) to separate them. Alternatively, use && to
only allow the next command to run if the previous one is successful.

Expert Tip
Did you know that you can edit a text file with Linux commands using SSH? Instead of editing a file locally and
uploading it via FTP, you can edit the file instantly on your account using the vim or nano command.

Download a Free Linux Commands Cheat Sheet

Click the link below to download a free PDF of the most commonly used Linux commands. For any Terminal
beginner, this cheat sheet is a must-have.Conclusion
Linux commands let you perform basic and administrative tasks quickly and effectively from the Terminal. With it,
you’ll have more flexibility over your system and the ability to access features that are not always available through a
graphical user interface.

Learning basic Linux commands is essential to interact with your machine, primarily if you use a Virtual Private
Server (VPS). In most cases, each utility consists of three parts – a command name, a flag or option, and a parameter
or argument.
This article has discussed 40 common commands, such as apt-get to install a package, nano to manipulate a file,
htop to monitor current processes, and ls to view a directory.
We hope this article has helped you learn the basic Linux commands. If you have any questions or suggestions,
please leave them in the comments section below.

Other Useful Linux Commands to Learn

How to Use Sed Command to Read Files
How to Use Curl Command for Data Transfer
How to Perform DNS Lookup With Dig Command
How to Use Time Command in Linux
How to Use Scp Command for File Transfer
How to Use Linux Watch Command
How to Use Shutdown Command
How to Use Tee Command to Write and Display to a File
How to Find File Type With File Command in Linux
How to List Services in Linux
How to Use Rsync for File Transfer and Synchronization
How to Change a User Password in Linux
How to Create a Symbolic Link With ln Command