Republic of the philippines

SOUTHERN BICOL COLLEGES

Mabini Street, Masbate City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL AXIS-WIND
TURBINE USING ASD AND USD OF NSCP 2015 LOCATED AT
BRGY. CONCEPCION, CATAINGAN, MASBATE

A Civil Engineering Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of Civil Engineering Department
Southern Bicol Colleges
College of Engineering
Masbate City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the requirements for the subject
CE 526 A&B – CE PROJECT 1&2

RESEARCHERS:
ELIEZER JOHN V. ALOGUIN- Cataingan, Masbate
REYMOND A. MONTON- Masbate city, Masbate
BRIAN F. DIANO- Cawayan, Masbate
DANICE G. APABLE- Milagros, Masbate
BSCE – IVB

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 Republic of the philippines
SOUTHERN BICOL COLLEGES
Mabini Street, Masbate City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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APPROVAL SHEET

Upon the recommendation of the Oral Examiners their Project Thesis

entitled “Proposed Structural Design of Horizontal Axis-Wind Turbine using
ASD and USD of NSCP 2015 located at Brgy. Concepcion, Cataingan,
Masbate”.
Prepared and submitted by ELIEZER JOHN V. ALOGUIN, DANICE G.
APABLE, BRIAN F. DIANO and REYMOND A. MONTON in partial fulfillment
for the subject CE 526 A&B – CE PROJECT 1&2, is hereby submitted to the
oral defense committee for consideration.

Action Taken:
Signature:

Engr. Kathy Jane T. Londres _________________

______________
Member

June F. Comedor, LPT _________________

______________
Member

Queeny B. Duran, LPT __________________

______________
Member

Eva H. Miranda, Ph.D. __________________

______________
Member

Lourdes A. Francisco, Ed.D. _________________

______________

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 Member

This Thesis of

ELIEZER JOHN V. ALOGUIN

REYMOND A. MONTON
BRIAN F. DIANO
DANICE G. APABLE

BSCE – IV

Entitled

“PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL AXIS-WIND

TURBINE USING ASD AND USD OF NSCP 2015 LOCATED AT
BRGY. CONCEPCION, CATAINGAN, MASBATE”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

is hereby

APPROVED:

ENGR. SALVADOR D. CIUDADANO, JR.

C.E. Adviser, 526B Civil Engineering Project 2

Date: ___________

ENGR. SALVADOR D. CIUDADANO, JR.

iii
 Dean, College of Engineering
Southern Bicol Colleges, Inc.
Date: ___________

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The project, which involved designing a horizontal-axis wind turbine was

successfully completed and it would not have been possible to establish results

without the assistance, participation and permission of numerous people and

organizations.

Firstly, we thank the instructors and personnel of the Civil Engineering

Department at Southern Bicol Colleges for their advice. Their technical

direction, and review of our work were invaluable in guaranteeing the success of

the theoretical design. Their suggestions, and encouragement were very helpful

to best meet the demands of the study.

We would also thank the people especially the leading officials of

barangay Concepcion and the Cataingan Municipality's local administration for

their tremendous help and collaboration on this project. For allowing us- the

proponents to choose their community as the prospected site location and for

letting us conduct residents’ the survey in their barangay.

To our families especially to our parents, thank you for your endless

patience, understanding, love and most importantly, your financial support.

Conducting this study has been very heavy on our pockets and yet you did your

best to sustain our expenses. Your sacrifices and unwavering support have

been a cornerstone of our success ever since we started our college journey.

Just like what Dora and friends said: “And we couldn’t have done it

without you. Todos juntos”

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 ABSTRACT

The project aims to develop a structurally sound and efficient Horizontal

Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) system, specifically designed for installation in Brgy.
Concepcion, Cataingan, Masbate.

The design adheres to the National Structural Code of the Philippines

(NSCP) 2015 and Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA-222-G
Stanards), utilizing both Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Ultimate Strength
Design (USD) methodologies to ensure safety, and reliability. Key components of
the HAWT are analyzed to optimize performance under local wind conditions.
This research also explores the effect of wind forces on structural integrity and
proposes strategies to enhance foundation and structural design.

Statement of the problem

The problems emerged as:

1. Will the structural design be feasible for a functional and efficient wind

turbine while using the allowable stress design (ASD) and ultimate strength

design (USD)?

2. How do wind forces affect the structural design and performance of wind

turbines?

3. What strategies can be employed to optimize foundation and structural

design?

Methodology

The research included a detailed examination of structural design

parameters, adherence to relevant codes and guidelines, and consideration of

local environmental factors. Data collection involves analyzing documents,

reports, and regulatory codes relevant to wind turbine structural design in

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Masbate. A comprehensive literature review identifies key structural design

parameters and data collection. The methodology ensures a robust

understanding of the factors influencing wind turbine structural design in the

specific context of Concepcion, Cataingan, Masbate.

Study result and recommendation

The study finds that the proposed HAWT design, adhering to ASD and

USD methodologies, is structurally sound and capable of withstanding local

wind forces. The integration of national and international standards ensures

the design's safety and reliability. Wind forces significantly impact the

structural integrity of wind turbines, necessitating robust foundation and

structural designs. The optimized design includes enhanced foundation

strategies to mitigate the effects of wind forces, ensuring stability and

performance.

Further studies are suggested to explore the feasibility of scaling up the

wind turbine height and capacity to maximize energy generation while ensuring

structural safety remains the top priority. Future researchers should include a

soil boring test and other soil tests as these are crucial for conducting and

designing a structure. To further promote the adoption of wind energy in

Barangay Concepcion, it is recommended to organize awareness seminars and

educational campaigns to enhance the community's understanding of wind

energy and its benefits. This could increase the likelihood of community

engagement and support for the potential development of wind power projects

in the area. Active engagement with the local community is recommended to

address any concerns and foster acceptance of the wind energy project.

Incorporating community feedback into the design and implementation process

can enhance the project's sustainability

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 Through this study, valuable insights are provided into the advantageous
impact of integrating wind turbines into existing infrastructure, contributing to
the broader goal of sustainable energy development in the region.

The findings aim to inspire further advancements in wind turbine

technology and its application in renewable energy projects.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

i

APPROVAL SHEET -----------------------------------------------------------------------

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------
iii

ABSTRACT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------- vii

LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------------

x

LIST OF TABLES -------------------------------------------------------------------------

xi

CHAPTER I

Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1

Statement of the Problem ----------------------------------------------------------------

5

Objective of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------------

5

Significance of the Study -----------------------------------------------------------------

5

Scope and Limitations of the Study ---------------------------------------------------- 6

Hypothesis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

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Notes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies ---------------------------------------------

10

Notes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

Theoretical Framework ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Conceptual Framework -----------------------------------------------------------------

15

CHAPTER III

Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16

Locale of the Study -----------------------------------------------------------------------

16

Research Instruments ------------------------------------------------------------------ 24

Research Design ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

Data Gathering Procedure --------------------------------------------------------------

25

Notes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26

CHAPTER IV

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data ----------------------------------

27

Structural Design Criteria --------------------------------------------------------------

27

Calculation of Wind turbine output ---------------------------------------------------

28

Calculation of swept area ---------------------------------------------------------------

28

Calculating the power output of the wind turbine ----------------------------------

28

Tower Specifications ---------------------------------------------------------------------

29

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Assumptions for the analysis of the wind turbine tower components -----------
29

NSCP Design Provisions ---------------------------------------------------------------- 30

Analysis procedure ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

Occupancy Category -------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

Importance factor ------------------------------------------------------------------------

30

Basic Wind Speed ------------------------------------------------------------------------

30

Surface Roughness and Exposure Category -----------------------------------------

30

Topographic Factor and Force Coefficient --------------------------------------------

30

Wind Directionality Factor --------------------------------------------------------------

31

Velocity Pressure -------------------------------------------------------------------------

31

Calculation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

Gust effect Factor ------------------------------------------------------------------------

32

Design wind force ------------------------------------------------------------------------

37

Analysis for Wind Turbine --------------------------------------------------------------

47

Wind Direction Probability Factor -----------------------------------------------------

48

Topographic Factor ----------------------------------------------------------------------

48

Gust Effect Factor ------------------------------------------------------------------------

48

Design Wind Force -----------------------------------------------------------------------

48

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Velocity Pressure -------------------------------------------------------------------------
49

Footing Design --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51

CHAPTER V

Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 67

Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
64

Recommendations -----------------------------------------------------------------------
65

APPENDICES

GLOSSARY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xiii

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ----------------------------------------------------------- xvi

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine ---------------------------------------------

3

Figure 1.2: Difference between HAWT and VAWT ------------------------------------

4

Figure 1.3: Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ------------------------------------------------ 4

Figure 2: Theoretical Framework ------------------------------------------------------

14

Figure 3: Conceptual Framework ------------------------------------------------------

15

Figure 4.1: Satellite imagery of the map ----------------------------------------------

18

Figure 4.2: Proposed Site Location ----------------------------------------------------

19

Figure 4.3: Terrain overlay imagery of the map --------------------------------------

20

Figure 4.4: Approximate distance of the site location ------------------------------

21

Figure 5.1: Wind data of the proposed site location ---------------------------------

22

Figure 5.2: Basic wind speed occupancy of Masbate (NSCP 2015) ---------------
23

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Figure 6: Tower Members ---------------------------------------------------------------
39

Figure 7: Wind force distribution on the tower --------------------------------------

46

Figure 8: Dynamic loads applied on the tower of the wind turbine ---------------
52

Figure 9: Measurements of the footing ------------------------------------------------

56

Figure 10.1: (figure A) Properties of an Octagon -------------------------------------

60

Figure 10.2: (figure B) Layout of a Vertical Vessel Foundation --------------------

61

Figure 11: Detailed Section of Footing Pedestal -------------------------------------

62

Figure 12: Detailed Section of Footing Pedestal (2) ----------------------------------

63

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Velocity Pressure Exposure --------------------------------------------------

32

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xiii
 APPENDICES

GLOSSARY

Aerodynamics: The study of the behavior of air as it interacts with solid

objects, such as the blades of a wind turbine.

Allowable Stress Design (ASD): A structural design methodology that ensures

the stress on materials does not exceed their allowable limits under expected

loads as specified in the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015.

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Appurtenance: An accessory or adjunct that is added to a primary structure.

In the context of wind turbine design, appurtenances can include elements

such as ladders, platforms, or other attachments to the main structure that

affect wind loading calculations.

Basic Wind Speed (V): The speed of wind typically measured in meters per

second (m/s) or kilometers per hour (km/h), which is used as a fundamental

input for calculating wind pressure and forces on structures.

Clay Loam Soil: A type of soil that has a balanced mixture of clay, sand, and

silt, relevant for understanding the foundation conditions for the wind turbine.

Design Wind Force (Fst): The force exerted by wind on the main structure of the

wind turbine.

Gust Effect Factor (Gh): A factor that accounts for the increased effect of wind

gusts on the structure capped between 0.85 and 1.0 for certain conditions.

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT): A type of wind turbine where the main

rotor shaft is aligned horizontally. This is the most common type used for large-

scale wind energy generation.

Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion, which in

the case of wind turbines, is the energy of the moving air converted into

electrical energy.

Monsoon: Seasonal winds that bring significant changes in weather patterns,

particularly affecting wind speed and direction, which are crucial for wind

energy projects.

Nacelle: The housing that contains the generator, gearbox, and other

components of a wind turbine, located at the top of the tower.

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015: A set of guidelines

and standards for designing and constructing buildings and other structures in

the Philippines to ensure safety, reliability, and sustainability.

xv
Overturning Moment: The moment that attempts to rotate a structure about

its base, caused by lateral forces such as wind or seismic activity. It is a critical

factor in the design of foundations and anchoring systems to ensure stability.

Rotor: The rotating part of the wind turbine, consisting of blades that convert

wind energy into mechanical energy.

Structural Integrity: The ability of a structure to withstand its intended load

without experiencing failure or excessive deformation.

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA): An organization that sets

standards for telecommunications infrastructure. In this document, it refers to

the TIA-222-G standard, which provides guidelines for the structural design of

antenna supporting structures and antennas, ensuring they can withstand

environmental loads such as wind.

Topographic Factor (kzt): This factor accounts for the effect of terrain on wind

speed. For flat terrain, it is typically 1.0.

Topographical Map: A detailed map that shows the contours and features of

the land surface, used to identify optimal locations for wind turbine installation

based on elevation and geographical conditions.

Tower: The structure that supports the rotor and nacelle of a wind turbine,

elevating them to a height where they can capture wind energy more effectively.

Ultimate Strength Design (USD): A design approach that accounts for the

maximum strength of materials, ensuring structures can support the highest

loads they might experience during their lifespan, as per the National Structural

Code of the Philippines 2015.

Velocity Pressure (qz): The pressure exerted by wind at a given height.

Wind Directionality Factor (Kd): A factor that considers the probability of

wind coming from various directions, typically valued at 0.85 for latticed

structures.

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Wind Load: The force exerted by wind on a structure, which must be

considered in the design and analysis of wind turbines.

Wind Power Equation: A formula used to calculate the amount of power that

can be generated by a wind turbine based on wind speed, air density, and rotor

area.

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

SOUTHERN BICOL COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Mabini St. Masbate City

xvii
 QUESTIONNAIRE

DIRECTION: Please answer the given questions below.

Name (optional): ___________________________________
Preliminary questions:
I. Is your occupation connected to the field of engineering?
Yes No
II. Which age bracket do you belong?
18-40 41 and above

1. How many electrical appliances and gadgets do you have in your

residence?
0-5
6-10
11 and above

2. Do you believe wind energy is a sustainable and environmentally

friendly as Barangay Concepcion’s alternative source of power?
Yes
No

3. In your opinion, how safe would it be to you and your surroundings if

wind turbine/s would be constructed in barangay Concepcion?
Safe
Not safe

4. On a scale of 1 to 5, how familiar are you with wind turbines and as to

how it operates to generate electricity?
1 3 5
2 4

5. If an organization (local or non-local) conducted an awareness seminar

all about wind turbines in your community, how likely would you be to
attend it?
Much likely to attend
Will not attend

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