SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Biology 1
Module 2
The Basic Unit of Life

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General Biology 1
Self -Learning Module (SLM)
Module 2: The Basic Unit of Life
First Edition, 2020

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

The Most Essential Learning Competency

• Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles

(STEM_BIO11/12- Ia-c-1).

This module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – The Cell Membrane

• Lesson 2 – The Cell Structure and Function
After going through these two lessons, you are expected to:
1. identify and describe the structure and function of the cell membrane,
2. draw and label the structure of the cell membrane,
3. realize how the cell part works to maintain health and wellness of ones being,
4. identify and explain the structures and function of cell,
5. present an analogy of the cells’ structure and function at home setting, and
6. relate the dependence of one’s health to the structures and function of the
cell.

What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer from the given choices. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the organelle that allows only essential substances to pass through?
A. Cell Membrane
B. Cell Wall
C. Proteins
D. Vesicles
2. Which of the following comparison about Channel protein and Marker protein
is CORRECT?
A. Channel protein rejects the organ and trait it as a foreign invader while
marker protein serve as a nametag which is unique as a fingerprints.
B. Channel protein provides a hydrophilic passageway for water and large
molecules while Marker protein serves to identify friendly cells from
foreign cell invaders.
C. Channel protein serves to identify friendly cells from foreign cell
invaders. while Marker protein provides a hydrophilic passageway for
water and large molecules.
D. Channel protein balances the passage water and ions while the Marker
protein reacts to electrical signals created by the flooding of ions
through a membrane next to them.
3. “Cell membrane are composed of phospholipid bilayer arranged in a manner
that their head regions face the internal environment and the tails face each
other”. Is the statement correct?

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 A. Yes, because the tails are facing toward each other on its internal
environment and it’s not the head.
B. No, because the tails are facing against each other and the head are
towards the internal environment.
C. Yes, because the cell membrane is composed of lipid layer only.
D. No, because the arrangement of the head is toward the external
environment and the tails toward the internal environment.
4. What are the proteins embedded on the cell membrane that serve as a
nametag for the cell?
I. By Phospholipids
II. Marker Protein
III. Channel Protein
IV. Receptor Protein
A. I only
B. II only
C. III and IV only
D. I and II only
5. How cell membrane allows substances to pass through?
I. By diffusion
II. By osmosis
III. By endocytosis IV. By exocytosis
A. I and II only
B. I, II and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, III and IV
6. Which of the statement does NOT describes the cell membrane?

I. It is a phospholipid bilayer that passes all kind of substance in and out

of the cell.
II. It is a semi permeable phospholipid bilayer that allows certain substance
to pass in and out of the cell.
III. It is a membrane that controls the passage of substance in and out of the
cell

A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. II and III only
7. Do cell membrane need energy in passing other substances in and out of the
cell?
A. Yes, because the structure has its own access for such purpose
B. No because the structure is designed to pass selected substances that
the cell need.
C. Yes, because some substance has to pass the structure along the
concentration gradient or from high concentration to low concentration.
D. No, because some substance has to pass the structure against
concentration gradient or from low concentration to high concentration.
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For number 8-15. Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices on
the box.
A. Exocytosis E. Integral Membrane Protein
B. Gated Channel Protein F. Non-gated Channel Protein
C. Hydrophobic G. Peripheral Membrane Protein
D. Hydrophilic H. Phagocytosis

8. What do you call the head of the phospholipid bilayer that loves water?
9. What do you call the tail of the phospholipid bilayer that hates water?
10. What is the type of channel protein that is needed whenever the balance of
water and ions must be assisted by the constant passage of water and ions
into or out of the cell?
11. What type of channel protein is the one that opens and shut and remains
closed until it receives a special chemical or electrical signal to open?
12. What is the process where vesicle attaches to the cell membrane from the
inside and then opens to form a pocket, expelling its contents (to become
balance) to the outside of the cell?
13. What is the process where cell membrane envelopes something (molecules
needed by the cell) on the outside and surround it, taking it into the cell?
14. Which type of membrane protein has the main function of allowing the polar
and big molecules to pass across the membrane which are restricted by the
phospholipid bilayer and act as the gate for making the transportation either
active or passive easier?
15. Which type of membrane proteins are located in the inner or outer surface of
the phospholipid bilayer like floating iceberg.

Lesson

1 The Cell Membrane

What’s In

Directions: Answer the following questions and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What are the contributions of the following scientists on the discovery of the
cell (include the year of discovery)?

Scientists Contributions

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

Robert Hooke

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 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Mathias Schleiden
Theodore Schwann
Rudolf Virchow

Since you have already learned how the cell was discovered and what are the
theories about cell, you now go deeper. In this lesson, it will discuss about the
membrane that allows the needed molecules and fluids to enter the cell known as
the “cell membrane”. It will discuss its structure and function. You will also learn the
discoveries about cell after the discovery of cell theory.

What’s New
Directions: Copy and color the following given model of different parts of the cell
membrane in a separate bond paper.
A cell’s membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. These molecules look like a
tadpole. It has a head end facing the inside and outside of the cell, and tail end
facing each other.

1. Color the heads with yellow color and green color for the tails.

2. The tail hates water so they repel from it. They are called hydro______________.
3. The head loves water so they face out towards it. They are called hydro______.
4. Water is very small that it can squeeze between the phospholipids and can enter
the cell. Draw blue dots on the picture above squeezing on the bilayer to enter the
cell.
There are 3 different structures that are made of proteins embedded within the
phospholipid bilayer.

1. CHANNELS- these are special tube-like structures that allows large molecules
to enter the cell. Color the channel red, phospholipid yellow and molecules green.
Some channels are always open, some are open and shut, some are 1 way and some
are 2 way. State if the channels on the pictures are open or shut?

2. MARKERS- these serves as a nametag of the cell. All your cells have a protein
nametag that says that they are belong to your body. If the cell doesn’t have your
nametag, the white blood cells (your army soldiers) won’t recognize and will destroy
it. Color the markers orange and the phospholipids layer yellow.

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3. RECEPTORS- these are the special sensing structures. They are like the cells
eye, ears, and
mouths. They

communicate to the inside what’s going on the outside. They are kind of like blobs
with antennas. Color the receptor violet and the phospholipid layer yellow.

Directions: Examine the cell membrane through image and answer the following
questions. Write your answer on your activity notebook.

Guide Questions:
1. What are the substances that enters and exits the cell membrane?
2. From which part of the membrane the substance is passing?
Rubrics
Needs
Categories Excellent Good 4
Fair 3pts remediation
5pts pts
2pts
Correctness All needed info is
All needed info is Information is
provided and well Most
provided with not related to
explained with information
some the question
no given is faulty
misconception asked
misconception
Technicalities Most of the Grammars and Grammars and
Grammars and
(Grammar, grammars and spellings are spellings are
spellings are mostly incorrect
spelling, spellings are somehow
correct with no correct with and many
correct and with
neatness) erasures
some erasures erasure erasures

What is It

The Cell Membrane

Cell membrane has two functions: first, to be a barrier keeping the
constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out and, second, to be a gate
allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of
waste products
Structure of Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is made up of two layers that are composed of
phospholipid bilayer. The bilayer is formed by the arrangement of phospholipids in
a manner that their head regions (which are hydrophilic) face external environment
as well as the internal cytosolic environment. The (hydrophobic) tails of these
phospholipids face each other. Forces underlying the formation of this bilayer are
electrostatic, van der Waals, non-covalent interactions, and hydrogen bonds. This
unusual arrangement of hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers doesn’t allow nucleic
acids, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and ions to pass through the bilayer.
Following are the various parts of the cell membrane:

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 Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer is a double layer made up of phospholipid molecules. These
molecules are like a tadpole. It has a head and a tail. The phospholipid head is a
hydrophilic (water-loving) because they interact with water outside and inside the
cell. The phospholipid tail is a hydrophobic (water-repelling) that is made up of fatty
acids, they hate and repel water.
Integral Membrane Protein
Integral proteins are the proteins of the cell membrane which are completely
embedded in the bilayer of phospholipids and have hydrophilic and hydrophobic
regions. The region touching the hydrophobic tails are ought to be hydrophobic
region whereas the region of the protein exposed to the watery environment are the
hydrophilic regions. Their main function is to allow the polar and big molecules to
pass across the membrane which are restricted by the phospholipid bilayer. They act
as the gate for making the transportation either active or passive easier. All
transmembrane protein or the protein involve in transportation of molecules are
Integral Membrane Protein but not all Integral Membrane Protein are
transmembrane protein.
Integral Membrane Proteins are the following:
Channel Proteins/ Transport Proteins
Channel Proteins are integral proteins that are a transmembrane protein.
They are a special arrangement, tube-like structures of amino acids which is
embedded in the cell membrane providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and
large molecules. These molecules move to an area of high concentration to an area
with lower concentration. Some channel proteins are always open. It is called
nongated channel protein. It is needed whenever the balance of water and ions must
be assisted by the constant passage of water and ions into or out of the cell. Another
type of channel protein is the one that opens and shut which is called gated channel
protein. It remains closed until it receives a special chemical or electrical signal to
open. Channel proteins on the surface of nerve cells reacts to electrical signals
created by the flooding of ions through the membrane next to them. As they open,
ions spill through and continue the electrical disturbance. This passes a s signal very
quickly through the body. Some channel proteins have also a 1- or 2-way process.
Marker Proteins/ Glycoproteins/ Cell Recognition Protein
Marker proteins are integral membrane protein but not a transmembrane protein.
They have carbohydrates in them that extend across the cell membrane and serve to
identify the cell. The immune system uses these proteins to identify friendly cells
from foreign cell invaders. They serve as a nametag which is unique as fingerprints.
These proteins play a very important role especially in organ transplant. If the marker
proteins on a transplanted organ are different from those of the original marker
proteins of organ, the body will reject the organ and trait it as a foreign invader which
will then be attacked by the white blood cells to protect the body.
Receptor Proteins
There are two types of receptor protein, Membrane receptors associated with
signaling are all integral membrane proteins that can transmit signals through the
lipid bilayer, while other receptors are known to be peripheral membrane protein
Peripheral Membrane Protein
Peripheral proteins are only located in the inner or outer surface of the
phospholipid bilayer like floating iceberg. Receptor Proteins are peripheral membrane
protein.
Receptor Proteins (Intracellular Proteins)/ Extrinsic Proteins
Some other type of receptor proteins is classified as a Peripheral Membrane Protein. They are
like blobs with antennas made up of carbohydrates. They can bind to the corresponding
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ligands to initiate signaling pathways because they have a special sensing structure. They
communicate to the inside of the cell about what is happening outside the cell. They serve as
the eyes, ears and mouth of the cell.
How cell membrane allows substances to pass through?
Essential and continuous parts of the life of a cell are the taking in of nutrients and
the expelling of wastes. All of these must pass through the cell membrane. Transport may
occur by diffusion and osmosis across the membrane. It can also occur when a vesicle
attaches to the cell membrane from the inside and then opens to form a pocket, expelling its
contents to the outside. This may be called exocytosis. The cell membrane may also envelope
something on the outside and surround it, taking it into the cell. This may be called
endocytosis or phagocytosis. There are also processes where molecules move across a
membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration, and this
requires a source of energy to "pump" the molecules uphill in concentration. Such processes
are called active transport.

What ’s More
Directions: Draw a cell membrane and label all the parts. Do it in a separate sheet
of paper.
Rubrics:
Needs
Good 4
Categories Excellent 5pts Fair 3pts remediation
pts
2pts
All needed info is
All needed info is Most
provided with Information is
provided and well information
Correctness some not related to the
explained with no given is faulty
misconception question asked
misconception

Technicalities Most of the Grammars and

Grammars and Grammars and
grammars and spellings are
(Grammar, spellings are spellings are mostly incorrect
spellings are
spelling, correct with no
correct and with
somehow correct and many
neatness) erasures with erasure erasures
some erasures

What I Have Learned

Directions: Given the paragraph, fill the missing words or phrase using the given
choices on the box to complete the information about the cell membrane.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Note: You can use the choices more than once.
active transport channel hydrophobic low
Proteins concentration
diffusion marker proteins
endocytosis phagocytosis
exocytosis high phospholipid
concentration phospholipid
hydrophilic bilayer receptor
proteins
The cell membrane also known as the (1) __________ is a biological membrane
that separates the interior from the exterior of the cell and protects the cell from its
environment. The cell membrane consists of four various parts. The (2) ____________,
is a part of the membrane, a double layer molecule which is like a tadpole. The head
is known to be (3) ____________________, and the tail is known to be (4)
_______________________. The (5) ________________ is a part of the membrane which is
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a special arrangement of amino acids. This provides a hydrophilic passageway for
water and large molecules. The (6) ___________________ is another part of the
membrane which extends across the cell membrane and serve as a nametag of the
cell. Also, (7) ___________________ is another part of the membrane. These proteins
are located within the cell surface membrane. They are like blobs with antennas.
They can bind to the corresponding ligands to initiate signaling pathways because
they have a special sensing structure. The (8) __________ embedded in the
phospholipids serves as a transportation passageway for some of the molecules
needed by the cell. Transport may occur by (9) __________ and osmosis across the
membrane. It can also occur when a vesicle attaches to the cell membrane from the
inside and then opens to form a pocket, expelling its contents to the outside called
(10) _____________. The cell membrane may also envelope something on the outside
and surround it, taking it into the cell called (11) __________ or (12) ___________. There
are also processes where molecules move across a membrane from a region of (13)
___________ to a region of high concentration, and this requires a source of (14)
________ to "pump" the molecules uphill in concentration. Such processes are called
(15) _______________.

What I Can Do
Directions: Analyze the question carefully and put your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
• How will the food that we take would affect the entry and exit of substances
in and out of the cell membrane?
• Should we be aware of the substances that will enter our cells? Explain
Rubrics:
Excellent 5pts Good 4 Fair 3pts Needs
Categories
pts remediation 2pts
All needed info is
All needed info is Most
provided with Information is
provided and well information
Correctness some not related to the
explained with no given is faulty
misconception question asked
misconception

Most of the Grammars Grammars and

Technicalities Grammars and
grammars and and spellings spellings are
(Grammar, spellings are mostly incorrect
spellings are are somehow
spelling, correct with no and many
correct and with correct with
neatness) erasures erasures
some erasures erasure

Assessment
Directions: Choose the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is/are essential function of the cell membrane?
I. barrier
II. passage of waste products
III. protection of the subcellular organelle
IV. allowing transport of essential nutrients

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 A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. I, II and III only
D. I, II, III and IV
2. How is the arrangement of layers in the cell membrane is formed by the
arrangement of phospholipids in a manner that their head regions (which are
hydrophilic) face external environment as well as the internal cytosolic
environment.
A. Head to head and tails toward the watery environment.
B. Tail to tail and the head toward the watery environment.
C. Tail to head and tail towards external environment head towards the watery
environment.
D. Head to tail and head towards the watery environment and tail towards
external environment.
3. Which of the following BEST describes the term hydrophilic?
A. Water resistant
B. Attracted to or likes water
C. Incompatible or dislikes water
D. Chemically compatible to and reacts to water
4. Which of the following BEST describes the term hydrophobic?
A. Having intolerance to cytosolic environment
B. Having a low tolerance to cytosolic environment
C. Having a high tolerance to cytosolic environment
D. Having a moderate tolerance to cytosolic environment
5. How does the hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers function for the cell?
A. It forbids Carbohydrates and protein.
B. It permits ions to pass through the bilayer.
C. It prohibits the entry of amino acids and nucleic acid.
D. All of the above
6. Which of the following structure in the membrane that communicates to the
inside of the cell about what is happening outside the cell.
I. Marker proteins
II. Receptor proteins
III. Transport proteins
IV. Phospholipid bilayer
A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. III only
D. IV only
for items 7 to 1. choices. How cell membrane allows substances to pass through in
these diagrams?

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 A. by diffusion
B. by exocytosis
C. by endocytosis
D. by active transport
7. 9.

9. Elvina is science teacher. She wants to show to her students the process of
diffusion on how cell membrane allows substance to pass through. Which
illustration should she use to correctly show diffusion?

A. C.

B
D.

10. Teacher John let her students to make an illustration showing the process of
diffusion and osmosis. Below are the illustrations of his students.
Student A Osmosis Diffusion

Student B Diffusion Osmosis

Based on the works of his students, who shows the correct illustration?
a. Student A
b. Student B
c. Both A and B
d. None of the students got the correct illustration
11. When will energy be needed to transport a substance?
a. When a substance will be moved to same concentration.
b. When a substance will be moved from different concentration

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 c. When a substance will be moved from higher to lower concentration.
d. When a substance will be moved from lower to higher concentration.
12. How will the channel protein transport substances? A. It will be moved to
same concentration.
B. It will be moved from different concentration.
C. It will be moved from higher to lower concentration.
D. It will be moved from lower to higher concentration and vice versa.
13. Which of the following processes is NOT inclusive to transport of substances?
a. Diffusion
b. Endocytosis
c. Phagocytosis
d. Protection
For items 14 to 15. Refer to the diagram and utilize the choices below. What
is the structure that is labeled in item number 14 and 15?
A. marker proteins
B. receptor proteins
C. transport prote
D. phospholipid bilayer

Additional Activities

Directions: Find and encircle the six (6) relevant terms used in the discussion of the
cell membrane and describe it on your own words. Note: Provide a
handwritten or a xerox copy of this as your activity sheet.
P W F E R T G G D U I D F H G D Q A B T N
H S E L G C T I V E L Y P E R M O A L L E
O D U S Y D C F U O F G A D H P E U I Q T
S E I D U A U O F I S Y S R U O R I O W D
P R A U I P V P A V A H D O T I D O P E H
H F S I T A X G T Q G D F P F U F G T R G
O G G O Q W E D C V G C G H S H T H Y T V
L T D W E R T Y U F M A R K E R S Y U Y C
I Y F D U I O C G U F A Y L V B I A I U Z
P H U D F G O I P G H F V I F G U S F I D
I D I I O P U V D F V D D C I U P D R O S
D R E C E P T O R S A S F G H Y U F F P O
S G Q A Z X C V B N M L K J H G F D S A D
F E C H A N N E L P R O T E I N O S O S C
G G D I U V G D A Q W E R T Y Y U G A D B
G C D Q C Y T O L O G Y O I P O H B V F H
H S D F G H J K L P O I U Y T R R E S H T

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 What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer from the given choices. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the organelle that allows only essential substances to pass through?
A. Cell Membrane
B. Cell Wall
C. Proteins
D. Vesicles
2. What is the control center of a cell? A. Electrons
B. Nucleus
C. Protons
D. Ribosomes

3. Which of the following statements are true about endoplasmic Reticulum?

I. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum makes lipids.

II. It is also called the control center of the cell.
III. It processes carbohydrates.
IV. It modifies chemicals that are toxic to the cell.

A. I, II and III
B. I, III and IV
C. Only I and II
D. Only III and IV
4. Which one of the following organelles digest the old organelles that are no longer
useful to the cell?
A. Chromatin
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosomes
5. Teacher Elvina is working with two specimens, she viewed it under a compound
microscope to examine it. She found out that Specimen A has a large fluid-filled
space inside the cell that helps the cell maintain its shape while in Specimen B
it has small fluid spaces inside the cell. What organelle did teacher Elvina is
describing?
A. Cell wall
B. Cytoplasm
C. Ribosome
D. Vacuole
6. Which of the following is not a part of endomembrane system?
A. Vacuole
B. Lysosome
C. Peroxisome
D. Golgi complex

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7. What is the organelle that contains the microtubules that help separate
chromosomes and move them during cell division among animals?
A. Centrioles
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondria
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
8. Read the different combinations of terms given below. What is the correct
combination of terms with reference to an animal cell?

I. Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, and plastid

II. Cell wall, nucleus, ribosome, and chromosome
III. Cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome and chromosome
IV. Cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplast

A. I, II, and III

B. I, II, and IV
C. I and IV
D. III only
9. The housemaid as analogy of the lysosome of the cell. Can you consider it
correct?
A. Yes, because the housemaid is the one who’s responsible to maintain the
cleanliness of the house like the lysosome.
B. Yes, because the housemaid will determine how the house should pace by
controlling all the activities.
C. No, because the housemaid prepares all the staffs in the house by setting a
standard for the family it not related to the function of the lysosome.
D. No, because the housemaid take charge all the finances of the house and is
not related to the function of the lysosomes.
10. How are we benefited in the discovery of the cell?

I. We are able to understand how cell works.

II. Scientist we’re able to develop new discovery i.e. vaccine more effective
medicines.
III. We’re able to understand how living organism live.
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I, II, and III
11. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus it is the most essential part of the cell. Is the
statement correct?
A. Yes, because nucleus is the control center of the cell.
B. Yes, because nucleus protects the cell from the external environment.
C. No, because nucleus digest the nutrients that enters the cell membrane.
D. No, because nucleus transport nutrients from one organelle to another.

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For items 12-15. Examine the diagram and identify what structure is labelled.
Choose the answer inside the box and write it in a separate sheet of paper.

A. Ribosome C. Cytoplasm
B. Nucleus D. Cell membrane

12 .
13.
14.
15.

Lesson
The Cell Structure and
2 Function

What’s In
Directions: Identify the following parts of the cell membrane.

What ’s New
Directions: Read and understand carefully. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.

Test I. Examine thoroughly the examples of cells presented below.

Unicellular Cell (Amoeba) Multicellular Cell (Animal Cell)

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1. Put a check if the organelle is present in unicellular and multicellular cell.

ORGANELLES UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR

Cell Membrane
Centrioles
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Microtubules
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Whatis It

Learning about the basic building blocks of life is very important under biology.
By understanding how cells work in different conditions, cell biologists working in
animal, plant and medical science will be able to develop new vaccines, more effective
medicines, plants with improved qualities and through improved knowledge a better
understanding of how all living things live.
But did you ever wonder who are the person behind these studies, who are
the individuals behind the study of cell? They are the Cytotechnologists, or simply
cytologist. They study cytology or the cell biology- the branch of biology dealing with
the structure, function, multiplication, pathology, and life history of cells. Also, cell
biology includes both the prokaryotic- the simple cells like the bacteria- and
eukaryotic cells- the complex cells like plants and animals.
Studying the cell requires a various technique such as cell culture, various
types of microscopy, and cell fractionation. These techniques are allowed, and they
are used for discoveries and different research pertaining to the function of cells,
which gives a brighter insights and understandings on a larger organism. Learning
about the mechanism of cells and how the cell works is very important to all biological
sciences while also being an essential research in the fields of biomedical such as
cancer, fetal abnormalities, for pap smears and to diagnose infectious organisms.

15
Cell Structure and Function
Over the past years our ideas about
cell structure have already changed. Early
biologist saw the cells as a simple
membranous sac that contains fluid and a
few floating particles. Today’s biologists
know that cells are extremely more
complex than this.
There are many different types,
sizes, and shapes of cells in the body. For
descriptive purposes, the concept of a
"generalized cell" is introduced. It includes features from all cell types. A cell consists
of three major parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the
cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers and
hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called subcellular
organelles.

Every cell in the body is enclosed by a cell (Plasma) membrane. The cell
membrane as discussed in the lesson one, separates the material outside the cell,
extracellular, from the material inside the cell, intracellular. It maintains the integrity
of a cell and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell. All materials within
a cell must have access to the cell membrane (the cell's boundary) for the needed
exchange. The cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules. Proteins
in the cell membrane provide structural support, form channels for passage of
materials, act as receptor sites, function as carrier molecules, and provide
identification markers.

The nucleus, formed by a nuclear membrane around a fluid nucleoplasm, is

the control center of the cell. Threads of chromatin in the nucleus contain
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material of the cell. The nucleolus is a dense
region of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus and is the site of ribosome formation.
The nucleus determines how the cell will function, as well as the basic structure of
that cell.

The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical
reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the
cell. All the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the
cytoplasm of a cell. Within the cytoplasm, materials move by diffusion, a physical
process that can work only for short distances.

Subcellular organelles are "little organs" that are suspended in the cytoplasm
of the cell. Each type of subcellular organelle has a definite structure and a specific
role in the function of the cell
The different subcellular organelles are centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosome, microtubules, mitochondrion (singular of mitochondria),
ribosomes.

• Centrioles- they contain the microtubules that help separate chromosomes

and move them during cell division among animals.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum- it forms an interconnected network of flattened sacs.
Like some of the other organelles found in eukaryotes, ER is enclosed in a
membrane. The ER is divided into two regions that vary in structure and
function.

16
 a. Smooth ER- it lacks in ribosomes, making it to be smooth. It is involved
in synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates that are used to build the cell
membrane. It is also involved in transportation of vesicles, enzyme
production in the liver, contraction of muscle cells in the muscle, and
synthesis of hormones in the brain cells.
b. Rough ER- it contains ribosomes making it to be called rough. It is
involved in the manufacture of various proteins in the cell. It is also
involved in the production of antibodies, insulin as well as
transportation of proteins into the smooth ER.
• Golgi Apparatus- it is known as the packaging plant of a cell. The primary
function of this organelle is to process and package the macromolecules,
which would include proteins and lipids, after their synthesis but before they
make their way to their destination. In short it sorts, package and distributes
macromolecules.
• Lysosome- they are like little stomachs moving around the cytoplasm. They
break up waste materials and cellular debris. They function as a garbage
collector of the cell.
• Microtubules- are long, hollow tubes serves as girders and give the cell it
shapes. They may also help send signals from membrane to nucleus.
• Mitochondrion- one of the largest organelles within the cell. It contains the
DNA which makes them semiautonomous. It also contains a double
membrane with the inner membrane folding to form cristae. It is also known
as the powerhouse of the cell. It plays an important role in respiration where
they generate ATP. Using their DNA, they can encode for some of the
components they require to perform their function. (Mitochondria, plural)
• Ribosomes- they are tiny organelles that contains RNA and specific proteins
within the cytoplasm. They directly involved in the manufacture of proteins by
using their RNA and amino acids. This process involves decoding the
information contained in the mRNA and using amino acids to produce the
required proteins.

What’s More
Directions: Develop an analogy that compares an organelle’s function to the function
of an everyday object/ member at home and illustrate the reason of point.
Put your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Rubrics
Outstanding Very Satisfactory Needs
Category
(5) Satisfactory (4) (3) Remediation (2)
The analogy was The analogy was The analogy was The Analogy was
explained to its explained to its explained to its not explained to its
best extent and the better extent but good extent and the extent. The
Content comparison of the the comparison of comparison was comparison of the
two is clear and the two is clear and not that clear two was not clear
easy to understandable. enough to be and not
understand. understand. understandable.
There are some
The organelles Many of the
The organelles organelles that
were complete and organelles were
were complete but went missing ang
Completeness their functions was
not completely they are not
missing and they
completely are not completely
elaborated completely
elaborated. elaborated.
elaborated.

17
 The comparison
The comparison was correct but Some of the Many of the
was correct and some of the comparison was comparison was
Correctness/
they were relevant organelles are not correct and related incorrect and not
Relevant or related to each related to the or relevant to each related or relevant to
other. member or objects other. each other.
at home.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly using your own words. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is cytology and its importance?

2. What are the techniques used by cytotechnologist in their exploration on the
structure and function of the cell?
3. Enumerate the structure of the cell and describe its function.
Rubrics:
Needs
Excellent Good
Categories Fair 3pts remediation
5pts 4 pts
2pts
Correctness
All needed info is Information is
All needed info is Most
provided and well not related to
provided with some information
explained with no the question
misconception given is faulty
misconception asked

Most of the Grammars Grammars and

Technicalities Grammars and grammars and and spellings spellings are
(Grammar, spellings are spellings are correct are somehow mostly incorrect
spelling, correct with no and with some correct with and many
neatness) erasures erasures erasure erasures

What I Can Do

Directions: Explain the question below in your own understanding.

1. Does your fitness and appearance have any relation to the structure and functions
of your cell? Explain.
Rubrics:
Needs
Excellent Good Fair remediation
Categories
5pts 4 pts 3pts 2pts
All needed info is All needed info is Information is
Most
provided and well provided with some not related to
Correctness explained with no misconception
information
the question
given is faulty
misconception asked

18
 Most of the Grammars Grammars and
Technicalities Grammars and
grammars and and spellings spellings are
(Grammar, spellings are
spellings are are somehow mostly incorrect
spelling, correct with no
correct and with correct with and many
neatness) erasures
some erasures erasure erasures

Assessment

Directions: Choose the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, multiplication,
pathology, and life history of cells?
A. Cytokinesis C. Cytoskeleton
B. Cytology D. Cytosol

2. Determine which among the choices was used by the early biologist in their
discovery of the cells?

I. A simple membranous sac that contains fluid and a few floating particles.
II. A complex membranous sac that contains fluid and a few floating particles.

III. A simple membranous sac that contains a complex organelle floating in fluids.
IV. A complex membranous sac that contains a complex organelle floating in fluids.

A. I only C. III and IV only

B. II and III only D. I and IV only

3. Identify among the samples the so called “little organs" which are suspended in
the cytoplasm of the cell?
I. Systemic Organelles III. Subatomic Organelles
II. Cytologic Organelles IV. Subcellular Organelles
A. I and II only C. III and IV only
B. II and III only D. IV only
4. Which among the sample provides support, form channels for passage of
materials, act as receptor sites, function as carrier molecules, and provide
identification markers?
I. Cell Wall III. Cytosol Proteins
II. Cytoskeleton IV. Membrane Proteins
A. I and II only C. III and IV only
B. II and III only D. IV only

5. Compare the samples and identify the three major parts of the cell?
A. Mitochondrion, Ribosomes and Nucleus
B. Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm and Nucleus

19
 C. Cell Membrane, Centrioles and Mitochondrion
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum, Microtubules and Nucleus

6. The school principal as analogy of the nucleus of the cell. Can you consider it
correct?
A. Yes, because the principal is the one who gives approval to different projects
and supply like the nucleus.
B. Yes, because the principal will determine how the school should pace by
controlling all the activities.
C. No, because the principal prepares all students future by setting a standard
to the teacher for the students it not related to the function of the nucleus.
D. No, because the principal take charge all the finances of the school and is not
related to the function of the nucleus.

7. Passage of substance is possible because of the cytoplasm. Is the statement

correct?
A. Yes, because it holds the cell organelles
B. Yes, because this is where chemical reaction will take place.
C. Yes, because there will be no cell growth and replication if this is not
present.
D. Yes, because it contains liquids substance and concentration difference is
possible.

For items 8 to 15. Choices are on the box. Given the diagram below, what is the
structure identified in each number?

A. Cell Membrane F. Golgi Apparatus

B. Centrioles G. Microtubules
C. Cytoplasm H. Mitochondrion
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough) I. Nucleus
E. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth) J. Ribosome

8. #3____________ 11. #8 ___________ 14. #9 __________

9. #10___________ 12. #11 __________ 15. #5 ___________
10. #6____________ 13. # 4 ___________

20
 2

Additional Activities

Directions: Identify to which structure of the cell the following analogy can be
referred to and explain why. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

A. The Principal B. School’s Fence C. Security Guard

D. Canteen E. Waste Disposal Area F. School’s Field
G. Faculty and Staff H. Classrooms

Rubrics

Needs
Category Best 5 Better 4 Good 3
Improvement 2
All the Most of the Some of the
Many important
important important important
information was
information was information was information are
missing. Ideas
Content given. Ideas are given. Most given. Some
are often
complete and ideas are ideas are
incomplete and
well presented. complete in complete in
not explained.
presentation. presentation.
Most of the Grammars and
Grammars and Grammars and
grammars and spellings are
Technicalities spellings are spellings are
spellings are somehow
correct mostly incorrect.
correct. correct.

21
 Answer Key

References
Nave, C., 2016. The Cell Membrane. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Accessed June
15, 2020. <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/celmem.html>

Halls, S., 2020. Cytoplasm, Organelles Golgi Lysosomes - By Moose And Doc. Breast
Cancer - Moose and Doc. Accessed June 15 2020.
<https://breastcancer.ca/cytoplagarsm/#:~:
text=Some%20of%20the%20most%20important,the%20fueling%20of%20the%20c>

Biology Wise. 2020. Cell Membrane Structure And Function - Biology Wise. Accessed
June 16, 2020.<https://biologywise.com/cell-membrane-structure-function>

Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. Peter Agre | American Doctor. Accessed 16 June

2020<https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Agre>.

Training.seer.cancer.gov. 2020. Welcome To SEER Training | SEER Training.

Accessed 16 June 2020. <https://training.seer.cancer.gov/>

Biology.arizona.edu. 2020. Cell Signaling Tutorial. Accessed June 18, 2020.

<http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_sets/signaling/01q.html>

BD Editors, 2020. Channel Protein. [online] Biology Dictionary. Accessed June 18,
2020.<http://biologydictionary.net/channel-protein/>

Virtual Cell Textbook. 2020. Cell Biology.

<https://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/cmf2.htm> Accessed June
18, 2020.

Nature.com. 2020. Cell Biology | Learn Science At Scitable. Accessed 18 June

2020.<https://www.nature.com/scitable/topic/cell-biology-13906536/>

Goodman, S., 2019. Medical Cell Biology. Amsterdam [i pozostałe]:

Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 37. Retrieved 24 November 2010. Accessed June 18
2020

22
 DISCLAIMER

This Self- Learning Module (SLM) was developed by the DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN
with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal. Contents
of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELC). This is a supplementary material used by all learners of Region XII in all
public schools beginning 2020-2021. This process of LR development was observed
in the production of this module. This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback,
comments, and recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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