MATH 1 |Page |1

NORTHLINK
TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE
LEARNING MODULE – Quarter 2
MATH 1 – General Mathematics

Learning Information 2.2

Learning Content 1: Illustrating Simple and Compound Interest

Definitions of Terms
 Lender or creditor – person (or institution) who invests the money or makes the funds available.
 Borrower or debtor – person (or institution) who owes the money or avails of the funds from the lender.
 Origin or loan date – date on which money is received by the borrower.
 Repayment date or maturity date – date on which the money borrowed or loan is to completely repaid.
 Time or term (t) – amount of time in years the money is borrowed or invested; length of time between the origin
and maturity does.
 Principal (P) – amount of money borrowed or invested on the origin date.
 Rate (r) – annual rate, usually in percent, charged by the lender, or rate of increase of the investment.
 Interest (I) – amount paid or earned for the use of money.
 Simple Interest (Is) – interest that is computed on the principal and then added to it.
 Compound Interest (Ic) – interest is computed on the principal and also on the accumulated past interests.
 Maturity value of future value (F) – amount after t years; that the lender receives from the borrower on the
maturity date.
Illustration of Simple and Compound Interest
“Suppose you won 10,000 pesos and you plan to invest it for 5 years. A cooperative group offers 2% simple interest rate per
year. A bank offers 2% compounded annually. Which will you choose and why?”

Annual Simple Interest

Is = Prt
where
Is = simple interest
P = principal, or the amount invested or borrowed
r = simple interest rate
t = term or time in years

Example 1: A bank offers 0.25% annual simple interest rate for a particular deposit. How much interest will be earned if 1
million pesos is deposited in this savings account for 1 year?
Solution. Given: P = 1,000,000 ; r = 0.25% = 0.0025 ; t = 1
Is = Prt
Is = (1,000,000)(0.0025)(1)
Is = 2,500

Example 2: How much interest is charged when P50, 000 is borrowed for 9 months at an annual interest rate of 10%?
Solution. Given: P = 50,000; r = 10% = 0.10; t = 9months/12 = 0.75
Is = Prt
Is = (50,000)(0.10)(0.75)
Is = 3,750
 MATH 1 |Page |2

(The remaining examples may be answered through boardwork)

Example 3: Complete the table below by finding the unknown.

Example 4: When invested at an annual interest rate of 7%, the amount earned P11, 200 of simple interest in two years.
How much money was originally invested?
Example 5: If an entrepreneur applies for a loan amounting to P500,000 in a bank, the simple interest of which is P 157,500
for 3 years, what interest rate is being charged?
Example 6: How long will a principal earn an interest equal to half of it at 5% simple interest?

Maturity (Future) Value

F = P + Is
where
F = maturity (future) value
P = principal
Is = simple interest
or
F = P(1 + rt)
where
F = maturity (future) value
P = principal
r = interest rate
t = term/ time in years

Example 7: Find the maturity value if 1 million pesos is deposited in a bank at an annual simple interest rate of 0.25% after (a) 1 year
(b) 5 years?
Solution. a ) Given: P = 1,000,000; r= 0.25% = 0.0025; t=1
F = P + Is
1) Is = Prt
Is = (1,000,000) (0.0025) (1)
Is = 2,500
2) F = P + Is
F= 1,000,000 + 2,500
F = 1,002,500

b ) Given: P = 1,000,000; r= 0.25% = 0.0025; t=5

F = P + Is
2) Is = Prt
Is = (1,000,000) (0.0025) (5)
Is = 12,500
2) F = P + Is
F= 1,000,000 + 12,500
F = 1,012,500
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Compound Interest

Example 1. Find the maturity value and the compound interest if P10, 000 is compounded annually at an interest rate of 2% in 5 years.
Example 2. Find the maturity value and interest if P 50,000 is invested at 5% compounded annually for 8 years
Example 3.Suppose your father deposited in your bank account P10,000 at an annual interest rate of 0.5% compounded yearly when
you graduate from kindergarten and did not get the amount until you finish Grade 12. How much will you have in your bank account
after 12 years?
 MATH 1 |Page |4

Example 5.How much money should a student place in a time deposit in a bank that pays 1.1% compounded annually so that he will
have P200,000 after 6 years?

Written Works 1

The teacher may facilitate this activity as a Short Quiz or Assignment.

The teacher may change some of the items or he/she may facilitate other course activity.

I.IDENTIFICATION.
Directions. Read the statements carefully. Identify what is asked.

__________1. A person (or institution) who owes the money or avails of the funds from the lender.
__________2. An interest that is computed on the principal and then added to it
__________3. A person (or institution) who invests the money or makes the funds available.
__________4. The date on which money is received by the borrower.
__________5. The amount of time in years the money is borrowed or invested.
__________6. The rate of increase of the investment.
__________7. The amount of money borrowed or invested on the origin date.
__________8. The interest that is computed on the principal and also on the accumulated past interests.
__________9. The amount after t years that the lender receives from the borrower on the maturity date.
__________10. It is the amount paid or earned for the use of money.

II. SOLVING.
Directions. Solve and complete the table below.
 MATH 1 |Page |5

NORTHLINK
TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE
LEARNING MODULE
MATH 1 – General Mathematics

Learning Information 2.2

Learning Content 1: Compounding more than once a year

Example 1. Find the maturity value and interest if P10, 000 is deposited in a bank at 2% compounded quarterly for 5 years.
 MATH 1 |Page |6

Example 3. Find the maturity value and interest if P10, 000 is deposited in a bank at 2% compounded monthly for 5 years.
Solution. Given: P= 10,000; i4 = 0.02; t = 5 years; m = 12
1) j = = 0.0017
2) n = mt = 12(5) = 60
3) F = P(1+j)n
F = 10,000 (1+0.0017)60
F = 11,072.88
4) Ic = F – P
Ic = 11, 072.88 – 10,000 = 1,072.88

Try this!
Example 4. Cris borrows P50, 000 and promises to pay the principal and interest at 12% compounded monthly. How much
must he repay after 6 years?

Example 5. Find the present value of P50, 000 due in 4 years if money is invested at 12% compounded semi-annually.

Try this!
Example 6. What is the present value of P25, 000 due in 2 years and 6 months if money is worth 10% compounded
quarterly?
 MATH 1 |Page |7

Performance Task 1

Evaluating Investment Growth

Scenario: You are group financial advisors tasked with helping your client, Alex, decide between three investment options
with different compounding frequencies. Alex has $5,000 to invest and wants to understand how the investment grows
under different compounding scenarios over a 5-year period.

Instructions:

1. Calculate the Future Value for Plan A (Simple Interest):

o Principal (P): 5,000
o Annual Interest Rate (r): 4%
o Time (t): 5 years
2. Calculate the Future Value for Plan B (Quarterly Compounding):
o Principal (P): 5,000
o Annual Interest Rate (r): 4%
o Time (t): 5 years
o Number of Compounding Periods per Year (n): 4
3. Calculate the Future Value for Plan C (Monthly Compounding):
o Principal (P): 5,000
o Annual Interest Rate (r): 4%
o Time (t): 5 years
o Number of Compounding Periods per Year (n): 12
4. Compare the Results:
o Determine which investment plan (Simple Interest, Quarterly Compounding, Monthly Compounding)
provides the highest return after 5 years.
o Calculate the final amount for each plan and compare them.
o Find out how much more money you would earn with quarterly and monthly compounding compared to
simple interest.
5. Critical Thinking Questions:
o Why does monthly compounding yield a higher return than quarterly compounding and simple interest?
o How would the returns change if the investment period were 10 years instead of 5 years? Calculate the
amounts for each plan for 10 years.
o How does increasing the frequency of compounding (e.g., from quarterly to monthly) affect the total return?

Deliverables.

1. Written Report:
o Show your calculations for the future values of each plan (Simple Interest, Quarterly Compounding,
Monthly Compounding).
o Compare the results of each plan clearly.
o Answer the critical thinking questions with clear explanations.
2. Presentation. Create a short presentation that summarizes your findings. Use charts or graphs to make the
comparison easy to understand.
3. Reflection. Write a brief reflection on how understanding different compounding methods can impact financial
decisions.
 MATH 1 |Page |8

NORTHLINK
TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE
LEARNING MODULE
MATH 1 – General Mathematics

Learning Information 2.3

Learning Content 1: Logic

Recall!
Sentences classified according to the purpose of the speaker or writer:
1. Declarative Sentence makes a statement and give information that normally end with a full – stop/period.
2. Interrogative Sentence ask a question of something or some information and always end with a question mark.
3. Imperative Sentence give a command telling someone to do something and end with a full-stop/period or exclamation
mark/point.
4. Exclamative Sentence express strong emotion/surprise – an exclamation – and always end with an exclamation
mark/point.

PROPOSITIONS
Definition: A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both.
Notation: Variables are used to represent propositions. The most common variables used are p, q, and r. If a proposition is
true, then its truth value is true, which is denoted by T; otherwise, it‟s true value is false, which is denoted by F.

Example 1. Determine whether each of the following statements is a proposition or not.

If a proposition, give its truth value.
𝑝: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
𝑞: Find a number which divides your age.
𝑟: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the Logic exam.
𝑠: Welcome to the Philippines!
𝑡: 3 + 2 = 5
Solution:
𝑝: This is a declarative sentence, and Mindanao is an island of the Philippines. Hence, 𝑝 is a true proposition.
𝑞: This is an imperative sentence, and so it is not a proposition.
𝑟: The statement is a declarative sentence. Although the truth value will only be known after the Logic exam, we know that it
can be either true or false, but not both. Hence, 𝑟 is a proposition.
𝑠: Statement is an exclamatory sentence, and so it is not a proposition.
𝑡: The statement is a true mathematical sentence. Note that we read it as “The sum of three and two is five. Therefore, it is
a true proposition.

COMPOUND PROPOSITION
Definition: A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler propositions using logical connectors or some
combination of logical connectors. Some logical connectors involving propositions p and/or q may be expressed as follows:
𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝
𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞
𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑞
𝑖𝑓 𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞
where < ∙ > stands for some proposition.
A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken down any further into other component propositions.
 MATH 1 |Page |9

Example 2. The following propositions are compound propositions.

𝑝1: It is not the case that √2 is a rational number.
𝑝2 : Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
𝑝3: If you study hard, then you will get good grades.
𝑝4 : If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a Senior Citizen‟s card, and if you are entitled to a Senior
Citizen‟s card, then you are more than 60 years old.

Performance Task 2

The teacher may facilitate this activity as Oral Recitation.

Determine whether each of the following is a proposition or is not a proposition.

1. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. is the president of the Philippines.
2. 6 x 6 = 36
3. The number 4 is even and less than 12
4. Ouch!
5. What time is it?
6. x + 2 = 4
7. y – z = z – y
8. Joan‟s solution is incorrect.
9. Rheza Mae is passing Statistics
10. Rheza Mae is passing Statistics but she is falling in 21st Century Literature

Written Works 2

The teacher may facilitate this activity as a Short Quiz or Assignment.

The teacher may change some of the items or he/she may facilitate other course activity.

A.Determine whether each of the following statements is a proposition or not. If a proposition, give its truth value.
1. Mabuhay!
2. Jose Rizal is our National Hero.
3. Who is the first president of the republic?
4. Ferdinand Magellan did not arrive in the Philippines in 1521.
5. 2.5 is an integer number.
6. Our Logic teacher is either pretty or handsome.
7. Smile at your seatmate.
8. 2 is even and prime.
9. Is 2 a square of some number?
10. If an integer is even, then its square is also even.

B. For each proposition in item 1, identify whether it is a simple or compound proposition.

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NORTHLINK
TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE
LEARNING MODULE
MATH 1 – General Mathematics

Learning Information 2.4

Learning Content 1: Logical Operators

NEGATION
An assertion that a statement fails, or denial of a statement is called the negation of the statement. The negative of a
statement is generally formed by introducing the word “not” at some proper place in the statement or by prefixing the
statement with “it is not the case that” or “It is false that”. The negation of a statement p in symbolic form is written as “~p”.
Example 1. State the negation of the following propositions.
𝑛1 : 2 is an odd number.
𝑛2 : Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
Solution. The negation of the given propositions are given below.
~𝑛1 : 2 is an even number.
~𝑛2 : Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.

CONJUNCTION
If two simple propositions p and q are connected by the word „and‟, then the resulting compound proposition “p and q” is
called a conjunction of p and q and is written in symbolic form as “p ˄ q”.
Example 2. Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be the following propositions.
𝑝: Angels exist.
𝑞: 𝜋 > 3.
Express the following conjunctions as English sentences.
a) 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞
b) 𝑝 ˄ (~𝑞)
Solution: The corresponding English sentences are given below:
a) 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞: Angels exist and 𝜋 > 3.
b) 𝑝 ˄ (~𝑞): Angles exist and 𝜋 ≤ 3.

Example 3: Form the conjunction of the following simple propositions:

p: Jethro is a boy.
q: He is a grade 5 pupil.
Solution: The conjunction of the proposition p and q is given by
p ˄ q: Jethro is a boy and he is a grade 5 pupil

DISJUNCTION
If two simple propositions p and q are connected by the word „or‟, then the resulting compound proposition “p or q” is called
a disjunction of p and q and is written in symbolic form as “p ˅ q”.

Example 3. Let 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 be the following propositions.

𝑝: Enrique has a date with Liza.
𝑞: Janree is sleeping.
𝑟: Eumir is eating.
Express the following propositions in English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
a) 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞
b) 𝑞 ˅ (~𝑟)
 M A T H 1 | P a g e | 11

c) Either Enrique has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.
Solution: The corresponding English expressions or symbols are given below.
a) 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞: Enrique has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping.
b) 𝑞 ˅ (~𝑟): Either Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.
c) (𝑞 ˅ 𝑞) v r

CONDITIONAL
If two simple propositions p and q are joined by a connectivity „if then‟, then the resulting compound proposition “if p then q”
is called a conditional proposition or an implication and is written in symbolic form as “p → q”. Here, p is called hypothesis
(or antecedent) and q is called conclusion (or consequent) of the conditional proposition (p → q). The conditional p → q
may also be read “p implies q”.

Example 4. Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Consider the following conditionals.
𝑝1 : If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.
𝑝2 : If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.
Analyze the truth values of these conditionals.

Solution:
𝑝1 : “Geebee is in Grade 11” and “she is a senior high school student” are both true.
Since the hypothesis and conclusion are both true, then 𝒑𝟏 is true.
𝑝2 : “Geebee is in Grade 11” is true and “Geebee is working as a lawyer” is false.
Since the hypothesis is true but the conclusion is false, then 𝒑𝟐 is false.

BICONDITIONAL
If two proposition p and q are connected by the connective „if and only if” then the resulting compound proposition “p if and
only if q” is called a biconditional of p and q and is written in symbolic form as p ↔ q. The proposition may also be written
as “p iff q”. The propositions p and q are the components of the biconditional.

Example 5. Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Let us now consider the following biconditionals.
𝑝1 : If Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is a senior high school student.
𝑝2 : If Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is working as a lawyer.
Analyze the truth values of these biconditionals.

Solution:
𝑝1: Again, both simple components are true. Hence, the biconditional is true.
𝑝2 : Since it is true that Geebee is in Grade 11 but it is not true that Geebee is working as a lawyer, the biconditional is
false.
 M A T H 1 | P a g e | 12

Written Works 3

The teacher may facilitate this activity as a Short Quiz or Assignment.

The teacher may change some of the items or he/she may facilitate other course activity.

A.1 Express the following propositions in symbols, where 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 and 𝑠 are defined as follows:
𝑝: Neil is a big eater.
𝑞: Len has a big voice.
𝑟: Jeric likes to travel.
𝑠: Lemy likes violet.

a) Jeric likes to travel and Neil is a big eater.

b) It is not true that Neil is a big eater and Lemy does not like violet.
c) Either Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, or Lemy likes violet.
d) if Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lemy likes violet.
e) Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, if and only if Lemy likes violet and Jeric likes to travel.

A.2. Express the following propositions in words, using the given propositions in item #1.
a) 𝑝 ˄ (~𝑞)
b) 𝑝 ˄ (~𝑟)
c) ~ (𝑞 ˅ 𝑟)
d) 𝑝 ˅ 𝑟
e) 𝑝 → 𝑟

B. Convert each compound proposition into symbols.

Let p represent the proposition “Facebook is a source of information.”
Let q represent the proposition “Social Media spread fake news.”

a. Facebook is a source of information and social media spread fake news.

b. Facebook is not a source of information or social media do not spread fake news.
c. It is not the case that social media spread fake news and Facebook is a source of information.
d. If Facebook is a source of information, then social media spread fake news.
e. Social Media spread fake news if and only if Facebook is a source of information.
 M A T H 1 | P a g e | 13

NORTHLINK
TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE
LEARNING MODULE
MATH 1 – General Mathematics

Learning Information 2.5

Learning Content 1: Constructing Truth Table

The truth table displays the relationship between the possible truth values of the propositions.

The negation of a proposition 𝑝 is denoted by ~𝑝: (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 ′𝑛𝑜𝑡 ′𝑝) and is defined through its truth table:

The conjunction of propositions 𝑝 and 𝑞 is denoted by 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞 ∶ (𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞) and is defined through its truth table:

The disjunction of propositions 𝑝 and 𝑞 is denoted by 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞 ∶ (𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑞) and is defined through its truth table:

Unless otherwise meant or stated, a distinction is considered inclusive by default. There are also cases that the statement
will only be true when exactly one of the two components is true.
Otherwise, it will be false. When this is the case, we shall refer to the or as the exclusive or the exclusive disjunction. Its truth table is
 M A T H 1 | P a g e | 14

The conditional of propositions 𝑝 and 𝑞 is denoted by 𝑝 → 𝑞 ∶ (𝐼𝑓 𝑝,ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞, ) and is defined through its truth table:

The biconditional of propositions 𝑝 and 𝑞 is denoted by 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ∶ (𝑝 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑞, ) and is defined through its truth
table:

Constructing Truth Tables

Example 1. Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be propositions. Construct the truth table of the compound proposition (𝑝 → 𝑞)˄(𝑞 → 𝑝).

Example 2. Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be propositions. Construct the truth table of the compound proposition p ˅ ~ (p ˄ q)
p q p^q ~ (p ^ q) p v~ (p ^ q)
T T T F T
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F T T

Try this!
Example 3. Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be propositions. Construct the truth table of the compound proposition p ˄ q) ↔ (~p→ q).
 M A T H 1 | P a g e | 15

TAUTOLOGY AND CONTRADICTION

Definition. A proposition that is always true is called a tautology, while a proposition that is always false is called a
contradiction. A tautology is denoted by 𝜏 and a contradiction by ∅.

Example 4. Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be propositions. Using the truth table, show the following:
1. 𝑝 ˅ 𝜏 is a tautology.
2. 𝑝 ˄ ∅ is a contradiction.
3. 𝑝 → (𝑝 ˅ 𝑞) is a tautology.

Solution:
1. Note that 𝜏 is a proposition which is always true, so the second column consist of T. The proposition 𝑝 ˅ 𝜏 is true for any
truth value of 𝑝; hence, it is tautology.

2. Since ∅ is a proposition which is always false, the second column is all F.

3. The proposition 𝑝 → (𝑝 ˅ 𝑞) is a tautology as its truth table shows that it is always false for ant truth value combinations
of 𝑝 and 𝑞.

Written Works 4

Construct the truth table of the following propositions and determine its truth value.
1. ((𝑝 → 𝑞)˄ 𝑞) → 𝑝
2. ((𝑝 → 𝑞)˄ (~𝑝)) → ~𝑞
3. ((𝑝 ˅ 𝑞)˄ 𝑝) → ( ~𝑞)
4. ~ (p ˄ q)
5. (p→ q) ˄ (q→ p)