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Generation of Computer

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Anik Dutta
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35 views3 pages

Generation of Computer

Uploaded by

Anik Dutta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ANIK’S TUTORIAL

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Generation of computer
a. First Generation (Vacuum Tube)
i) Were huge, slow, expensive, and many times undependable.
ii) Generated a lot of heat which would make them malfunction.

Example: ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC I etc.

b. Second Generation (Transistor)


i) Faster and more reliable than first generation systems.
ii) Were slightly smaller, cheaper, and faster.

Example: IBM-7000, MARK III etc.

c. Third Generation (Integrated Circuits [IC])


i) Used parallel processing.
ii) Used operating systems, thus permitting multitasking.

Example: IBM-360, IBM-370 etc.

d. Fourth Generation (Large Scale Integrated Circuits & Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits [LSIC &
VLSIC]
i) Used CPUs which contained thousands of transistors.
ii) Were much smaller and fitted on a desktops, laps and palms.

Example: IBM z9, z10 and z13.

e. Fifth Generation (Artificial Intelligence [AI])


i) Understand natural language.
ii) Recognize human speech.

Example: Yet to come.

Types of Computer

i) Analog Computer: An analog computer is a computer which is used to process analog


data.
Example: flight computer in aircraft.
ii) Digital Computer: The definition of a digital computer is the most commonly used type
of computer and is used to process information with quantities using digits, usually using
the binary number system.
Example: All the computers we use today are digital computers.
iii) Hybrid Computer: A hybrid computer is a type of computer that offers the functionalities
of both a digital and an analog computer.
Example: Computers used in ICU, computers used for weather forecasting.
iv) Super Computer: A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently
highest operational rate for computers. Traditionally, supercomputers have been used for
scientific and engineering applications that must handle very large databases or do a great
amount of computation (or both).
Examples: CRAY – I, PARAM 2000
ANIK’S TUTORIAL
___________________________________________________________________________________________
v) Mainframe Computer: Mainframes are a type of computer that generally are known
for their large size, amount of storage, processing power and high level of reliability. They
are primarily used by large organizations for mission-critical applications requiring high
volumes of data processing.
Example: IBM, HITACHI
vi) Mini Computer: A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the
features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical size. Minicomputers
are mainly used as small or mid-range servers operating business and scientific
applications.
Example: PDP-8, IBM-8100.
Micro Computer: Micro Computer is a small computer. Technically, a microcomputer is
a computer in which the CPU (central processing unit, the brains of the computer) is
contained on one single chip, a microprocessor.
Example: These computers are used in office, school, business organizations etc.

Block diagram of a digital computer

MEMORY

CONTROL UNIT

OUTPUT
INPUT DEVICE
DEVICE

ARITHMATIC
LOGIC UNIT

C.P.U

Parts of C.P.U

• Control Unit:
Functions:
i. Fetching instructions one by one from primary memory and gather required data and operands to
perform those instructions.
ii. Sending instructions to ALU to perform additions, multiplication etc.
iii. Receiving and sending results of operations of ALU to primary memory.
iv. Fetching programs from input and secondary memory and bringing them to primary memory.
ANIK’S TUTORIAL
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• Arithmetic Logic Unit:


Functions:
i. Arithmetic Operations:
Additions, multiplications etc. are example of arithmetic operations. Finding greater than or
smaller than or equality between two numbers by using subtraction is also a form of arithmetic
operations.
ii. Logical Operations:
Operations like AND, OR, NOR, NOT etc. using logical circuitry are examples of logical operations.
iii. Data Manipulations:
Operations such as flushing a register is an example of data manipulation. Shifting binary numbers
are also example of data manipulation.

• What is Register?
A register (CPU register) is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of the computer
processor. Registers are used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being
used immediately by the CPU.

• What are the types of Register?


There are two types of register.
i. General – Purpose Register: The general-purpose register can store a data or a memory location
address. Hence called as General-purpose register. It is a multipurpose register. They can be used
either by programmer or by a user.
ii. Special – Purpose Register: Special purpose register is specifically meant to hold either data or
memory address only but cannot been used to store both.
Example: Accumulator.

• What is Bus?
A bus is a subsystem that is used to connect computer components and transfer data between them.
• What are the types of bus?
1. Data Bus: The data bus allows data to travel back and forth between the microprocessor
(CPU) and memory (RAM).
2. Address Bus: The address bus carries information about the location of data in memory.
3. Control Bus: The control bus carries the control signals that make sure everything is flowing
smoothly from place to place.
4. Power bus: this type of bus is used to send power to different components of the system.
5. Input / Output Bus: this type of bus is used to transfer data between input and out devices.

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