Tishk International University

Faculty of engineering
Computer Engineering Department

Title

Programming language

Made by
Abdullah Dara Abdulwahid

Contents
Chapter 1: Python............................................................................................................................ 2
Section 1.1: introduction to python ............................................................................................ 2
Section 2.2: History of Python ..................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 2: C++ ................................................................................................................................. 3
Section 2.1: introduction to C++.................................................................................................. 3
Section 2.2: history of C++........................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 3: JavaScript ....................................................................................................................... 4
Section 3.1: introduction to JavaScript............................................................................................ 4
. Section3.2: history of JavaScript ................................................................................................... 4
 Programming Languages
Chapter 1: Python
Section 1.1: introduction to python

Python is an interpreted high-level general-purpose programming language. Its design

philosophy emphasizes code readability with its use of significant indentation. Its language
constructs as well as its object-oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear,
logical code for small and large-scale projects.

Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming

paradigms, including structured (particularly, procedural), object-oriented and functional
programming. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its
comprehensive standard library.

Section 2.2: History of Python

Python was conceived in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde &
Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC programming language,
which was inspired by SETL, capable of exception handling and interfacing with
the Amoeba operating system. Its implementation began in December 1989. Van Rossum
shouldered sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when
he announced his "permanent vacation" from his responsibilities as Python's "benevolent
dictator for life", a title the Python community bestowed upon him to reflect his long-term
commitment as the project's chief decision-maker. In January 2019, active Python core
developers elected a five-member "Steering Council" to lead the project.

Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features, including
a cycle-detecting garbage collector (in addition to reference counting) for memory
management and support for Unicode.

Python 3.0 was released on 3 December 2008. It was a major revision of the language that
is not completely backward-compatible. Many of its major features were backported to
Python 2.6.x and 2.7.x version series. Releases of Python 3 include the 2to3 utility, which
automates the translation of Python 2 code to Python 3.
Python 2.7's end-of-life date was initially set at 2015 then postponed to 2020 out of concern
that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3. No more
security patches or other improvements will be released for it. With Python 2's end-of-life,
only Python 3.6.x and later are supported.

Python 3.9.2 and 3.8.8 were expedited as all versions of Python (including 2.7) had security
issues, leading to possible remote code execution and web cache poisoning

Chapter 2: C++
Section 2.1: introduction to C++
The C++ programming language provides a model of memory and computation that
closely matches that of most computers. In addition, it provides powerful and flexible
mechanisms for abstraction; that is, language constructs that allow the programmer to
introduce and use new types of objects that match the concepts of an application. Thus,
C++ supports styles of programming that rely on fairly direct manipulation of hardware
resources to deliver a high degree of efficiency plus higher-level styles of programming
that rely on user-defined types to provide a model of data and computation that is
closer to a human’s view of the task being performed by a computer. These higher-level
styles of programming are often called data abstraction, object-oriented programming,
and generic programming

Section 2.2: history of C++

C++ has evolved from C through a sequence of modifications to improve its
imperative features as well as add constructs to support object oriented
programming. (Sebesta)The development of the C++ programming language
began in 1979 when Bjarne Stroustrup wanted to add Simula features to the C
programming language. C was very efficient and flexible, but was lacking the
object oriented features of Simula. Simula was the first object oriented
programming language; it had the ability to declare classes, objects, methods,
and other object oriented features. A few additions to the C programming
language include parameter type checking conversion, and most importantly
classes. This is why C++ was first called C with classes. The classes of C++ are
very similar to that of Simula and Smalltalk. Later on default parameters and
overloading of the assignment operators were added to C++. One of the goals
of C with classes was that it could be used for every application that C could
be used for, so virtually none of the feature of C would be removed, not even
those considered to be unsafe.
Chapter 3: JavaScript
Section 3.1: introduction to JavaScript

JavaScript is the main scripting language for Web browsers, and it is

essential to modern Web applications. Programmers have started using it
for writing complex applications, but there is still little tool support
available during development.

We present a static program analysis infrastructure that can infer detailed

and sound type information for JavaScript programs using abstract
interpretation. The analysis is designed to support the full language as
defined in the ECMAScript standard, including its peculiar object model
and all built-in functions. The analysis results can be used to detect
common programming errors – or rather, prove their absence, and for
producing type information for program comprehension.

. Section3.2: history of JavaScript

JavaScript language comes from the times when early web browsers were
being developed. Netscape Communications company in 1994 created
Netscape Navigator that became the most popular web browser in the
90s.

Company’s board quickly realized that browsers should allow create more
dynamic websites and do some activities that do server-side languages,
like input validation. First Netscape Communications cooperate with Sun
Microsystems to use in Netscape Navigator Sun’s programming language
Java. Then they wanted adopting and embedding a existing programming
language like Scheme, Perl or Python. Eventually they decided to create
scripting language that would complement Java and has a similar syntax.
Refrences:

Stroustrup, B. (1999). An overview of the C++ programming language.

Handbook of object technology.

Van Rossum, G. (2007, June). Python Programming language. In USENIX

annual technical conference (Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 1-36)