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07 A1 BS06 Notes 5

MATHEMATICAL METHODS

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Sanapala RAJENDRA PRASAD
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9 views4 pages

07 A1 BS06 Notes 5

MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Uploaded by

Sanapala RAJENDRA PRASAD
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© © All Rights Reserved
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4 4 − 3 1 

1 1 − 1 0 
Example: Find the value of k so that the matrix A=   has ρ ( A) = 3
k 2 2 2
 
9 9 k 3 
4 4 − 3 1 
1 1 − 1 0 
Solution: Given A=   R1 ↔ R2
k 2 2 2
 
9 9 k 3 
1 1 − 1 0 
4 4 − 3 1 
≈  R2 : R2 − 4 R1 , R3 : R3 − kR1 , R4 : R4 − 9 R4
k 2 2 2
 
9 9 k 3 
1 1 −1 0
0 0 1 1 
≈  R2 ↔ R3
0 2 − k 2 + k 2 
 
0 0 k + 9 3
1 1 −1 0
0 2 − k 2 + k 2 
≈   R 4 : R4 − (k + 9) R3
0 0 1 1
 
0 0 k +9 3
1 1 −1 0 
0 2 − k 2 + k 2 
≈  
0 0 1 1 
 
0 0 0 − ( k + 6) 
The above equivalent matrix is the echelon form of A in which there are three non zero
rows if k=-6
i.e if k=-6 then ρ ( A) = 3

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 µ −1 0
Example: Find the value of µ so that the matrix A =  0 µ − 1  has rank 2
− 1 0 µ 
 µ −1 0

Solution: Given A =  0 µ − 1 
− 1 0 µ 
Minor of order 3 is equal to zero (∵ ρ ( A) = 2 )
i.e. A = 0
µ −1 0
i.e. 0 µ −1 = 0
−1 0 µ
i.e. µ 3 − 1 = 0
i.e. µ = 1

LINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS: The system of ‘m’ linear equations in ‘n’ un


known are of

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + − − − − − a1n xn = b1


a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + − − − − − a2 n xn = b2
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
the form are called linear system of
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + am3 x3 + − − − − − amn xn = bm
equations
The above system of equations can also be expressed in matrix form A. X = B ,

a11 a12 a13 ...................a1n 


a a23 ...................a2 n 
 21 a22
a31 a32 a33 ...................a3n 
 
where A = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −  is the coefficient matrix,
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 
 
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 
a am3 ...................amn 
 m1 am 2

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 x1  b1 
x  b 
 2  2
 x3  b3 
   
.  . 
X = .  is the variable matrix and B = .  is the constant matrix.
   
.  . 
   
   
   
x  b 
 n  m
Augmented matrix: Let A. X = B be the system of equations then the augmented matrix
is denote as

a11 a12 a13 .............. a1n b1 


 
a 21 a 22 a 23 ..............a 2 n b2 
a 31 a 32 a33 ..............a 3n b3 
[A B] and is defined as [A B]= ..................................... . 

..................................... . 
 
..................................... . 
a bm 
 m1 a m 2 a m3 .............a mn
The above system of equations A.X = B are said to be homogeneous if the constant
matrix B is null matrix, otherwise the above system of equations A. X = B are said to be
non homogeneous
Consistency and inconsistency of the system of equations: The system of equations
A.X = B are said to be consistent if the system possesses one or more solutions,
otherwise, the system is said to be inconsistent
Note: (1) Any system of equations A.X = B is consistent if (i) it possesses unique
solution
or(ii) it possesses infinite number
of solutions
(2) Any system of equations A.X = B is inconsistent if it has no solution
(3) The system of equations A.X =O is always consistent because zero (or trivial)
solution is one of its solutions
i.e. the homogeneous system of equations always possesses solution

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The linear system of equations A. X = B can be solved by using following methods
(1) Matrix inversion method
(2) Cramer’s rule or Method of determinants
(3) Gauss elimination method
(4) Rank method
(5) LU decomposition method
You have already studied first two methods in your intermediate syllabus now we have to
study rest of the methods in this unit

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