JP2010090382A WAX FOR CANDLE, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND CANDLE

USING THE WAX

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Candle wax, method for producing the same, and candle using the wax

[0001] The present invention relates to a wax made from a hardened oil produced from waste edible oil as a raw
material, in particular, a candle wax and a production method thereof, and a candle using the candle wax and a
production method thereof. As an alternative to paraffin wax, which is one of the petroleum products that are
worried about the supply of raw materials, environmentally friendly waxes, in particular candle waxes, and their
waxes, which have been effectively reused as waste candles, are mostly discarded. The present invention relates
to a production method, a candle using the candle wax, and a production method thereof.

[0002] Traditionally, most of the used cooking oil used for food processing in the home, restaurant industry,
hotels, etc. has been disposed of, but recently various methods have been proposed for reuse and some have
been put into practical use. Has been. For example, waste edible oil discharged from food-related businesses is
collected by fat and oil recycling companies, etc., physical and chemical treatment, component adjustment, feed,
fertilizer, oil and fat affiliated companies and chemical companies added to fertilizer, Processed into feed and
industrial fats and oils.

[0003] Also, because it is relatively easy to process into soap, some households have been making soap from
waste cooking oil and reusing it, but since caustic soda with strong alkalinity is used when making soap, Some
point out that it is dangerous to use at home, and that the use of soap promotes eutrophication of rivers.
Biodiesel fuel made from waste edible oil has attracted attention due to the recent rise in petroleum products,
and while technological development has been actively promoted by both the public and private sectors,
effective use of about 10% glycerin, etc. generated in the chemical reaction process has progressed. In addition,
since the production cost is high for a light oil alternative fuel, there is still no prospect of practical use.

[0004] Furthermore, some of the waste edible oil is used as a heat source for boilers and the like, but the places
where it can be used are limited in view of the necessity for purification and recovery costs. Recently, waste
candle oil collected from households at events, etc., is put in a small container and gelled by adding a gelling
agent, and the name of Eco Candle is used. There are many problems, such as a lot of burning, exhausting the
burning wick, small flames, and a large amount of soot on the burning wick, and the flame disappears, so it is
only reused as a candle that you can make and enjoy yourself.

[0005] In this way, only a part of the waste edible oil generated in large quantities is reused, and most of the rest
is hardened with a solidifying agent, incinerated as garbage by absorbing it with an oil absorbing agent, or
activated. At present, it is biodegraded with sludge or spilled into the river without being treated. The present
inventors pay attention to the fact that waste edible oil, which has been disposed of in large quantities, is reused
as a candle raw material instead of paraffin wax, so that the problems of raw materials due to oil depletion,
environmental pollution problems due to disposal, etc. are solved all at once. We further investigated candle
wax and candles made from waste cooking oil.

[0006] First, instead of the conventional paraffin wax made from petroleum, a candle using vegetable wax made
from vegetable oil, which is the main component of waste cooking oil, was examined. Regarding the candle
using such vegetable wax, three documents have been proposed (see Patent Document 1, Patent Document 2,
and Patent Document 3).

[0007] For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a vegetable candle composition having a higher fatty acid
derived from vegetable oil as a main component, the higher fatty acid having a melting point difference of 5 to
15 ° C, and a melting point of 50 ° C. A vegetable candle composition comprising a mixture of two or more of
the above saturated higher fatty acids is described. In addition, as a conventional technique, a plant candle using
a plant-derived raw material is known to be manufactured using a hardened oil as a raw material. However, a
plant candle using a hardened oil as a raw material requires an auxiliary container. Only small candles of less
than 5 cm3. The reason is that the main component of the hardened oil is a single fatty acid ester, and the
distribution range of the melting point is sharper than that of paraffin, which is the base material of the candle,
so that cracks are likely to occur during candle production. Has been.

[0008] Patent Document 2 describes a plant candle produced using a glycerin fatty acid ester and / or a
polyglycerin fatty acid ester having an effect of improving the moldability of the plant candle. In addition, since
paraffin wax is obtained from petroleum as a conventional technique, it currently has a number of problems in
terms of environment, such as oil depletion and environmental destruction. Therefore, recently, a method of
using hardened oil obtained from vegetable oil instead of natural wax or paraffin wax as a fat and oil for candles
has attracted attention. However, when molding into a candle with only the above-mentioned plant-hardened oil,
the solidified state of the fats and oils is poor, the surface becomes rough due to the generation of coarse
crystals, and further cracks occur, so it is molded into a general candle shape compared to paraffin wax etc. It is
stated that it has a problem that it is difficult to do.

[0009] In Patent Document 3, the candle composition contains benzylidene sorbitol as a gelling agent and
vegetable oil, and the benzylidene sorbitol is 0.5 to 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of
vegetable oil. A gel candle formed in a container such as glass is described. 特開平２００３−２０６４９４
特開２００４−１６８７９７ 特開昭５８−２１７５９７

[0010] However, since many of the vegetable waxes described as candle raw materials in each patent document
are made from edible vegetable oils and fats, there is no fear of depletion like paraffin waxes made from
petroleum. Due to the global food shortage, it is not preferable for use as a raw material for candles that are used
for other than food. Moreover, it is not described at all about using waste edible oil as vegetable oil.

[0011] The plant candle using the hardened oil obtained from the vegetable oil described as the prior art in
Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 has a problem that cracks are easily generated in the literature even
in the production of the candle. . There is also a decomposition volatile odor of unsaturated components. The
flame becomes smaller. Soot adheres to the combustion core. The suction to the combustion core is bad. There
are problems such as. Therefore, vegetable candles that use hardened oil as a raw material are limited to small
(small diameter) candles that are relatively unaffected by the above effects. If large (20 mm or more) candles are
not marketed, hardened oil is used as the raw material. It is described that the large-sized candle that has not
been put into practical use yet.

[0012] The gelled candle described in Patent Document 3 can only be used in the form of a container candle
gelled in a container. Further, there is a problem that the suction to the combustion wick is poor, the flame is
small, and the combustion wick accumulates on the combustion wick and wears the combustion wick. Also, at
the end of burning the candle, the container must be disposed of as non-combustible material. The gelled candle
described in Patent Document 3 is a candle that is different from the candle of the present invention that cannot
be self-supporting and can hold its shape.

[0013] If hardened oil can be produced from waste edible oil as a candle raw material instead of conventional
vegetable wax made from edible vegetable oils and fats, then a candle wax made from waste edible oil and a
candle using the wax will be produced Therefore, as a result of further investigation, since many of the waste
edible oils that are fats and oils contain a lot of unsaturated fatty acids having a low melting point, they become
liquid at room temperature, which is not preferable as a candle raw material. Therefore, by hydrogenating waste
cooking oil and increasing the ratio of saturated fatty acids having a high melting point, fats and oils solidified at
room temperature can be produced, and the fats and oils can be used as candle raw materials. Moreover, if some
unsaturated fatty acids are left in the degree of hydrogenation, a soft hardened oil between liquid and solid can
be obtained, and if fully saturated fatty acids are obtained, a hard hardened oil can be obtained. A hard
hydrogenated oil having a small iodine value, which serves as an index indicating the degree of hydrogenation,
is liable to crack during candle production. On the other hand, hardened oils with a high iodine value are soft
and have a low melting point, which causes problems such as melting during storage in the summer, unpleasant
oily odor, and oily smoke being easily generated during combustion.

[0014] By adjusting the iodine value and melting point of the hardened oil to a specific range, the inventors of
the present invention have no cracks, an unpleasant oily odor, and a candle that does not generate oil smoke
during combustion, particularly a diameter that has been difficult to manufacture in the past. As a result of
further diligent studies with the belief that a large candle of 20 mm or more can be produced, the present
invention has been achieved.

[0015] Accordingly, a first object of the present invention is to provide a wax comprising a hardened oil having
a specific iodine value, which is made from waste edible oil. A second object of the present invention is a wax
for candles comprising a hardened oil having a specific iodine value as a raw material of waste edible oil, as a
candle raw material that is less prone to cracking during candle production, has less oil smoke, and is excellent
in combustibility. Is to provide.

[0016] The third object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a candle wax made of a
hardened oil having a specific iodine value, using waste edible oil as a raw material. The fourth object of the
present invention is to provide a candle using a hardened oil having a specific iodine value and using waste
edible oil as a raw material.

[0017] That is, the first invention is a wax made of hydrogenated waste edible oil and having a melting point of
40 to 70 ° C. and an iodine value of 55 or less. The second invention is a candle wax according to the first
invention, which comprises a hardened oil having a melting point of 45 to 65 ° C. and an iodine value of 5 to 45.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a candle wax for producing a hardened oil
according to the second invention by deodorizing and filtering a hardened oil produced by adding hydrogen in
the presence of a metal catalyst in the presence of a metal catalyst. It is a manufacturing method.

[0018] 4th invention is the candle manufactured from the wax for candles of 2nd invention description.

[0019] According to the present invention, waste edible oil that has been disposed of in large quantities is reused
as wax, particularly candle wax, so that it is possible to solve problems such as material depletion due to oil
depletion and environmental pollution problems due to disposal. In addition, the plant does not use edible
vegetable oils and fats as raw materials like plant candles that use vegetable oils and candles as raw materials.
An environment-friendly candle wax and a candle using the wax as a raw material can be provided. In addition,
by setting the iodine value of the hardened oil within a specific range, it is possible to provide a wax for candles
and candles that are less susceptible to cracking, have less oil smoke, and have excellent flammability,
equivalent to conventional paraffin wax.

[0020] Next, an example of the candle wax production system of the present invention will be described with
reference to FIG. FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the system, and this system includes a reaction tank 1, a hydrogen
cylinder 2, a nitrogen cylinder 3, a deodorizing means and a filtering means 10. The reaction tank 1 has a
pressure-resistant structure, and an explosion-proof band heater 4 is attached to the body part. An explosion-
proof stirrer 5 is attached to the reaction tank 1. In addition, a hydrogen gas inlet 6 connected to the hydrogen
gas cylinder 2 by piping, a nitrogen gas inlet 7 connected to the nitrogen gas cylinder 3 by piping, and a catalyst
and waste cooking oil inlet 8 are provided at the top of the reaction tank 1. Is provided. At the lower part of the
reaction tank 1, a hardened oil discharge port 9 is provided. 10 is a filtration means for removing the catalyst
from the hardened oil. 11 is a bottom valve, 12 is a candle raw material mixing tank.

[0021] In the system, first, a certain amount of waste cooking oil and catalyst are introduced from the inlet 8 of
the reaction tank 1 heated by the band heater 4, and then nitrogen gas is introduced into the reaction tank from
the nitrogen gas cylinder 3. The air is completely replaced with nitrogen. Thereafter, hydrogen gas is introduced
from the hydrogen gas cylinder 2 into the tank through the inlet port 6 and the agitator 5 is rotated to react waste
cooking oil and hydrogen. Based on the relationship between the hydrogen gas consumption per unit time set in
advance and the iodine value, when hydrogen gas corresponding to the set iodine value is consumed, the supply
of hydrogen gas is stopped and the hardened oil reaction is terminated. To do. After completion of the reaction,
the bottom valve 11 is opened and the produced hardened oil is discharged. Since the produced hardened oil
contains a metal catalyst or has a decomposition odor of impurities contained in the waste edible oil, the metal
catalyst is removed by the filtering means 10, and the deodorizing means (not shown) is used. Remove odor
components to the extent that they do not interfere with use as a candle raw material. The hardened oil treated
by the deodorizing means and the filtering means can be temporarily stored in the candle raw material mixing
tank 12, and a candle can be produced by a known method.
[0022] For food processing, animal oil consisting of animal fats such as beef tallow, pork tallow, fish oil,
chicken oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, safflower oil, corn oil, rice bran oil,
palm oil Vegetable oils made of vegetable oils such as olive oil are used, but waste edible oils used as candle
raw materials are not particularly limited as long as they are used after processing foods and are derived from
the animals and plants. In the case of fried food, the raw waste cooking oil contains wheat flour, raw material
grounds, moisture, etc. in the processing process, so it is filtered in advance with a known filtering means such
as filter cloth or centrifugal separation and included in the waste cooking oil It is necessary to remove the
moisture, flour and other debris.

[0023] The odor of the hardened oil is a decomposition component of impurities contained in the hardened oil. It
is necessary to remove this decomposition component to such an extent that it does not hinder the use of the
hardened oil as a candle raw material. Known deodorizing means can be adopted as the deodorizing means for
removing the decomposing component contained in the hardened oil and deodorizing. For example, the molten
hardened oil can be adsorbed and deodorized using activated carbon or activated clay, or the molten hardened
oil in the reaction tank 1 can be deodorized under vacuum (reduced pressure). It is preferable to stir the molten
oil at the time of deodorization under vacuum or to blow water vapor or nitrogen gas to improve the deodorizing
effect.

[0024] The metal catalyst used for the synthesis of the hardened oil can be removed by a known means. The
removal means may remove the metal catalyst to such an extent that the burning of the candle is not hindered.
For example, the metal catalyst may be removed from the hardened oil melted by centrifugal separation, or
pressure filtration using filter paper or filter cloth, vacuum filtration, or natural filtration may be used, but
usually pressure filtration or vacuum filtration is preferably applied. The

[0025] The metal catalyst used in hydrogenation of waste cooking oil is not particularly limited, and nickel,
platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, copper, copper-chromium, copper-nickel, etc. can be used,
nickel, platinum, Copper-chromium and copper-nickel are preferable, and nickel and platinum are particularly
preferable. Nickel is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of cost.

[0026] Further, as the above nickel catalyst, a wet reduced nickel catalyst, a dry reduced nickel catalyst, or the
like can be used. The addition amount of the catalyst depends on the reaction temperature, hydrogen partial
pressure, reaction time, etc., but the addition amount is not particularly limited. Since the proportion of the metal
catalyst in the production cost is high, considering the cost, about 0.005 to 2.0 parts by weight is preferable with
respect to 100 parts by weight of the edible cooking oil as a raw material. Usually 0.01 to 0.5 parts by weight is
appropriate. If it is less than the above range, the hydrogenation reaction does not proceed easily.

[0027] The reaction conditions for the hydrogenation may be the same as the normal reaction conditions, and
the waste edible oil and the metal catalyst are put into the reaction tank and then reacted under stirring. The
hydrogenation reaction depends on the reaction temperature, the hydrogen partial pressure, the reaction time, the
amount of metal catalyst, and the like, but it may be set to conditions that can be produced at a competitive cost
for paraffin wax. When using 0.005 to 2.0 parts by weight of metal catalyst with respect to 100 parts by weight
of waste cooking oil, the reaction temperature is usually 130 to 250 ° C., and the hydrogen partial pressure is 1.0
× 10 −1 MPa (normally Pressure) (760 mmHg) to 2.0 MPa (20 atm) (15,200 mmHg). The reaction time is
appropriately set to a time during which the hardened oil can be produced under the above conditions. If it is
less than the above range, the hydrogenation reaction is difficult to proceed, and if it exceeds the above range,
the energy cost increases and the cost of the product cannot be avoided.

[0028] Hardened oil obtained by hydrogenating waste cooking oil has a melting point of 40 to 70 ° C. and an
iodine value of 55 or less. The melting point of the hardened oil suitable for the candle is usually 45 to 65 ° C.,
and the iodine value is 5 to 45. In the case of a large candle that easily cracks during molding, it is preferable to
use a hardened oil having an iodine value of 15 to 30. If the iodine value is less than the above range, it is hard
and has a high melting point, and cracks are likely to occur during candle production. There is a problem that oil
smoke tends to be generated sometimes.

[0029] When the hydrogenated hydrogenated edible oil of the present invention is used as the raw material for
the candle, especially the hardened oil having an iodine value of less than 5 is too hard, and cracks are generated
during molding if the candle is produced only with the hardened oil. Although it is not suitable as a wax for
candles, when other waxes are mixed as a molding improver, moldability is improved and a candle can be
produced. In addition, a candle wax having a melting point of 45 to 65 ° C. and an iodine value of 5 to 45 can
produce a candle only with the candle wax. However, when other waxes are mixed as a molding improver, the
moldability is further improved. Can be improved. Examples of waxes as molding improvers include hardened
oils such as hardened castor oil, petroleum waxes such as paraffin wax and microcrystalline wax, synthetic
hydrocarbon waxes such as polyethylene wax, higher fatty acids such as stearic acid and palmitic acid, beeswax,
There are natural waxes such as wood wax.

[0030] Furthermore, the addition of pigments, dyes, fragrances, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers and the like
to the wax for candles of the present invention can stabilize the quality of the candle and enhance its
functionality.

[0031] Example 1 to Example 4 and Comparative Example 1 to Comparative Example 2 60 g of used tempura
oil collected from households from which dust and debris were removed together with 0.6 g of nickel catalyst
(SO-850: manufactured by Sakai Chemical), 100 mL capacity In a small stainless steel pressure vessel, purged
with nitrogen gas three times, heated to 200 ° C., then supplied with hydrogen gas, and maintained with a
magnetic stirrer while maintaining the gas pressure in the vessel at 0.9 MPa. The hardened oil obtained by
performing the hydrogenation reaction for 2 hours and 30 minutes with stirring was referred to as Comparative
Example 1. Moreover, the hardened oil obtained by making it react on the same conditions for 3 hours is made
into Example 1, the hardened oil obtained by making it react for 4 hours is made into Example 2, and the
hardened oil obtained by making it react for 6 hours is Example. The cured oil obtained by reacting for 3 hours
and 7 hours was designated as Example 4, and the cured oil obtained by reacting for 8 hours was designated as
Comparative Example 2.

[0032] [Table 1] shows the iodine value, melting point, and candle formability, combustibility, and candle
evaluation using the hardened oils produced in each Example and Comparative Example.

[0033] Since Comparative Example 1 has a low melting point of 42 ° C., there is a risk of melting in summer
when the temperature is high, and the candle produced from the hardened oil of Comparative Example 1 is soft,
sticky, and has a fat and oily odor that remains burned. In some cases, oily smoke is generated, which is not
suitable as a hardened oil (wax) for candles. The candle produced with the hardened oil of Comparative
Example 2 is not suitable as a wax for candles, although it does not generate oily odor and does not generate
smoke during combustion, but the hardened oil is hard and generates severe cracks during molding.

[0034] Although the candle manufactured with the hardened oil of Example 1 generates a little oil smoke at the
time of combustion, since the wax is slightly soft and exhibits good moldability, it can be preferably used as a
wax for a candle in a container. The candles produced with the hardened oils of Example 2 and Example 3 have
good moldability and no smoke during combustion, and can be used for ordinary large candles. The candle
produced with the hardened oil of Example 4 is slightly cracked when molded under water cooling, but does not
crack in ordinary air-cooled molding, and does not cause oil smoke during combustion. Can be used as a wax.

[0035] Example 5 to Example 6 3 kg of used frying oil from a hotel kitchen, from which dust and debris had
been removed in advance with filter paper, together with 13 g of a nickel catalyst (Precat 9920: made by
Unikema International Co., Ltd.) in a 6 L capacity stainless steel pressure reaction vessel After purging with
nitrogen gas three times and heating to 190 ° C., hydrogen gas is injected, and the hydrogen gas pressure in the
container is maintained at 0.7 Mpa, while maintaining with a stirrer at 700 rpm for 2 hours 30 minutes. Stir.
Thereafter, the discharge valve was opened, and the produced hardened oil was filtered with a filter paper to
separate the catalyst, thereby obtaining a hardened oil in a molten state. The obtained hydrogenated oil had an
iodine value of 22 and a melting point of 58 ° C.

[0036] Next, the melted hardened oil is transferred to a candle raw material blending tank, and the candle
blended raw material of about 80 ° C. melted and mixed with 20 parts by weight of stearic acid with respect to
100 parts by weight of the hardened oil is a candle mold in which a core is arranged Then, the combustion agent
was cooled and solidified to produce a cylindrical candle 15 having a diameter of 50 mm and a height of 150
mm as shown in FIG. Reference numeral 16 denotes a combustion core. This candle is referred to as Example 5.

[0037] In the candle of Example 5, the slightly dull color of the hardened oil became a calm color by blending
with commercially available white stearic acid, and the hardened oil completely saturated fatty acid was hard
and cracked when cooled and solidified. Although easy, moldability can be improved by adding stearic acid.
Next, when the core was ignited and the flammability was observed, there was no generation of oily smoke or
soot, and a good combustion state was maintained. Further, the upper peripheral portion of the candle became a
weir and the burning wax did not sag, and no bad odor associated with combustion was observed.
[0038] An equal amount of 135 ° F. paraffin wax was melted and mixed with the molten hardened oil in the
candle raw material blending tank used in Example 5 and granulated by a known granulating means. A core 18
was attached to the center of a candle 17 in which the granulated body was put into a mold and compression-
molded to produce a candle having a diameter of 36 mm and a height of 20 mm as shown in FIG. This candle is
referred to as Example 6.

[0039] In general, candle raw materials granulated with only hardened oil are often unsuitable for compression
molding, but the candle of Example 6 can be compression molded by blending an equal amount of paraffin wax
suitable for compression molding. It was. A core 18 was inserted into a hole provided in the center of the
molded candle 17, and the lower end of the core was fixed with a steel washer. Next, when the candle of
Example 6 was put in a polycarbonate cup having an inner diameter of 38 mm and a depth of 24 mm, the core
was ignited and the flammability was observed for 4 hours. there were.

[0040] The candle of the present invention uses the hardened oil produced from waste edible oil as the raw
material of the candle as it is, and not only the effective use of the waste edible oil but also the paraffin wax
which is the main raw material of the candle due to the recent rise in oil. This is an environmentally friendly
candle using hardened oil as an alternative wax to eliminate supply concerns.

[0041] It is a system flowchart which shows one Example of the manufacturing system of the hardened oil
which is the wax for candles of this invention. It is a front view of the candle which shows one Example of the
candle of this invention. It is a front view of the candle which shows one Example of the other candle of this
invention.

[0042] 1. ・ Reaction tank 2 ・ ・ Hydrogen cylinder 3 ・ ・ Nitrogen cylinder 4 ・ ・ Band heater 5 ・ ・

Agitator 6 ・ ・ Hydrogen gas inlet 7 ・ ・ Nitrogen gas inlet 8 ・ ・ Waste cooking oil inlet 9 ・ ・Hardened
oil outlet 10 .. Filtration means 11.. Bottom valve 15, 17.. Candle 16, 18.