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Basic Concepts of Entity-Relationship Model
•
•:• Terminologies
* Entity:
• A "thing· in the real world with an independent existence.

• May be an object with physical existence (ex: house, person)

or with a conceptual existence( ex: course, job).

* Attributes:

• Properties that describe Ev

the entities. PHrnl[
NUMBER

~
/
PERSO
•:• Terminologies

Composite Attributes Simple Attributes

* Can be divided into further * Cannot be divided further.

parts.

* Ex: Name --+ First Name, * Ex: Weight --+ cannot be

Middle Name, Last Name further divided.

11l'SO.ll ,lciC'lllY. Of g
.....
~ Terminologies

Single-Valued Attributes Multivalued Attributes

Have a single value for a

* particular entity.
* Can have set of values for

a particular entity.

Ex: Age ~ single-valued Ex: College degree,

* attribute of a person.
* languaies known ~

multivalued attributes of a

1 1:J,
person.
+
 .....
~ Terminologies

Derived Attributes Stored Attributes

Con be derived from other From which the value of

* attributes.
* other attributes ore
derived. •
Ex: Age con be derived
* from date of birth.
-+
* Ex: BirthDate of a person

; it •'if ) . 1c , 1clt 'ri1 v. C) ~ ~;

•:• Terminologies
* Complex Attributes:

• Has multivalued & composite components in it.

• Multivalued attributes ~ represented within '{ }'.

• Composite attributes~ represented within ' ( )'.

• Ex: {CollegeDegrees(College, Year, Degree, Field)}

* Null Values:
STUDENT_ID NAME AGE PHONE-NO

• Null is something which is I HARRY 20 123546897

2 JEREMY 22 NULL

..
not applicable or unknown .
3 JOSHUA NULL 2525468912
 •:• Terminologies
* Entity Type: STUDENT

• A collection of entities that STUDENT_IO NAME

HARRY
have the same attributes.
JEREMY

• Ex: STUDENT JOSHUA

* Entity Set:

time.
..
Collection of entities of a particular entity type at a point in

' ' I, ' ') '. ' l i' l ~ j • ' ; ' l ·, . I I' ( •
•:• Terminologies
* Ke Attribute:
STUDENT
STUDENT _ID NAME
• That attribute that is
PRIYANKA

capable of identifying each JEREMY

PRIYANKA
entity uniquely.

• Ex: Roll number of a student

* Value Set of Attributes:

• The set of values that can be assigned to an attribute .

..
•:• Relationships
• Relationship -► association among 2 or more entities.

• Ex: teacher teaches student

!
relationship

* Degree of Relationship: Denotes the number of entity types that

participate in a relationship.

1. Unary relationship:
► Exists when there is an association

with only one entity.

nesoacademy. org
 Relationships
* Degree of Relationship:
2. Binary relationship:
► Exists when there is an

association among two

entities.

3. Ternary relationship:
► Exists when there is an

association among three SUBJECT t - -- -----s. >---------1 STUDENT

nesoacademy.org entities.
 Relationships
Relationship Constraints:
1. Cardinality Ratio
► Maximum number of relationship instances that an

entity can participate in.

EMPLOYEE DEPARTMENT
► Possible cardinality

ratios for binary N

EMPLOYEE DEPARTMENT

relationship ~ 1:1, 1:N,

nesoacademy. org
..
N:1, M:N. STUDENT SUBJECT

-+
 •:• Relationships
* Relationship Constraints:
2. Participation Constraints
► Specifies whether existence of an entity depends on its

being related to another entity.

~----------~ P.mf,.Jj PnrtlC,p,.'lhon Tota PmllC!p,lltan

► 2 types: Tota I r,..,,_ ovrr

l ~lf s
l orrARtMf NT

participation & Partial 1,.-.,ov11 Of J>AHTMf NI

pa rtici potion.

Ill'\(), 1(
 ER Diagram for COMPANY Database
.

nesoacade
 I

LD8M~ g Symba/,1 rkl E-8. di0Jw.m1

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► _ 1Name of
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. EM.fpse Att?-ti'bu.k
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► 1 • Dfa.Moltld _ __ Ro La.h~f◄ __

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