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Logic and Inference

Logic and inference

Uploaded by

Sanjay Pahade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Logic and Inference

Logic and inference

Uploaded by

Sanjay Pahade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1& loZ ok?

k dksYgs vkgs-
2& dkgh dksYgs lls vkgs-
1½ vuqeku 1 cjkscj
2½ vuqeku 2 cjkscj
3½ vuqeku 1 o 2 pqd-
4½ vuqeku 1 o 2 cjkscj

1 & loZ lls cnd vkgs-


2 & loZ cnd lls vkgs-
1½ vuqeku 1 pqd o 2 cjkscj
2½ vuqeku 2 pqd o 1 cjkscj
3½ nksUgh vuqeku cjkscj
4½ nksUgh vuqeku pwd

1 & Jhear ek.klkauk foekukus izokl dj.ks ijoMrs-


2 & v Jhear vkgs-
;k nksu fo/kkuko:u [kkyhyiSdh fuf’pr cjkscj fo/kku dks.krs \
1½ v QDr foekukus izokl djrks-
2½ v foekukus izokl djr ukgh-
3½ v yk foekukus izokl dj.ks ijoMrs-
4½ Jhear vlqugh v yk foekukr izokl dj.ks ijoMr ukgh-

1 & loZ eqys ‘kDrhoku vlrkr-


2 & dkgh eqys fdzdsV [ksGrkr-
1½ dkgh eqys ‘kfDroku ulrkr-
2½ loZ eqys fdzdsV [ksGrkr-
3½ dkgh ‘kDrheku eqys fdzdsV [ksGrkr-
4½ loZ ‘kDrheku eqys fdzdsV [ksGrkr-

1 & vkbZ xsys nksu fnol eko’khdMs xsyh vkgs-


2 & rh mn;k lkseokjh ?kjh ;s.kkj vkgs-
1½ vkbZ ‘kdzokj] ‘kfuokj] jfookj eko’khdMs jkfgyh-
2½ vkbZ eko’khdMs pkj fnol jkg.kkj vkgs-
3½ vkbZ rhu fnolkaiqohZ ;s.kkj gksrh-
4½ vkbZ ulY;kus eyk dke djkos ykxys-

1 & v pk tUe 1950 lkyh >kyk-


2 & c pk tUe 2000 lkyh >kyk-
1½ v ps o; c P;k nqIiV vkgs-
2½ c ps o; v P;k o;kis{kk fuEes vkgs
3½ c gs 50 o”kkZauh ygku vkgs-
4½ 2000 lkyh v c is{kk 40 o”kkZauh eksBs gksrs-

mnkgj.ks %&
v is{kk c eksBh vkgs- i.k d c is{kk ygku vkgs] rj lokZr eksBs
dks.k \
1½ v
2½ c
3½ d
4½ dks.khp ukgh-
v c is{kk eksBh vkgs] rj d is{kk c ygku vkgs] [kkyhy iSdh
dks.krs fo/kku cjkscj vkgs \
1½ v lokZr eksBh vkgs-
2½ d lokZr eksBh vkgs-
3½ c lokZr ygku vkgs-
4½ v o d lkj[;kp o;kP;k vkgs-

fpdw lQjpankis{kk LoLr vkgsr- dsYh fpdwis{kk LoLr vkgsr- rj


lokZr LoLr QG dks.krs \
1½ lQjpan
2½ dsGh
3½ fpdq
4½ dks.krsp QG LoLr ukgh-

ykMqis{kk cQhZ xksM vkgs- ftych cfQZ is{kk xksM vkgs- rj


lokZr xksM inkFkZ dks.krk \
1½ cfQZ
2½ ftych
3½ ykMq
4½ ftych o ykMw
v is{kk c ckjhd vkgs- i.k v is{kk d vf/kd yB~B vkgs] rj lokZr
yB~B dks.k \
1½ v
2½ c
3½ d
4½ fr?ksi.k lkj[ksp yB~B

i is{kk Q rlsp d bydk vkgs] i is{kk c tM vkgs] rj lokZr vf/kd tM


dks.k \
1½ i
2½ Q
3½ c
4½ d

xf.krkr v yk c is{kk tkLr xq.k feGkys] c yk d is{kk tkLr xq.k


feGkys- v yk M is{kk eh xq.k feGkys] rj xf.krkr lokZr tkLr xq.k
dks.kkyk feGkys \
1½ M
2½ c
3½ d
4½ v

v c is{kk map vkgs- d c is{kk Basx.kk vkgs- M v is{kk map


vkgs] rj ;k ekfgrho:u [kkyhyiSdh dks.krs fo/kku fuf’pr vkgs \
1½ M lokZr map vkgs-
2½ v is{kk c o d nks?ks Bsax.ks vkgs-
3½ d lokZar Bsax.kk vkgs-
4½ frUgh fo/kkus cjkscj vkgs-

v c is{kk gq’kkj vkgs- d c brdk gq’kkj ulyk rjh M is{kk gq’kkj


vkgs] rj lokZr gq’kkj dks.k \
1½ v
2½ c
3½ d
4½ M
v c is{kk eksBk vkgs- v is{kk ygku d vkgs- c d is{kk eksBk
vkgs] rj R;k fo?kkarhy lokZr ygku dks.k vkgs \
1½ c
2½ d
3½ v
4½ c o v nks?ksgh

v] c] d vkf.k M gs pkj [kkac vkgs- c gk d is{kk deh map vkgs-


vkf.k v gk c vkf.k M brdkp map vkgs] rj lokZr map [kkac
dks.krk \
1½ d
2½ c
3½ v
4½ M

Rkdlaxrh o vuqeku & 2 ?kVuk

fdzMkegksRolkph lq:okr dks.kR;k Li/ksZus >kyh \


1½ /kko.ks
2½ yaxMh
3½ dcM~Mh
4½ [kks[kks
yaxMhps lkeus dks.kR;k okjh >kys \
1½ jfookjh
2½ eaxGokjh
3½ cq/kokjh
4½ xq:okjh

,dk iG.;kP;k ‘k;Zrhr xk;] xksxyxk;] dq=k] llk] gfj.k] dklo ;kauh
Hkkx ?ksryk osxkuqlkj dze ykoY;kl ekxs dks.k jkfgy \
1½ dklo
2½ xksxyxk;
3½ xk;
4½ dq=k

iq<hy okD;kpk ;ksX; dze ykok-


1½ v nsokiq<s is<s Bsowu ueLdkj dsyk]
2½ c&d ;kauh gh vkuankph ckreh lkafxryh-
3½ v od`Ro Li/ksZr ifgys cf{kl feGkys-
4½ R;kuarj yxsp nqdkukr tkoqu d ;kauh is<s vk.kys-
1½ 3 4 1 2
2½ 2 4 3 1
3½ 3 2 4 1
4½ 3 2 1 4

v vkf.k c djkVsP;k oxkZr tkrkr- d cjkscj v fp=dyk f’kdrks-


lax.kdkP;k oxkZr tk.kkjk QDr v vkgs- ;k ekfgrho:u [kkyhyiSdh
dks.krs fo/kku fuf’pr cjkscj vkgs-
1½ c o v fp=dyk f’kdrkr-
2½ frUgh oxkZr fr?kkaiSdh dks.khgh tkr ukgh-
3½ d vkf.k c djkVs f’kdrkr-
4½ frUgh izdkj f’kd.kkjk v vkgs-

[kkyhyiSdh fuf’pr fo/kku dks.krs \


1½ v o c QDr ,dp [ksG [ksGrkr-
2½ rhu [ksG [ksG.kkjk QDr d vkgs
3½ izR;sd tu rhurhu [ksG [ksGrkr-
4½ M pkjgh [ksG [ksGrkr-

fo/kkus fuoMk-
1½ QqVckWy [ksG.kkjs rhu [ksGkMw vkgs-
2½ izR;sd t.k rhurhu [ksG [ksGrkr-
3½ nksu [ksG [ksG.kkjs pkjgh [ksGkMw vkgsr-
4½ pkj [ksG [ksG.kkjs dks.khgh ukgh-

QDr nksu [ksG [ksG.kkjs dks.k \


1½ v o c
2½ d o v
3½ v o M
4½ c o d

[kkyhy ekfgrho:u fopkjysY;k iz’ukps vpwd mRrj dks.krs \


v yk loZp QGs vkoMrkr- c yk dsGh lksMwu ckdhph loZ
QGs vkoMrkr- d yk QDr lQjpan vkoMrs- M yk lQjpan vkf.k is:
lksMwu ckdhph QGs vkoMrkr] rj dsGh vkoM.kkÚ;k eqyh
dks.kR;k
1½ v o d
2½ v o M
3½ v o c
4½ M o c

v] c] d] M o Q ,d xfPpP;k ftu;koj mH;k vkgsr- ,dk ik;jhoj ,dp


O;Drh vHkh vkgs] c lokZr [kkyP;k ik;jhoj vkgs- d P;k ojP;k
ik;Ú;kaoj dks.khgh mHks ukgh- Q gh d vkf.k v ;k nks?khae/;s
mHkh vlwu] e/kkse/k vlysyh O;Drh Eg.kts v vkgs- ;ko:u
[kkyhy iz’ukaph mRrjs n;k \
v P;k ojP;k ik;Ú;kaoj mH;k vlysY;k O;Drhph ukos lkaxk \
1½ d vkf.k v
2½ c vkf.k d
3½ Q vkf.k d
4½ d vkf.k M

ftU;kyk ,dq.k ik;Ú;k fdrh vkgs \


1½ lkr
2½ ikp
3½ vkB
4½ ik;Ú;kaph la[;k fnysyh ukgh-

v Hkk”kk] lkekU; foKku] vkf.k xf.kr] lkekftd ‘kkL=s ;k


fo”k;kapk vH;kl iq<hyizek.ks djrs] rh ,d fnolk vkM xf.krkpk
vH;kl djrs ek= rh brj fno’kh dzekus Hkk”kk lkekU; foKku vkf.k
lkekt’kkL= ;k fo”k;kapk vH;kl djrs- ;k eaxGokjh rhus Hkk”kk ;k
fo”k;kpk vH;kl dsyk] rj iq<hy eaxGokjh rh dks.kR;k fo”k;kpk
vH;kl djsy \
1½ Hkk”kk
2½ lekftd’kkL=s
3½ lkekU; foKku
4½ xf.kr

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