ractical Expt. No. 1 : Moment of Inertia 6.3 5.3, 3 Experiment No. 1 mine the moment of inertia of a body about an axis qo dete posi through its centre of gravity & mine the modulus of rigidity of the material of the To dete: al method. given wire by dynamicA Flui : 4 luid Dynamics and A, Apparatus required: Inertia table, stopwatch, vernier callipers, 5, Ste » Dal metallic body of known shape and mass (say cylindrical, lang, body of regular shape (say rectangular or circular) om ita Description of the moment of inertia table The moment of inertia table consists of a circular aluminium tab) (A) of he ty ‘Stang : ‘The upper face of the table has few concentric circles marked ony 1 about 6” in diameter suspended by means of a wire (W) fixeq at th to a torsion head fitted to a cross-bar between two Pillars which vertically on a heavy iron base B provided with three levelling, the table a concentric groove is cut in which four balancing Tings may | placed to set the table horizontal. Concentric | Circles Balancing masses Various shapes masses Fig. 1.1 Moment of inertia table Theory: lates The period (T) with which the bob of a torsion pendulum oscil given by | | | | is | | | yet ae a |as it. No. 1 : Moment of Inertia 65. = moment of Inertia of the suspended cylinder about the axis of wheres is the moment of c yspension- cH nt of couple per unit angle of twist of the spesioF wire given as ’ = mrt Loo (tA) where FS the radius and / is the length of the suspension wire and 7 is ie rigidity modulus of the material of the wire. et To be the period of oscillation of the empty cradle of moment of t axis of suspension then Tae anf (2) if T: be the time period about same suspension wire of the moment of inertia [1 and T> be the time rtia Ip then we jnertia Io about Similarly, cradle and a body of known period with cradle and body of unknown moment of ine Ty = 2a Pe wu(1-3) Ty = 20 fe (14) Using Eq, (1.2), (1.3) and (1.4) we have _, weet n= hapa have (1-5) Ifthe body of known mass is @ cylinder and considering @ xis of rotation tobe the axis of the cylinder we have = 5MR wuo(1-6) ylinder, respectively. Where M and R being the mass and radius of the ¢6.6 Flui obese If the axis of rotation is perpendiculs diameter) then I is given by =!mr?++up 1 = 2MR? + ML Where L is the length of the cylinder. central axis central diameter Fig. 1.2 Moment of Inertia (1) for rotation about the central q central diameter na Now eliminating Io from Eq, (1.2) and (1.3) _ 4eh ~ one Substituting the value of c from Eq, (1.8) to Eq. (1-1) we get MCL 1 > saap—agy (Ll Similarly, using Eq. (2) and (4) eliminating Ip and then Eq. (1.1) we get Bal 0 age walt The rigidity modulus can be calculated using either Eq. (1.9) ot (1!practical E it. No. 1 : Moment of Inertia 67 o procedure on At first the mass ‘M? of the solid cylinder is measured by using 0) gugh or spring balance 4-5 time and length Lis measured by meter scale 4-5 times and average values of mass and length of cylinder is calculated. ‘The diameter D of the cylinder is to be measured using a yernier callipers at least 5-6 times at different places and along two perpendicular directions at each position. The radius R is then calculated as D/2. Data of these reading are written in Table-1. Thus, knowing Mass (M), length (L) and radius (R) the moment of Inertia Ih is calculated using Eq,( 1.6) or (1.7) as per experimental setup condition. The cylinder is then suspended using the given wire and then the length ‘I’ of the wire between end-to-end suspension point (top suspension point to suspension point on the cylinder) is to be measured 3-4 times and average value is calculated. The diameter of the wire, r is measured by using screw gauge at 5-6 positions of the wire and at different directions. The measured data are written in Table-2. The average of these values gives the diameter and half of the diameter value gives the average value of radius ‘r’ of the wire. To find the time period T of oscillation of suspended cradle the base is kept at horizontal equilibriumyrest position. Then the cradle is twisted by a small angle in the horizontal plane so that it oscillates about the mean rest position, For one complete oscillation considers the cradle axis when passing though reference line and moving to one extreme left/right and then again crossing reference line and then moving to other extreme end and then coming to reference line. So, stopwatch should be started when the cylinder first crossed reference line. ‘Then using stopwatch time taken for 20, 30 etc. Complete oscillations about the reference line is noted. ThenOBR Fluid Dynamics and 0 (vii) either p or (1.10) as suitable. Eas) Experimental Data: | A. Determination of Moment of Inertia (Ly) of cylinder () Mass of cylinder, M> ........ gm = kg (ii) Length of the cylinder, L = (, = m (ii) Determination of radius (R) of the cylinder using vem dividing the total time taken by total Tumbe, T of es « tiod 'T Of the sak 01 Dey or empty Cradle Med th unkn To vl own my, i inertia, To. Momen, oscillations gives the value of time pe setup. The time period is calculated f; known moment of inertia, Ty and wi The value of moment of inertia Iy jg then calcul, Eq,(1.5) “ted uJ The sigidity modulus can be calculated using callipers (a) Calculation of vernier count (v.c) Value of 1 smallest main scale division, s = L.m.s.d, n division of vernier scale = m division of main scale nv.s.d.=ms.d., 1 vs.d.= (2) ms.d. n m +v.e.= 1ms.d.-1vs.d.= (:-2) ms. = (-2} cm n n (b) Zero-error " agati? E=+ yxvc. [for positive error is ‘¥ sign used and neg error ~’ sign used]t. No. 1 : Moment of Inertia cal Exp! prac pate for calculation of radius of the cylinder @ Table -1 Vernier yernier Scale | Total Mean nn main |v ate | (Vv) | D | MeanD | R’= | | oS division | =vx | =S*V] (cm) pe |= 8 E) 9 | re i) v.c. | (cm) (cm) | (cm) | (cm) | ee (D1) sn(D2) | svvnsne” | seene | serene snoe(D3) ia =D (iv) Calculation of Ii N= 3MR? gm — cm? or, = 2MR?-+-SML? =... gm — cm (8) Length of the suspension wire () T= (ecbaccbevactiu fe = (© Measurement of the radius (2) of the suspension wire using screw Gauge cM =. () Calculation of least count (c) Smallest division of the linear scale, § = ...mm6.10 D Least count (1c.) = ‘mm (ii) Instrument zero error (E) E=+ yxve, | for positive error ig 7 si Mluld Dynamicg Number of total division on the circula 60 Used and 4, | error ~ sign used] 1d egal | (iti) Date for radius calculation Table-2 | | Sl] Linear ] Cicular ] Circular] ‘Total | Mean | vipg Te No.| scale | scale | Scale | d= di" radig | 4 s reading | division | C.S.= | S+C.S, (mm) ve 2 =S | cs | es} | (mm) qe} 4 (mm) le. tom | fey (mmm) ; | | 1 sona(Al) | 2 Pe d, +d, +d; | MF d h «| 3 alee seon(l8) F29 Radius of the wire, r= sa.' | a -Bxpt. No. 1: Moment of Inertia ic the period (I) of emply cradle clit ( ei of 6.11 + re] Noot | Period'T | Mean sl. (ws oscillations =n To (5) No. (n) ee | 20 cesses (Y20) at 1 Qthyttiath, 20 sree (Y20) ot # 2 d 30 ot 3 | : 30 J see (30) ts eal Determination of the period (Ti) of cradle with known moment of inertia 3 | Time No. of Period T Mean no | | @s oscillations = yn Ti) . (a) (in seconds.) a ie | 4 s Opie shoud |e se (20) ..tn trttettstt, A eae s ag etnies Papi (20) «te 55 a : see s 30 senee (YBO) ts 4, sn s 40 sense (AO) «te —6.12 Fluid Dynamics ang “ (®) Determination of the period (I) of cradle with unknown roe OU nt ote Sl. | Time No. of Period TF or No. | (J's | oscillations = Yn (n) (in seconds.) | 1 20 sesso (Y20) sth | 2 20 vost (920) uty | | 3. 30 vovees (Y3O) «tg 4, 40 svvses (YAO) sts Result ‘The value of moment of inertia of the given body is rigidity modulus of the given suspension wire is . Computation of percentage error From Eq. (5) we have =13 pee STP Dee as ie Te = 5mee =Tee, =5m(5 Te =T So, dala) bs ans ated Te-T9t. No. 1 : Moment of Inertia 6D 26T(T, +1 min i a8 ii OD POT Ta) NON To) D (17 -T3) T? -T% js neglected as M is large. Putting the respective values, ve, 288 tee . ae {fe - proportional error in Io, Multiplying by 100 we get the percentage ve = in 2 from gq. (10) ¥ Bet 61, , 46d 5(T? - Te) + mq + ae (d = diameter of wire) 61 61, 46d _, 267 (7; say Dhigg Olas IE 26T(Te + To) hed TZ Te wutting values of maximum possible error for portional error in 77 and then multiplying by in rigidity modulus. ym above formula by Pp we get pro} late percentage error i fro each parameter od we can calcul precautions ald not vibrate along vertical direction during () The cylinder sho ror in time period oscillation, and. this will introduce ¢ calculation. (i) The angle of twist should be small so as to main approximation of the oscillating pendulum (ii) The radius of the wire (1) should be measured very as it appears in fourth power in calculating rigidity modulus as small error in r will result in large error in result. tain harmonic carefully6.14 Fluid Dynamics and Ay Assessment Questions yl 1.1. What is moment of inertia? | Ans: It is the ability of a body to resist the change in its re | se lay ational | of motion. If m be a mass rotating in a circle of radius ce Slat een ias ee f of rotation, the moment of inertia is given by I=m,2, he ay 1.2. What is the SI unit of moment of inertia? Ans: kg-m? 1.3.Does moment of inertia depend of axis of rotation? Ans: Yes 1.4. What is torque? | Ans: Torque is the twisting force that tends to cause rotation, j is ty f ie. measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object 0 rotate 1.5. What is torsion? Ans: Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque 1.6. What is torsional pendulum? Ans: A rigid body suspended by a wire oscillating in a horizontal pln with the vertical suspended wire as the axis of rotation. 1.7.What is the difference’ between simple pendulum and torsional pendulum? Ans: Simple pendulum oscillates in a vertical plane; Torsional pendulum oscillates in horizontal plane. Simple pendulum oscilates due to gravity whereas torsional oscillation is due to twist of wire and! torsion of the suspension wire. In a simple pendulum the simple harmonic motion is due to tH) restoring force which is the component of the weight of the bob. In# rig torsional pendulum the simple harmonic motion is due to rest! couple arising out of torsion and shearing strain. : 1.8.Does the period of oscillation depend on the amplitude of oscil 4of cylinder? Ans: No. amplitude may have any value but within th the wire. jn it Of) elastic lit ®t. No. 1 : Moment of Inertia 6.15 Sy side of oscillation of should be small? i e goes not depend on amplitude, but if amplitude is large it % io from Si FF aps! ple harmonic behaviour, a get 5 Young modulus, Bulk Modulus and Rigidity Modulus? pat i ye you ne modulus: Measure of elasticity, equal to the ratio of the ona substance (o the strain produced. lus: Bulk modulus is defined as the proportion of volumetric elated to the volumetric strain of specified material while the re atta oa oe f myaty Modulus: measire of the rigidity of the body, given by the vaio of seat For further de What is stress and strain? ‘Ans; Stress is defined as force per unit area within materials that arises from externally applied forces and Strain is the amount of deformation rienced by the body in the direction of force applied, divided by mation is within the elastic limit. stress to shear strain. tails see any textbook chapter on Elasticity il. ex] z initial dimensions of the body. ll. How the period changes with length and diameter of the wire? ‘Ans: Period increases with increase in length but decreases with increase in diameter. 43. Meftion some applications of torsional pendulum. Ansi(i) The working of Torsion pendulum clocks (torsion clocks or Pendulum clocks), is based on torsional oscillation. The balance wheel ae mechanical wristwatch is a torsion pendulum. a The freely decaying oscillation of Torsion pendulum in dium(ike polymers)helps to determine their characteristic Properties, Wi) New research for determination of frictional forces between solid Races. ana rmination of frictiona flowing liqui : ee i Pendulums, lowing liquid environments using forced torsionFh 6.16 uid Dyn: ae amics ang Me 114. Does the value of rigidity modulus pend on ngage of the wire? and Mange) Ans: No, it is properly of a material. | 1.15. Why is this method called dynamical method? | Ans: As the reading are taken during system in motion, 1,16, _ Is there alternate method for rigidity modulus Measurem, Ans: Yes, by Statical method (Barton’s apparatus), ra 1.17. How rigidity is effected by temperature? Ans: rigidity decreases with increase of temperature, L18. On what factors period of oscillation of tossonal pe, ne in depends? I fat Ans: See theory, T = anf =2n nae