Scribd
Upload
17 views4 pages

Lesson 2 - Bioo

Uploaded by

hingingatensyonmo442
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views4 pages

Lesson 2 - Bioo

Uploaded by

hingingatensyonmo442
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Lesson 2: Cell structure & function

Living cell processes:

1. Nutrition – obtain food molecules


2. Digestion - which food particles are broken down into smaller soluble units suitable for cell use
with the help of enzymes.
3. Absorption - absorb water, minerals and other materials essential to life from their
environment.
4. Biosynthesis - all cells organize complex chemicals from simple building units or substances.
5. Excretion - by-products of all cell activities which are not needed for further cell functioning are
eliminated.
6. Egestion - insoluble, non-digested particles are eliminated by the cell.
7. Secretion - substances that are synthesized by the cells are expelled from the membrane. This
elimination process helps in the functioning of the body.
8. Movement – locomotion of cell by means a special structures like cilia or flagella
9. Irritability - cells respond or react to external factors or conditions around them.
10. Respiration - breaking down food molecules into chemical energy needed by all cells in order to
function
11. Reproduction - a cell copies or replicates its DNA and increases its number by cell division. It
gives rise to new cells as a result, organisms grow.

Principal part cell:

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Nucleus
o Covered with a membrane that allows materials to pass in and out.
o Often called the control center because it contains DNA

Nucleolus is where the ribosomes are formed and this structure can be found
both in plants and animals.
Cell membrane
o Semi-permeable membrane: facilitate the movementof molecule inside and
outside the plant or animal cell
 allows only chosen substances to enter or leave cell which can protect
the cell from harmful substances.

o Often pictured as fluid mosaic model - its molecules are constantly moving.

: Phospholipid molecules move sideways within the membrane. Since the plasma
membrane is fluid, it can seal itself if it is damaged or broken.

Cytoplasm
o viscous fluid or jelly like where organelles are embedded
(under a surface)
o secures the organelles in plants and animals so that
they remain in place.

Mitochondria
o powerhouses of cells
o They produce much of the energy a plant or animal cell needs to carry out its functions.
o They are the centers of cellular respiration, a process in which energy-rich ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate) that functions in energy storage and transfer is produced.

What is organelles?
 a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ
does in the body.
Vacuole
o storage area of the cell; water, food, and waste.
Animals vacuole: small
Plants vacuole: big (photosynthesis)

Endoplasmic reticulum
o series of tunnels throughout the cytoplasm
o transport proteins from one part of the
cell to another
o form a network of tiny canals through the cell
(both ER) formed by two parallel membranes

Two types of endoplasmic reticulum:


 Smooth- ribosome free and functions in detoxification of lipids.
 Rough - contains ribosomes and releases newly made protein from the cell.

Ribosome
o Protein factories of the cell

Golgi bodies
o Receive proteins and other compounds from the ER
o Package these materials and distribute them to the plant and animal parts of the cell.

Lysosomes
o Contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break things down.
o Pick up bacteria, food, and old organelles in plant and animal cell and break them into small
pieces that can be reused.

Cytoskeleton
o series of fibers made from proteins; gives it its shape.

Components of cytoskeleton:
 Microtubules - absent in plant cell, it provide pathways for certain cellular molecules to move
about just as tracks are provided for railroad cars or trains.
- found in structures like the cilia and flagella which both aid in movement.
 Intermediate filaments -they are found in durable structures such as hair, scales and fingernails.
They also help provide structure to the nuclear envelope. (absent in plant cell)
 Microfilaments - pipe-like structures and help provide shape and movement for the cells.

Cell wall : plants


o rigid organelle composed of cellulose that gives plant cell its box-like shape.

 Primary cell wall =outer layer. It expands as the cell grows


 As the plant reaches its full size, a secondary wall develops inside the primary wall = to
strengthen
o Middle lamella which is composed of a jelly- like polysaccharide called pectin
o Both the primary and secondary walls are composed mainly of polysaccharide cellulose which is
commercially important as the main component of paper and cotton.
o Aside for cellulose, the secondary walls usually contain lignin, a complex organic compound that
adds hardness and rigidity to cell walls.
o Plastids are double membrane bound organelles found in plants; storage of pigments
o Types of Plastids include the Leucoplasts which are colorless organelles that store starch and
Chromoplasts which contain colored pigments like chloroplast.

Centrioles
o paired organelles found only in animal cell
o located near nucleus at right angle
o they are essential in building cilia and flagella and also as spindle fiber during cell division.

Differences:
Animal cells have centrioles, centrosomes (discussed under the cytoskeleton), and lysosomes,
whereas plant cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and
plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.

You might also like