Page : 1 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

Chapter – 1
ORIGIN OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Topics
Family of surfaces in three dimensions
Formulation of partial differential equations
Partial Differential Equation
An equation containing one or more partial derivatives of an unknown function of two or more
independent variables is known as a partial differential equation.
Examples.
∂z ∂z
1. x. + y. = 0
∂x ∂y

∂2z ∂z
2. x. +y = 4x + 2y + 2
∂x∂y ∂y
∂z ∂z ∂z
3. + + = z + xy
∂x ∂y ∂y

 ∂z  ∂ 3z  ∂z 
2

4.   + 3 = 2 x 
 ∂x  ∂y  ∂x 
 ∂z  ∂z
5. z  + =x
 ∂x  ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u
6. + + = xyz
∂x ∂y ∂z
1/ 2
∂ 2 z  ∂z 
7. = 1 + 
∂x 2  ∂y 

 ∂z  2  ∂z  2   ∂z 
8. y  +    = z 
 ∂x   ∂y    ∂y 

Order of a Partial Differential Equation

The order of a partial differential equation is defined as the order of the highest partial
derivative occurring in the partial differential equation.

Degree of a Partial Differential Equation

The degree of a partial differential equation is the power of the highest order derivative
provided it is free from radicals and fractions.
Examples (Order and Degree)
∂z ∂z ∂z
+ + = z + xy (order 1 and degree 1)
∂x ∂y ∂y

 ∂z  ∂ 3z  ∂z 
2

  + 3 = 2 x  (order 3 and degree 1)

 ∂x  ∂y  ∂x 
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Page : 2 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

 ∂z  ∂z
z  + =x (order 1 and degree 1)
 ∂x  ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u
+ + = xyz (order 1 and degree 1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
1/ 2
∂ 2 z  ∂z 
= 1 +  (order 2 and degree 2)
∂x 2  ∂y 

 ∂z  2  ∂z  2   ∂z 
y  +    = z  (order 1 and degree 2)
 ∂x   ∂y    ∂y 

Linear and Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations

A partial differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and its partial
derivatives occur only in the first degree and are not multiplied.
A partial differential equation which is not linear is called a non-linear partial differential
equation.
Equations (1) and (4) are linear while equations (2), (3), (5) and (6) are non-linear
∂z ∂z ∂z
+ + = z + xy (Linear)
∂x ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u
+ + = xyz (Linear)
∂x ∂y ∂z
1/ 2
∂ 2 z  ∂z 
= 1 +  (Non–Linear)
∂x 2  ∂y 

 ∂z  ∂ 3z  ∂z 
2

  + = 2 x  (Non–Linear)
 ∂x  ∂y  ∂x 
3

 ∂z  ∂z
z  + =x (Non–Linear)
 ∂x  ∂y
1/ 2
∂ 2 z  ∂z 
= 1 +  (Non–Linear)
∂x 2  ∂y 

 ∂z  2  ∂z  2   ∂z 
y  +    = z  (Non–Linear)
 ∂x   ∂y    ∂y 

Note.
∂z ∂z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂ 2z
p= , q= , r= 2 , s= and t = 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y

Formation of Partial Differential Equitation

Rule 1. Derivation of a partial differential equation by the elimination of arbitrary
constants.
Consider an equation

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F(x, y, z, a, b) = 0 (1)
where a and b denote arbitrary constants.
Let z be regarded as function of two independent variable x and y.
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x and y; we get
∂F ∂x ∂F ∂y ∂F ∂z
. + . + . =0
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x
∂F ∂x ∂F ∂y ∂F ∂z
+ + =0
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂y
∂F  ∂F 
⇒ + p  = 0 (2)
∂x  ∂z 
∂F  ∂F 
and + q  = 0 (3)
∂y  ∂z 
Eliminating two constants a and b from three equations of (1), (2) and (3),
we shall obtain an equation, of the form
f(x, y, z, p, q) = 0, (4)
which is partial differential equation of the first order.
Now, three situations may arise
Situation I. When the number of arbitrary constants is less than the number of independent
variables, then after eliminating the arbitrary constants we get more than one partial
differential equation of order one
Example
Consider
z = ax + y (1)
where a is the only arbitrary constant and x, y are two independent variables.
∂z
⇒ =a (2)
∂x
∂z
and =1 (3)
∂y

Eliminating a between (1) and (2)

 ∂z 
z = x  + y (4)
 ∂x 
Since (3) does not contain arbitrary constant,
so (3) is also partial differential equation
∴ we get two partial differential equations
∂z  ∂z 
= 1 , z = x  + y .
∂y  ∂x 

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Situation-II. When the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the number of independent
variables, then by eliminating the arbitrary constants we get, a unique partial differential
equation of order one.
Example:
az + b =a2x + y (1)
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x and y
 ∂z 
⇒ a  = a 2 (2)
 ∂x 
 ∂z 
and a   = 1 (3)
 ∂y 
Eliminating a from (2) and (3), we have
 ∂z  ∂z 
   = 1
 ∂x  ∂y 
which is required partial differential equation order one, which is unique.
Situation - III. When the number of arbitrary constants is greater than the number of
independent variable, then by eliminating the arbitrary constants we get, a partial differential
equation of order usually greater than one.
Example:
z = ax + by + cxy (1)
Differentiating (1) partially wr.t., 'x' and 'y', we have
∂z
= a + cy (2)
∂x
∂z
and = b + cx (3)
∂y

∂ 2z
⇒ =0 (4)
∂x 2
∂ 2z
and =c (5)
∂x∂y

Now, (2) and (3)

 ∂z 
⇒ x   = ax + cxy
 ∂x 
 ∂z 
and y  = by + cxy
 ∂y 

 ∂x   ∂z 
∴ x  + y  = ax + by + cxy + cxy
 ∂x   ∂y 

 ∂z   ∂z   ∂ 2z 
⇒ x  + y  = z + xy
   , [putting the value of c from (5)] (6)
 ∂x  ∂
 y  ∂x∂ y 

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∴ the partial differential equations of order two are

∂ 2z  ∂z   ∂z   ∂ 2z 
= 0 , x   + y 
 ∂y  = z + xy 
∂x 2  ∂x     ∂x∂y 

1. Prove that a family of sphere x 2 + y 2 + (z − c) 2 = r 2 satisfy the first order linear partial diff.
equation yp − xq = 0
The given equation of sphere is
x 2 + y 2 + ( z − c) 2 = r 2 (1)
∂z
⇒ 2 x + 2(z − c). =0
∂x
⇒ x + ( z − c) p = 0

⇒ x = −( z − c ) p (2)
Again
∂z
2 y + 2(z − c) =0
∂y

⇒ y + ( z − c)q = 0

⇒ y = − ( z − c)q (3)
Divide (2) by (3)
x p
∴ =
y q

⇒ qx = py ⇒ py − qx = 0
2. Find that the partial differential equation of all sphere of radius r having their centres lies
on xy–plane.
OR Prove that the family of sphere ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b) 2 + z 2 = r 2 satisfy the first order non-linear
partial diff. equation z 2 (p 2 + q 2 + 1) = r 2
The given equation is
( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b) 2 + z 2 = r 2 (1)
∂z
⇒ 2( x − a ) + 2 z =0
∂x
⇒ ( x − a ) + zp = 0

⇒ ( x − a ) = − zp (2)
Again
∂z
2( y − b) + 2z =0
∂y

⇒ ( y − b) = − zq (3)

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Put the value of (2) & (3) in equation (1)

(−zp) 2 + (− zq) 2 + z 2 = r 2

z 2 (p 2 + q 2 + 1) = r 2

3. Show that the family of right circular cones whose axes coincide with the z-axis
x 2 + y 2 = (z − c) 2 tan 2 α

satisfies the 1st order, partial diff. equation yp − xq = 0

The given equation is
x 2 + y 2 = (z − c) 2 tan 2 x (1)
∂z
⇒ 2 x = 2( z − c ) (tan 2 α)
∂x
∂z
⇒ x = (z − c)(tan 2 α)
∂x
∂z
⇒ x = (z − c) tan 2 α(p) [where p = ]
∂x
x
⇒ = (z − c) tan 2 α (2)
p

Again
∂z
2 y = 2(z − c) tan 2 α
∂y

⇒ y = (z − c)q tan 2 α
y
⇒ = (z − c) tan 2 α (3)
q

Divided (2) by (3)

x/p
=1
y/q
x y
⇒ =
p q

⇒ yp = xq

⇒ yp − xq = 0

4. Show that the surfaces of revolution, z = f ( x 2 + y 2 ) with the z-axis as the axis of
symmetry, where f is an arbitrary function, satisfy the partial diff. equation yp – xq = 0.
The given equation is
z = f (x 2 + y2 ) (1)
∂z
⇒ = f ' ( x 2 + y 2 )2x
∂x
⇒ p = 2xf ' ( x 2 + y 2 ) (2)

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Page : 7 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

Again
∂z
= f ' ( x 2 + y 2 ).2 y
∂y

⇒ q = 2 yf ' ( x 2 + y 2 ) (3)
Divided (2) by (3)
p x
=
q y

⇒ yp = xq

⇒ yp − xq = 0

5. Show that the two parameter family of curves u − ax − by − ab = 0 satisfies the non-linear
equation xp + yp + pq = u .
The given equation is
u − ax − by − ab = 0 (1)
∂u
⇒ −a = 0
∂x
∂u
⇒ p=a [where p = ]
∂x
Again, diff. partially w.r.t. 'y'
∂u
−b=0
∂y
∂u
⇒ q=b [where q = ]
∂y

Put the value of a & b in equation (1)

u – px – py – pq = 0
⇒ xp + yp + pq = u
6. Find the partial diff. equation arising from each of the following surfaces :
(a) z = x + y + f ( xy) (b) z = f ( x − y)
(c) z = xy + f ( x 2 + y 2 ) (d) 2z = (αx + y) 2 + β
(a) z = x + y + f ( xy)
∂z
⇒ = 1 + f ' ( xy).y
∂x
⇒ p = 1 + yf ' ( xy)

⇒ p – 1 = yf'(xy) (1)
Again

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Page : 8 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

∂z
= 1 + f ' ( xy).x
∂y

⇒ q = 1 + xf ' ( xy)

⇒ q − 1 = xf ' ( xy) (2)

Divided (1) by (2)
p −1 y
=
q −1 x

⇒ x (p − 1) = y(q − 1)

⇒ xp − x = eq − y

⇒ xp − yq − x + y = 0

(b) z = f ( x − y)
∂z
⇒ = f ' ( x − y)
∂x
⇒ p = f ' ( x − y) (1)
Again
∂z
= f ' ( x − y)(−1)
∂y

⇒ q = −f ' ( x − y ) (2)
Divided (1) by (2)
p
= −1 ⇒ p = –q
q

⇒p+q=0
(c) z = xy + f ( x 2 + y 2 )
∂z
⇒ = y + f ' ( x 2 + y 2 )2x
∂x
⇒ p − y = 2xf ' ( x 2 + y 2 ) (1)
Again
∂z
= x + f ' ( x 2 + y 2 ).2 y
∂y

⇒ q − x = 2 yf ' ( x 2 + y 2 ) (2)
Divided (1) by (2)
p−y x
=
q−x y

⇒ y ( p − y ) = x (q − x )

⇒ yp − y 2 − xq + x 2 = 0

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(d) 2 z = (αx + y ) 2 + β
∂z
⇒ 2 = 2(αx + y).α
∂x
⇒ p = α (α x + y ) (1)
Again
∂z
2 = 2(αx + y)
∂y

⇒ q = ( αx + y ) (2)
Divided (1) by (2)
p
=α
q

⇒ p − αq = 0

∴ from equation (2)

p 
q =  x + y 
q 

⇒ q 2 = px + qy

7. Show that the differential equation of all cones which haves their vertex at the origin is
px + qy = z verify that yz + zx + xy = 0 is a surface satisfying the above equation.
(CSE–2003, 2009)
We know that, the equation of any cone with vertex at origin is
ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0 (1)
where a, b, c, f, g, h are parameters.
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y, we have
∂z ∂z ∂z
2ax + 2cz + 2fy + 2gx + 2gz + 2hy = 0
∂x ∂x ∂x
⇒ 2ax + 2czp + 2fyp + 2g(px + z) + 2hy = 0

⇒ ax + gz + hy + p(cz + gx + fy) = 0 (2)

Similarly
2by + 2czq + 2f (yq + z) + 2gxq + 2hx = 0
⇒ by + fz + hx + q(cz + fy + gx) = 0 (3)
Multiplying (2) by x and (3) by y and adding, we get
(ax 2 + by 2 + gzx + fyz + 2hxy) + (cz + fy + gx)(px + qy) = 0

⇒ −(cz 2 + fyz + gxz) + (cz + fy + gx)(px + qy) = 0 , [by (1)]

⇒ − z(cz + fy + gx) + (cz + fy + fx)(px + qy) = 0

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⇒ (cz + fy + gx)(px + qy − z) = 0

⇒ yz + qy − z = 0 (4)
which is required partial differential equation.
Also, given surface is
yz + zx + xy = 0 (5)
Differentiating (5) partially w.r.t. x and y, we get
∂z ∂z
y +x +z+y=0
∂x ∂x
⇒ yp + px + z + y = 0
Similarly
z + qy + xq + x = 0 (6)
From (6)
−(z + y) −(z + x)
p= and q =
(x + y) (x + y)
x(z + y) y(z + x)
∴ px + qy − z = − − −z
x+y x+y
2(xy + yz + zx)
=−
x+y
= 0, [by (5)]
Hence, (5) is a surface satisfying (4).
8. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from
log(az − 1) = x + ay + b . (CSE–2002)
Given
log(az − 1) = x + ay + b (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x and y,we get
a ∂z
=1
az − 1 ∂x
a ∂z
and =a
az − 1 ∂y
a
⇒ p =1 (2)
az − 1
a
and q=a
az − 1
1
i.e. q =1 (3)
az − 1

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From (3)
az − 1 = q (4)
1+ q
⇒ a= (5)
z
Putting the values of (4) and (5) in (2), we have
1+ q
p =1
zq

⇒ (1 + q ) p = zq
which is required partial differential equation.
Note.
Derivation of a partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function φ from the
equation φ(u, v) = 0 , where u and v are the function of x, y and z.

9. Form a partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function f and g from
z = yf (x) + xg(y) (CSE–2003)
Given
z = yf (x) + xg(y) (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y, we get
∂z
= yf ′(x) + g(y)
∂x
∂z
and = f (x) + xg ′(y)
∂y

⇒ p = yf ′(x) + g(y) (2)

and q = f (x) + xg′(y) (3)
Differentiate (3) w.r.t. x
∂2z
s= = f ′(x) + g′(y) (4)
∂x∂y
From (2) and (3),
1
f ′(x) = [ p − g(y)] (5)
y
1
and g ′(y) = [ q − f (x)] (6)
x
put the values of (5) and (6) in (4), we get
1 1
s= [ p − g(y)] + [q − f (x)]
y x

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⇒ xys = xp + yq − ( xg(y) + yf (x) )

∂2z ∂z ∂z
⇒ xy =x + y −z, [by (2)]
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
which is required partial differential equation.
10. Form partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary function f and g from
z = f (x 2 − y) + g(x 2 + y) . (CSE–1996)
Given z = f (x 2 − y) + g(x ′ + y) (1)
Differente (1) partially w.r.t. x and y, we get
∂z
= p = 2xf ′(x 2 − y) + 2xg′(x 2 + y)
∂x
= 2x ( f ′(x 2 − y) + g′(x 2 + y) ) (2)

∂z
and = q = −f ′(x 2 − y) + g′(x 2 + y) (3)
∂y

∂2z
⇒ = r = 2 ( f ′(x 2 − y) + g′(x 2 + y) ) + 4x 2 ( f ′′(x 2 − y) + g ′′(x 2 + y) ) (4)
∂x 2

∂2z
and = t = f ′′(x 2 − y) + g′′(x 2 + y) (5)
∂y 2

From (2)
1
⇒ f '(x 2 − y) + g '(x 2 + y) = xp (6)
2
put the values of (5) and (6) in (4), we get
1
r = 2× p + 4x 2 t
2x
⇒ xr = p + 4x 3 t
∂ 2 z ∂z 3 ∂ z
2
⇒ x = + 4x
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y 2
which is the required partial differentiatal equation.
11. Find the partial differentiatal equation of all surfaces of revolution having z–axis as the
axis of rotation. (CSE–1997)
We know that, equation of any surface of revolution having z–axis as the axis of rotation may
be taken as
z = φ[(x 2 + y 2 )1/ 2 ] , where φ is an arbitrary function (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x and y, we get
∂z 1
= φ′[(x 2 + y 2 )1/ 2 ] (x 2 + y 2 ) −1/ 2 2x (2)
∂x 2

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∂z 1
and = φ′[(x 2 + y 2 )1/ 2 ] (x 2 + y 2 ) −1/ 2 2y (3)
∂y 2
Dividing (2) and (3)
∂z / ∂x x
=
∂z / ∂y y
∂y ∂z
⇒ y =x
∂x ∂y

i.e. yp = xq
which is required partial differential equation.
12. Form a partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function φ, from
φ(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , z 2 − 2xy) = 0 (CSE–2019)
Given φ(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , z 2 − 2xy) = 0 (1)
Let u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and v = z 2 − 2xy (2)
Then, (1) becomes
φ(u, v) = 0 (3)
Differentiate (3) partially w.r.t. x, we get
∂φ  ∂u ∂u ∂z  ∂φ  ∂v ∂v ∂z 
 + +  + =0
∂u  ∂x ∂z ∂x  ∂v  ∂x ∂z ∂x 
∂φ  ∂u ∂u  ∂φ  ∂v ∂v 
⇒  +p +  +p =0 (4)
∂u  ∂x ∂z  ∂v  ∂x ∂z 
Now, from (2), we get
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v
= 2x , = 2y , = 2z , = −2y , = −2x , = 2z (5)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
From (4) and (5)
 ∂φ   ∂φ 
  (2x + 2pz) +   (−2y + 2pz) = 0
 ∂u   ∂v 
∂φ ∂φ
⇒ (x + pz) = (y − pz) (6)
∂u ∂v
Again, differentiate (3) partially w.r.t. y, we get
∂φ  ∂u ∂u ∂z  ∂φ  ∂v ∂v ∂z 
 + +  + =0
∂u  ∂y ∂z ∂y  ∂v  ∂y ∂y ∂y 

∂φ  ∂u ∂u  ∂φ  ∂v ∂v 
⇒  +q +  +q =0
∂u  ∂y ∂z  ∂v  ∂y ∂y 

∂φ ∂φ
⇒ (2y + 2qz) + (−2x + 2qz) = 0 . [by (5)]
∂u ∂v
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∂φ ∂φ
⇒ (y + qz) = (x − qz) (7)
∂u ∂v
Dividing (6) and (7)
(x + pz) (y − pz)
=
(y + qz) (x − qz)

⇒ pz(y + x) − qz(y + x) = y 2 − x 2

⇒ (p − q)z = y − x
which is required partial differential equation.

ASSIGNMENT – 1
Form partial differential equation from the equation
1. 2z = (ax + y) 2 + b
2. ax 2 + by 2 + z 2 = 1
3. z = (x − a) 2 + (y − b) 2
4. z = f (x 2 − y 2 )
5. lx + my + nz = f (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
6. f (x + y + z, xyz) = 0

ANSWERS
1. px + qy = q 2 2. z(px + qy) = z 2 − 1
3. p 2 + q 2 = 4z 4. yp + xq = 0
5. (mz − ny)p + (nx − lz)q = ly − mx 6. x(x − z)p + y(z − x)q = z(x − y)

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Page : 15 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

Chapter – 2
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF FIRST ORDER

Topics.
Lagrange's Method (Quasi–Linear Equation)
Charpit's Method
Standard Form I, II, III, IV
Compatibility

Classification of first order partial differential equations

Linear equation.
A first order pde
f (x, y, z p, q) = 0
is known as linear if it is linear in p, q and z,
i.e. it is of the form
P(x, y) p + Q(x, y) q = R(x, y) z + S(x, y).
where P, Q, R and S are the function of (x,y)
Examples
1. x 2 p + xyq = (x + y)z + (x 2 − y 2 )
2. yx2p + xy2q = xyz + x2
3. p + 3q = 5z + tan(y − 3x)
4. p + q = z + xy
are first order linear partial differential equations.
Semi-linear equation.
A first order partial differential equation
f(x, y, z, p, q) = 0
is known as a semi-linear equation,
i.e. it is of the form
P(x, y)p + Q(x, y)q = R(x, y, z)
Examples
1. xp + yq = xyz
2. xyp + x2yq = x2y2z2
3. x 2 p + xyq = x 2 z
4. yp + xq = (x2z2/y2)
are both first order semi-linear partial differential equations.

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Quasi-linear equation.
A first order partial differential equation
f(x, y, z, p, q) = 0
is known as quasi-linear equation, if it is linear in p and q,
i.e., it is of the form
P(x,y,z)p + Q(x,y,z)q = R(x,y,z)
where P, Q, R are function of (x,y,z)
Quasi Linear equation is also called Lagrange's Method.
Examples
1. p + yzq = xz
2. x2zp + y2zp = xy
3. (x2 – yz)p + (y2 – zx)q = z2 – xy
are first order quasi-linear partial differential equations.
Non-linear equation.
A first order partial differential equation
f(x, y, z, p, q) = 0
which does not in the form of the above three types, in known as a non-linear pde.
Examples
1. p2 + q2 = 1,
2. pq = z
3. x2p2 + y2q2 = z2
are all non-linear partial differential equations.

Lagrange's Equation
A quasi-linear partial differential equation of order one is of the form
Pp + Qq = R
where P, Q and R are functions of x,y, z.
Such a partial differential equation is known as Lagrange's equation.
Example.
xyp + yzq = zx
is a Lagrang;e equation
Note.
The general solution of Lagrange equation
Pp + Qq = R (1)
is φ(u, v) = 0 (2)

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Page : 17 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

where φ is an arbitrary function and

u(x, y, z) = c1 and v(x, y, z) = c2 (3)
are two independent solution of
dx dy dz
= = (4)
P Q R
Here c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants and at least one of u, v must contain z.
Method to solving Pp + Qq = R by Lagrange's Method
Step-1. Put the given linear partial differential equation of the first order in the standards form
Pp + Qq = R (1)
Step-2. Write down the Lagrange's subsidiary equations for (1)
dx dy dz
i.e. = = (2)
P Q R

Step-3. Find two independent solution φ(x,y,z) = c1 and ϕ(x,y,z) = c1 of equation (2)
Step-4. The general solution of (1) is
f (c1 , c 2 ) = 0

1. z( xp − yq) = ( y 2 − x 2 )

zxp − zyp = y 2 − x 2

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = 2
zx − zy y − x 2

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
zx − zy
dx dy
⇒ + =0
x y

Integrate
log x + log y = log c (constant)

⇒ log(xy) = log c (constant)

⇒ xy = c (1)
Again
dx dy dz xdx + ydy + zdz
= = 2 =
zx − zy y − x 2
0

⇒ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0

Integrate

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Page : 18 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

x2 y2 z2
+ + = constant
2 2 2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = constant (2)
Hence the required solution is
{ }
f xy, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0

2. px ( x + y) = qy( x + y) − ( x − y)(2 x + 2 y + z)

px ( x + y) = qy( x + y) − ( x − y)(2 x + 2 y + z)

⇒ px ( x + y) − qy( x + y) = −( x − y)(2 x + 2 y + z)

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
x ( x + y) − y( x + y) − ( x − y)(2 x + 2 y + z)

taking 1st and 2nd fraction

dx dy
=
x ( x + y ) − y( x + y)

dx dy
⇒ + =0
x y

Integrate
log x + log y = log c

⇒ xy = c

Again from (1)

dx + dy dz
=
( x − y)( x + y) − ( x + y)(2 x + 2 y + z)

dx + dy dz
⇒ =
x+y − (2x + 2 y + z)

dx + dy dx + dy + dz
⇒ =
x+y − ( x + y + z)

log( x + y) = − log( x + y + z) + constant

( x + y)( x + y + z) = constant

Hence the required solution is

f {xy, ( x + y)( x + y + z)} = 0

3. ( xy3 − 2x 4 )p + (2 y 4 − x 3 y)q = 9z( x 3 − y3 )

( xy 3 − 2x 4 )p + (2 y 4 − x 3 y)q = 9z( x 3 − y 3 )

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= 4 = (1)
xy − 2x
3 4
2 y − x y 9z ( x 3 − y 3 )
3

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Now
dx dy
=
x ( y − 2x ) y( 2 y 3 − x 3 )
33

dx dy dz
+ +
dz x y 3z
= = 3
9z ( x 3 − y 3 ) y − 2 x 3 + 2 y 3 − x 3 + 3x 3 − 3 y 3
dx dy dz
⇒ + + =0
x y 3z

Integrate
1
log x + log y + log z = log c
3
⇒ xyz 1 / 3 = c

Again, taking first two fraction

dx dy
= 4
xy − 2x
3 4
2y − x 3 y

⇒ (2 y 4 − x 3 y)dx = ( xy 3 − 2x 4 )dy

Dividing by x 3 y 3
 2y 1   1 2x 
 3 − 2 dx =  2 − 3 dy (2)
x y  x y 

Which is of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0

 2y 1   1 2x 
∴ M =  3 − 2 , N =  2 − 3 
x y  x y 

dM 2 2 ∂N 2 2
∴ = 3+ 3 and = 3+ 3
∂y x y ∂x x y

∴ Eq. (2) is exact

The required solution is
 2y 1 
∫  x 3
− dx = 0
y 2 

2y x
⇒ − 2 = constant
− 3x 2
y
y x
∴ 2
+ 2 = constant
x y

Hence the required solution is

 x y 
φxyz 1 / 3 , 2 + 2  = 0
 y x 

4. cos( x + y)p + sin( x + y)q = z

cos( x + y)p + sin( x + y)q = z

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Page : 20 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= =
cos( x + y) sin( x + y) z
dx + dy dz
Now =
cos( x + y) + sin( x + y) z

Let x + u = u ⇒ dx + dy = du
du dz
=
cos u + sin u z
du dz
∴ ∫ =∫
cos u + sin u z
du dz
⇒ ∫ =∫
 x x z
2 cos u. cos + sin u. sin 
 4 4
1 du dz
⇒ ∫ =∫
2 x  z
cos − u 
4 
1 x  dz
⇒ ∫ sec − u du = ∫
2 4  z

1   x u 
⇒ logtan −  = log z + log c
2   8 2 
  x u 
⇒ − log tan −  = 2 log z + log c
  8 2 

  x u 
⇒ z 2
tan −  = constant
  8 2 

  x x + y 
⇒ z 2 tan −  = constant
 8 2 

Again
dx − dy dx + dy
=
cos( x + y) − sin( x + y) cos( x + u ) + sin( x + y)

cos( x + y) − sin( x + y)
⇒ d ( x − y) = (dx + dy)
cos( x + y) + sin( x + y)

Let x+u = v

⇒ dx + dy = dv
cos v − sin v
⇒ d ( x − y) = .dv
cos v + sin v
Integrate
x − y = log(cos v + sin v) + constant

⇒ e y−x {cos( x + y) + sin( x + y)} = constant

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Hence the required solution is

   3x x + y  y − x 
φz 2 tan  − , e {cos( x + y) + sin( x + y)} = 0
   8 2  

5. ( x 2 − y2 − z 2 )p + 2xyq = 2xz

( x 2 − y 2 − z 2 )p + 2xyq = 2xz

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= =
x −y −z
2 2 2
2 xy 2xz

Taking last two fractions

dy dz
=
2 xy 2xz
dy dz
⇒ =
y z

Integrate
log y − log z = log c
y
⇒ =c
z
Again
dz 2( xdx + ydy + zdz)
= 3
2xz 2x − 2xy 2 − 2xz 2 + 4xy 2 + 4xz 2
dz 2( xdx + ydy + zdz)
⇒ =
2 xz 2( x 3 + xy 2 + xz 2 )

dz 2( xdx + ydy + zdz)

⇒ =
z x 2 + y2 + z2

Integrate
log z = log( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + constant

x2 + y2 + z2
⇒ = constant
z
Hence the required solution is
y x2 + y2 + z2 
φ , =0
 z z 
6. (3x + y − z)p + ( x + y − z)q = 2(z − y)

(3x + y − z)p + ( x + y − z)q = 2(z − y)

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= =
3x + y − z x + y − z 2( z − y )

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− dx + 3dy + dz
=
− 3x − y + z + 3x + 3y − 3z + 2z − 2 y

− dx + 3dy + dz
⇒
0
⇒ − dx + 3dy + dz = 0

Integrate
− x + 3y + z = constant

Again
dx − dy + dz dx + dy − dz
=
2 x − 2 y + 2z 4 x + 4 y − 4z

 dx − dy + dz  dx + dy − dz
⇒ 2  =
 x−y+z  x+y−z

Integrtae
2 log( x − y + z) = log( x + y − z) + log c

( x − y + z) 2
⇒ = constant
x+ y−z

Hence the required solution is

 ( x − y + z) 2 
φ− x + 3y + z, =0
 x+y−z 

7. y 2 p − xyq = x (z − 2 y)

y 2 p − xyq = x (z − 2 y)

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
y 2
− xy x (z − 2 y)

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
y 2
− xy
dx dy
⇒ =
y −x

⇒ xdx + ydy = 0

Integrate
x2 y2
+ = constant
2 2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = constant

Again taking 2nd & last fraction

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dy dz
=
− xy x (z − 2 y)

dy dz
⇒ =
− y z − 2y
dy dz
⇒ + =0
y z − 2y

⇒ zdy − 2 ydy + ydz = 0

⇒ ydz + zdy − 2 ydy = 0

⇒ d( xy) − d( y 2 ) = 0

Integrate
zy − y 2 = cons tan t

Hence the required solution is

{ }
φ x 2 + y 2 , zy − y 2 = 0

8. ( y + zx)p − ( x + yz)q = x 2 − y 2

( y + zx)p − ( x + yz)q = x 2 − y 2

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = 2
y + zx − ( x + yz) x − y 2
xdx + ydy − zdz
=
0
⇒ xdx + ydy − zdz = 0

Integrate
x2 y2 z2
+ − = constant
2 2 2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = constant

Again
xdy + ydx dz
= 2
y + zxy − x − xyz x − y 2
2 2

xdy + ydx dz
⇒ = 2
y −x
2 2
x − y2
xdy + ydx + dz
⇒
y2 − x 2 + x 2 − y2

⇒ xdy + ydx + dz = 0

⇒ d ( xy) + dz = 0

Integrate

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xy + z = constant

Hence the required solution is

{ }
φ x 2 + y 2 − z 2 , xy + z = 0

9. x ( x 2 + 3y 2 )p − y(3x 2 + y 2 )q = 2z( y 2 − x 2 )

x ( x 2 + 3y 2 )p − y(3x 2 + y 2 )q = 2z( y 2 − x 2 )

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy
=
x ( x + 3y ) − y(3x 2 + y 2 )
2 2

dz
=
2z ( y 2 − x 2 )
dx dy dz
+ −
x y z
= 2
x + 3 y − 3x − y − 2 y 2 + 2 x 2
2 2 2

dx dy dz
⇒ + − =0
x y z

Integrate
log x + log y − log z = log c
xy
⇒ =c
z
Again
xdx + ydy dz
=
x ( x + 3y ) − y (3x + y ) 2z( y 2 − x 2 )
2 22 2 2 2

xdx + ydy dz
⇒ =
x +y
4 4
2z ( y 2 − x 2 )
xdx + ydy dz
⇒ =
x −y
3 3
2z ( y 2 − x 2 )

2( xdx + ydy) dz
⇒ =
− (x 2 + y 2 ) z

Integrate
− log( x 2 + y 2 ) = log z + log c1

⇒ ( x 2 + y 2 )z = c 1

Hence the required solution is

 xy 
φ , ( x 2 + y 2 ) z  = 0
z 

10. ( x 2 − yz)p + ( y 2 − zx)q = z 2 − xy

( x 2 − yz)p + ( y 2 − zx)q = z 2 − xy

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The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= 2 = 2 (1)
x − yz y − zx z − xy
2

Now
dx − dy dy − dz
= 2
( x − y ) + (zx − yz) ( y + z 2 ) + ( xy − zx)
2 2

dz − dx
=
(z − x 2 ) + ( yz − xy)
2

⇒ dx − dy dy − dz
=
( x − y)(x + y + z) ( y − z)(x + y + z)

dz − dx
=
(z − x )( x + y + z)
dx − dy dy − dz dz − dx
⇒ = =
x−y y−z z−x

Taking first two fraction

dx − dy dy − dz
=
x−y y−z

Integrate
log(x − y) − log( y − z) = log c

x−y
⇒ =c
y−z

Similarly, by taking last two fraction

log( y − z) = log(z − x ) + const.
y−z
= cons tan t
z−x
Hence the required solution is
x − y y − z
φ , =0
y −z z − x

11. px − qy = (z − xy) 2

px − qy = (z − xy) 2

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
x − y (z − xy) 2

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
x −y

Integrate

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log x + log y = log c

⇒ xy = c

Taking first & last fraction

dx dz
=
x ( z − c) 2
1
log x = − + constant
z−c
1

xe z −c
= constant
Hence the required solution is
 1

z−c 
φxy, xe  = 0
 

12. ( y + z ) p + ( z + x )q = x + y

( y + z ) p + ( z + x )q = x + y

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
y+z z+x x+y
dx − dy dy − dz
Now, =
y−x z−y

⇒ − log( x − y) = − log( y − z) + log c

x−y
⇒ = constant
y−z

Again,
dx − dy dx + dy + dz
=
y−x 2( x + y + z )
1
⇒ − log( x − y) = log( x + y + z) + log c1
2
⇒ ( x + y + z ) 1 / 2 ( x − y) = c 1

Hence the required solution is

x − y 
φ , ( x + y + z ) 1 / 2 ( x − y)  = 0
y−z 

13. z − xp − yq = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 1 / 2

z − xp − yq = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 1 / 2

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
x y z − (x + y 2 + z 2 )1 / 2
2

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Taking first two fractions

dx dy
=
x y

⇒ log x = log y + log c

x
⇒ =c
y

Again,
dz xdx + ydy + zdz
= 2
z − (x + y + z )
2 2 2 1/ 2
x + y + z 2 − z( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )1 / 2
2

Let x2 + y2 + z2 = t2

⇒ 2 xdx + 2 ydy + 2zdz = 2 tft

⇒ xdx + ydy + zdz = tdt

dz tdt
⇒ = 2
z − t t − zt
dz tdt
⇒ =
z − t t ( t − z)

dz dt
⇒ =
−1 1
⇒ dz + dt = 0
Integrate
z + t = constant

⇒ z + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = constant

Hence the required solution is

x 
φ , z + x 2 + y 2 + z 2  = 0
y 

14. (z 2 − 2 yz − y 2 )p + ( xy + xz)q = xy − xz

(z 2 − 2 yz − y 2 )p + ( xy + xz)q = xy − xz

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
z − 2 yz − y
2 2
x ( y + z) x ( y − z)

Taking last two fraction

dy dz
=
x ( y + z) x ( y − z)

dy dz
⇒ =
y+z y−z

⇒ ydy − zdy = ydz + zdz

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⇒ ydy − zdz = ydz + ydy

⇒ ydy − zdz = d ( yz)

Integrate
y2 z2
− = yz + constant
2 2
Again,
xdx + ydy + zdz
xz − 2 xyz − xy 2 + xy 2 + xyz + xyz − xz 2
2

⇒ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0

Integrate
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = constant

Hence the required solution is

{ }
φ y 2 − z 2 − 2 yz, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0

15. x ( x 2 + 3y 2 )p + y(3x 2 + y 2 )q = 2z( y 2 + x 2 )

x ( x 2 + 3y 2 )p + y(3x 2 + y 2 )q = 2z( y 2 + x 2 )

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
x ( x 2 + 3y 2 ) y(3x 2 + y 2 ) 2z( y 2 + x 2 )

Now,
xdx − ydy dz
=
x + 3x y − 3x y − y
4 2 2 2 2 4
2z ( y 2 + x 2 )
xdx − ydy dz
⇒ =
x −y
4 4
2z ( y 2 + x 2 )
xdx − ydy dz
⇒ =
(x 2 − y2 ) z

Integrate
⇒ log( x 2 − y 2 ) = log z + log c 1

x 2 − y2
⇒ = c1
z
Similarly we can find
yz
= cons tan t
x
Hence the required solution is
 yz x 2 − y 2 
φ , =0
x z 

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16. (mz − ny)p + (nx − lz)q = ly − mx

(mz − ny)p + (nx − lz)q = ly − mx

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= =
mz − ny nx − lz ly − mx
xdx + ydy + zdz
=
mxz − nxy + nxy − lyz + lyz − mxz

⇒ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0

Integrate
x2 y2 z2
+ + = constant
2 2 2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = constant

Again,
dx dy dz
= =
mz − ny nx − lz ly − mx
ldx + mdy + ndz
=
mlz − nly + nmx − mlz − lny − mnx

⇒ ldx + mdy + ndz = 0

Integrate
lx + my + nz = cons tan t

Hence the required solution is

{ }
φ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , lx + my + nz = 0

17. zp + zq = z 2 + ( x − y) 2

zp + zq = z 2 + ( x − y) 2

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = 2 (1)
z z z + ( x − y) 2

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
z z
⇒ dx = dy

Integrate
x = y + cons tan t

⇒ x − y = consatat

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Page : 30 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

dy dz
= 2
z z + c2
zdz
dy =
z + c2
2

zdz
∫ dy = ∫
z + c2
2

1
⇒ y= log(z 2 + c 2 ) + log c 1
2
⇒ 2 y = log(z 2 + c 2 ) + log c 1

⇒ e 2 y = (z 2 + c 2 )c1

e 2y
⇒ = c1
z2 + c2
e 2y
⇒ = c1
z 2 + ( x − y) 2

Hence the required solution is

 e 2y 
φx − y, 2 2 
=0
 z + ( x − y) 

18. y(2z + x )p + z 2q + yz = 0

y(2z + x )p + z 2q + yz = 0

y(2z + x )p = z 2q = − yz

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= 2 = (1)
y( 2 z + x ) z − yz

Taking last two fractions

dy dz
=
z 2
− yz

⇒ − ydy = zdz

⇒ ydy + zdz = 0

Integrate
y 2 + z 2 = cons tan t

Again,
dx dz
=
y(2z + x ) − yz

⇒ − zdx = 2zdz + xdz

⇒ 2zdz + xdz + zdx = 0

⇒ d(z 2 ) + d( xz) = 0

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Page : 31 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

Integrate
⇒ z 2 + xz = cons tan t
Hence the required solution is
{ }
φ y 2 + z 2 , z 2 + xz = 0

19. x 2 p + y 2 q = ( x + y) z

x 2 p + y 2 q = ( x + y) z

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
x 2 y 2 ( x + y) z

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
x2 y2
1 1
− = − + cons tan t
x y
1 1
− = cons tan t
y x

Again
dx dy dz
+ −
dx dy dz x y z
= 2 = =
x 2
y z ( x + y) 0
dx dy dz
⇒ + − =0
x y z

Integrate
log x + log y − log z = log c
xy
⇒ =c
z
Hence the required solution is
 1 1 xy 
φ − ,  = 0
y x z 
20. 2 y(z − 3)p + (2 x − z)q = y(2 x − 3)

2 y(z − 3)p + (2 x − z)q = y(2 x − 3)

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
2 y(z − 3) 2 x − z y(2 x − 3)

Taking first & last fraction

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Page : 32 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

dx dz
=
2 y(z − 3) y(2 x − 3)

⇒ (2 x − 3)dx = (2z − 6)dz

⇒ 2 xdx − 3dx = 2zdz − 6dz

⇒ x 2 − 3x = z 2 − 6z + cons tan t

⇒ x 2 − z 2 − 3x + 6z = cons tan t
Again,
dx dy dz
= =
2 y(z − 3) 2 x − z y(2 x − 3)

xdx + 3ydy − zdz

=
0
⇒ xdx + 3ydy − zdz = 0

Integrate
x 2 + 3y 2 − z 2 = cons tan t

⇒ x 2 − z 2 = c − 3y 2

from (B), (A) becomes

c − 3y 2 − 3x + 6z = c 1

⇒ 3y 2 + 3x − 6z = cons tan t

Hence the required solution is

{
φ 3y 2 + 3x − 6z, x 2 + 3y 2 − z 2 = 0 }
21. ( x − y) y 2 p + ( y − x ) x 2 q = ( x 2 + y 2 ) z

( x − y) y 2 p + ( y − x ) x 2 q = ( x 2 + y 2 ) z

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = 2 (1)
( x − y) y 2
( y − x)x 2
( x + y 2 )z

taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
( x − y) y 2
( y − x)x 2
dx dy
⇒ =
y 2
− x2

⇒ x 2 dx + y 2 dy = 0

x 3 y3
+ = constant
3 3
Integrate
x 3 + y 3 = cons tan t

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Page : 33 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

Again,
− dx + dy dz
= 2
( y − x ) y + ( y − x )x
2 2
( x + y 2 )z

dy − dx dz
⇒ = 2
( y − x )( x + y ) ( x + y 2 )z
2 2

Integrate
log( y − x ) = log z + cons tan t
y−x
⇒ = cons tan t
z
Hence the required solution is
 y−x
φ x 3 + y 3 , =0
 z 

22. p tan x + q tan y = tan z

p tan x + q tan y = tan z

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
tan x tan y tan z

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
tan x tan y

⇒ cot xdx = cot ydy

Integrate
log sin x = log sin y + cons tan t

 sin x 
⇒ log  = cons tan t
 sin y 
sin x
⇒ = constant
sin y
sin y
= cons tan t
sin z
Hence the required solution is
 sin x sin y 
φ , =0
 sin y sin z 

23. (p + q )( x + y) = 1

(p + q )( x + y) = 1
p ( x + y) + q ( x + y) = 1

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

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Page : 34 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

dx dy dz
= = (1)
x+y x+y 1

taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
x+y x+y

⇒ dx = dy

Integrate
x − y = cons tan t

Again,
dx + dy dz
=
2( x + y ) 1
dx + dy
⇒ = 2dz
x+y

Integrate
log( x + y) = 2z + cons tan t
x+y
⇒ = e 2z
e
x+y
⇒ = cons tan t
e2z
Hence the required solution is
 x + y
φ  x − y, 2 z  = 0
 e 

24. xzp + yzq = xy

xzp + yzq = xy

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
xz yz xy

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
xz yz

dx dy
⇒ =
x y

Integrate
log x − log y = log c
x
⇒ =c (2)
y

Again, taking last two fraction

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Page : 35 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

dy dz
=
yz xy

dy dz
⇒ =
z x
dy dz
⇒ = [∵ x = cy by eq. (2)]
z cy

⇒ cydy = zdz

Integrate
cy 2 z 2
= + cons tan t
2 2
⇒ cy 2 − z 2 = cons tan t

⇒ xy − z 2 = cons tan t (3)

Hence the required solution is
x 
φ , xy − z 2  .
y 

25. ( x 2 + 2 y 2 )p − xyq = xz

( x 2 + 2 y 2 )p − xyq = xz

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
x + 2y
2 2
− xy xz

Taking first two fraction

dy dz
=
− xy xz
dy dz
⇒ =
−y z

dz dy
⇒ + =0
z y

Integrate
log z + log y = log c

⇒ zy = c

Again,
dx dy
=
x + 2y
2 2
− xy
dx
− xy = x 2 + 2y 2
dy

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Page : 36 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

dx x 2
−x − = 2y
dy y

dx 2 x 2
⇒ − 2x − = 4y
dy y

Put x 2 = t
dx dy
⇒ 2x =
dy dy

dt 2
⇒ − − t = 4y
dy y

dt 2
⇒ + t = −4 y
dy y
2
∫ dy
I.F. = e y
= e 2 log y = y 2

t.y 2 = ∫ − 4 y.y 2 dy

⇒ ty 2 = − y 4 + cons tan t

⇒ x 2 y 2 + y 4 = cons tan t

Hence the required solution is

{
φ zy, x 2 y 2 + y 4 = 0 }
26. p + 2q = 5z + cos( y − 2 x )

p + 2q = 5z + cos( y − 2 x )

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
1 2 5z + cos( y − 2 x )

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
1 2
⇒ 2dx = dy

Integrate
2 x = y + cons tan t

⇒ 2 x − y = cons tan t

⇒ y − 2x = c

Again,
dy dz
=
2 5z + cos c

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Page : 37 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

2 dz
∫ dy = ∫
5 z + 1 cos c
5
2  1 
y= log z + cos c + cons tan t
5  5 
5y  1 
⇒ = log z + cos c + cons tan t
2  5 
5
− y
⇒ e 2
{5z + cos( y − 2x )} = cons tan t
Hence the required solution is
{ }
φ y − 2x, e − (5 / 2) y (5z + cos( y − 2x ) = 0

27. p − qy log y = z log y

p − qy log y = z log y

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = (1)
1 − y log y z log y

Taking last two fraction

dy dz
=
− y log y z log y

dy dz
⇒ =
−y z

Integrate
log z + log y = log c

⇒ zy = c

Again,
dy
dx =
− y log y

⇒ x = − log(log y) + cons tan t

⇒ e x log y = cons tan t

Hence the required solution is

{
φ yz, e x log y = 0 }
28. ( xz − y 2 )p + ( yz − 2x 2 )q + 2xy + z 2 = 0

( xz − y 2 )p + ( yz − 2x 2 )q + 2xy + z 2 = 0

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy
=
xz + y 2
yz − 2 x 2

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Page : 38 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

dz
=
− (2xy + z 2 )

2 xdx + zdy + ydz 2 xdx + zdy + ydz

= =
2 x z + 2 xy 2 + yz 2 − 2 x 2 z − 2 xy 2 − yz 2
2
0

⇒ 2 xdx + zdy + ydz = 0

⇒ d( x 2 ) + d ( yz) = 0

Integrate
x 2 + yz = cons tan t

Again,
dx dy
=
xz + y 2
yz − 2 x 2
dz
=
− (2xy + z 2 )
zdx − ydy + zdz
=
xz + y z − y 2 z + 2x 2 y − 2x 2 y − xz 2
2 2

⇒ zdx − ydy + xdz = 0

⇒ (zdx + xdz) − ydy = 0

Integrate
y2
xz − = cons tan t
2
⇒ 2xz − y 2 = cons tan t

Hence the required solution is

{
φ x 2 + yz, 2xz − y 2 = 0 }
29. (z − y) p + ( x − z )q = y − x

(z − y) p + ( x − z )q = y − x

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= =
z−y x−z y−x
dx + dy + dz
=
z−y+x−z+y−x

⇒ dx + dy + dz = 0

Integrate
x + y + z = c1

Again,

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Page : 39 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

dx dy dz
= =
z−y x−z y−x

xdx + ydy + zdz

=
xz − xy + xy − zy + yz − xz

⇒ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0

Integrate
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = constant

∴ 2( xy + yz + zx) = ( x + y + z) 2 − ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )

= c12 − c 2

c12 − c 2
xy + yz + zx = = cons tan t
2
⇒ xy + yz + zx = cons tan t

Hence the required solution is

φ{x + y + z, xy + yz + zx} = 0

30. x 2p + y 2q = x + y

x 2p + y 2q = x + y

The Lagrange's Subsidary Equation is

dx dy dz
= 2 = (1)
x 2
y x+y

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
x 2 y2

Integrate
1 1
− = − + cons tan t
x y

1 1
⇒ − + = cons tan t
x y

Again,
dx − dy dz
=
x −y
2 2
x+y
dx − dy
⇒ = dz
x−y

Integrate
log( x − y) = z + log c

x−y
⇒ log =z
 c 

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Page : 40 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

x−y
⇒ = ez
c
ez
⇒ =c
x−y

Hence the required solution is

 1 1 ez 
p − + , =0
 x y x − y

31. z(z 2 − xy)(px − qy) = x 4

z(z 2 − xy)(px − qy) = x 4

⇒ pxz(z 2 − xy) − qyz(z 2 − xy) = x 4

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= = 4 (1)
xz(z − xy) − yz(z − xy) x
2 2

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
xz(z − xy) − yz(z 2 − xy)
2

dx dy
⇒ =
x −y
dx dy
⇒ + =0
x y

Integrate
log x + log y = log c

⇒ xy = c

Again,
dx dz
= 4
xz(z − xy) x
2

dx dz
⇒ = 4 3 [∵ xy = c]
xz(z − c) x x
2

⇒ x 3dx = z(z 2 − c)dz

Integrate
x4 z4 z2
= − c + cons tan t
4 4 2
⇒ x 4 = z 4 − 2z 2c + cons tan t

⇒ x 4 − z 4 + 2z 2 xy = cons tan t

⇒ z 4 − x 4 − 2z 2 xy = cons tan t
Adding c 2 both sides
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Page : 41 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

(z 4 − 2z 2 xy + c 2 ) − x 4 = cons tan t

(z 4 − 2z 2 xy + x 2 y 2 ) − x 4 = cons tan t

⇒ (z 2 − xy) 2 − x 4 = cons tan t

Hence the required solution is

{ }
φ xy, (z 2 − xy)2 − x 4 = 0

32. x 2p + y2q + z2 = 0

x 2p + y2q + z2 = 0

⇒ x 2 p + y 2 q = −z 2

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx dy dz
= 2 = (1)
x 2
y − z2

Taking first two fraction

dx dy
=
x2 y2

Integrate
1 1
− = − + cons tan t
x y

1 1
⇒ − + = cons tan t
x y

Again
dy dz
=
y 2
− z2

Integrate
1 1
− = + cons tan t
y z

1 1
⇒ + = cons tan t
y z

Hence the required solution is

 1 1 1 1
φ − + , +  = 0
 x y y z

33. x 1 p1 + x 2 p 2 + x 3 p 3 = x 1 x 2 x 3

x 1 p1 + x 2 p 2 + x 3 p 3 = x 1 x 2 x 3

The Lagrange's Subsidiary Equation is

dx 1 dx 2 dx 3 dz
= = = (1)
x1 x2 x3 x1x 2 x 3

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Page : 42 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

Now,
dx 1 dx 2
=
x1 x2

⇒ log x1 − log x 2 = cons tan t

x1
⇒ = const. (a) (2)
x2

Similarly
x1
= cons tan t = b (say) (3)
x3

dx 1 dz
=
x1 x1x 2 x 3

dx 1 dz
⇒ = [by (2) & (3)]
x1 x x
x1 1 1
a b
dx 1 dz
⇒ = 3
x1 x1
ab
dz
⇒ dx1 = 2
x / ab
1

x 12
⇒ dx 1 = dz
ab
Integrate
x13 1
× = z + cons tan t
3 ab
1 3 x 2 x3
⇒ x1 × × − z = cons tan t
3 x1 x 4

1
⇒ x1x 2 x 3 − z = cons tan t
3
Hence the required solution is
x x x x x 
φ 1 , 1 , 1 2 3 − z  = 0
x 2 x3 3 

34. Find the solution of the equation z( x + y)p + z( x − y)q = x 2 + y 2 with the Cauchy data z = 0
on y = 2x.
The given equation is
z ( x + y ) p + z ( x − y) q = x 2 + y 2 (1)
The Lagrange's subsidiary equation is
dx dy dz xdx − ydy − zdz
= = 2 =
z( x + y) z( x − y) x + zy 2
x{z( x + y)} − y{z( x − y)} − z( x 2 + y 2 )

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Page : 43 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

xdx − ydy − zdz

=
0
⇒ xdx − ydy − zdz = 0

Integrate
x 2 y2 z2
− − = const.
2 2 2
⇒ x 2 − y 2 − z 2 = c1 (2)
Again,
dx dy dz ydx + xdy − zdz
= = 2 =
z ( x + y) z ( x − y) x + y 2
0

⇒ ydx + xdy − zdz = 0

⇒ d ( xy) − zdz = 0

Integrate
z2
xy − = const.
2
⇒ 2xy − z 2 = c 2 (3)
∴ The required general solution is
f ( x 2 − y 2 − z 2 ,2xy − z 2 ) = 0

Using Cauchy data z = 0 on y = 2x in equation (2) & (3)

From equation (2)
x 2 − 4x 2 − 0 = c1

∴ c1 = −3x 2 (4)
From equation (3)
2x.2x − 0 = c 2

⇒ c 2 = 4x 2 (5)
Divide (4) by (5)
c1 3
=−
c2 4

⇒ 4c1 = −3c 2

⇒ 4( x 2 − y 2 − z 2 ) = −3(2xy − z 2 )

⇒ 4x 2 − 4 y 2 − 4z 2 = −6xy + 3z 2

⇒ 4x 2 − 4 y 2 + 6xy − 7z 2 = 0

⇒ 7z 2 = 6xy + 4( x 2 − y 2 )

35. Find the solution of the linear equation p − q = 1 with the Cauchy data z(x,0) = x2

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Page : 44 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

The given equation is

p − q =1 (1)
The Lagrange's subsidiary equation is
dx dy dz
= =
1 −1 1
Taking fist-two fraction
dx dy
=
1 −1
dx = −dy

Integrate
x = − y + const.

⇒ x + y = const.(c1 ) (2)
Taking first and last fraction
dx dz
=
1 1
Integrate
x = z + const.

⇒ z − x = const.(c 2 ) (3)
∴ The required solution is
f ( x + y, z − x ) = 0

or z − x = f ( x + y)

⇒ z( x , y) = x + f ( x + y) (A)
Now,
z ( x ,0 ) = x + f ( x + 0 )

x 2 = x + f (x)

⇒ f (x ) = x 2 − x

from equation (A)

z( x, y) = x + [(x + y) 2 − ( x + y)]

z ( x , y) = ( x + y) 2 − y

which is required integral surface.

36. Find the solution of the equation ( y − u )u x + (u − x )u y = x − y with the condition u = 0 on
xy = 1.
The given equation is
( y − u )u x + (u − x )u y = x − y (1)

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Page : 45 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

The Lagrange's subsidiary equation is

dx dy du
= =
y−u u−x x−y
dx + dy du
⇒ =
y−x x−y

⇒ dx + dy = −du

Integrate
x + y = − u + const.

⇒ x + y + u = const. = c1 (2)
Again
dx dy du
= =
y−u u−x x−y
xdx + ydy + udu
=
0
⇒ xdx + ydy + udv = 0

Integrate
x 2 + y 2 + u 2 = const. = c 2 (3)
∴ The required solution is
f (x + y + u, x 2 + y 2 + u 2 ) = 0

From equation (2)

c12 = ( x + y + u ) 2 = x 2 + y 2 + u 2 + 2( xy + yu + ux ) = c 2 + 2.1 + 0 + 0

c12 = c 2 + 2 (4)
Put the value of c1 & c 2 in equation (4)
(x + y + u ) 2 = x 2 + y 2 + u 2 + 2

x 2 + y 2 + u 2 + 2( xy + yu + ux ) = x 2 + y 2 + u 2 + 2
2( xy + yu + ux ) = 2
xy + yu + ux = 1
xy + u ( x + y) = 1
1 − xy
u ( x , y) =
x+y

37. Determine the integral surface of the equation x ( y 2 + u )u x − y( x 2 + u )u y = ( x 2 − y 2 )u with the

data x + y = 0 , u = 1.
The given equation is
x ( y 2 + u ) u x − y( x 2 + u ) u y = ( x 2 − y 2 ) u (1)

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Page : 46 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

The Lagrange's Subsidiary equation is

dx dy du
= =
x ( y + u ) − y( x + u ) u ( x − y 2 )
2 2 2

xdx + ydy − du
=
0
⇒ xdx + ydy − du = 0

Integrate
x 2 y2
+ − u = const. = c1
2 2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2u = c1 (2)
Again,
dx dy du
= =
x ( y + u ) − y( x + u ) u ( x − y 2 )
2 2 2

dx / x + dy / y + du / u
=
y + u − x 2 − u + x 2 − y2
2

dx dy du
⇒ + + =0
x y u

Integrate
log x + log y + log u = const.

⇒ xyu = c 2 (3)
From equation (2)
x 2 + y 2 − 2 = c1 ⇒ 2x 2 − 2 = c1 (4)
From equation (3)
x (− x ).1 = c 2 ⇒ c2 = −x 2 (5)
From (4) & (5)
c1 = −2c 2 − 2 (6)
Put the value of c1 & c 2 in equation (6)
x 2 + y 2 − 2u = −2xyu − 2

x 2 + y 2 − 2u + 2xyu = −2

x 2 + y 2 + u (−2 + 2xy) = −2

− 2 − x 2 − y2
⇒ u ( x , y) =
− 2 + 2xy

2 + x 2 + y2
⇒ u ( x , y) =
− 2 xy + 2

which is required integral surface.

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Page : 47 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

38. Find the solution of the equation xu x + yu y = xe − u with the data u = 0 on y = x2.
The given equation is
xu x + yu y = xe − u
The Ch. equation is
dx dy du
= = −u
x y xe
Taking first two fraction
dx dy
=
x y
Integrate
log x = log y + const.
y
⇒ = const. = c1
x
Taking first and last fraction
dx du
= −u
x xe
⇒ dx = e u du
Integrate
x = e u + const.
x − eu = c2
So the required solution is
y 
f  , x − eu  = 0
x 
From equation (2)
x2
c1 = =x
x
From equation (3)
x − e0 = c2
c2 = x − 1
c 2 = c1 − 1
y
⇒ x − eu = −1
x
y−x
⇒ x − eu =
x
y−x
⇒ − eu = −x
x
y − x − x2
⇒ − eu =
x
x + x2 − y
⇒ eu =
x
 x + x2 − y   y
⇒ u = log  or u ( x , y) = log1 + x − 
 x   x
39. Solve the initial value problem u t + u.u x = x with the condition u(x,0) = f(x)

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Page : 48 of Partial Differential Equation Prepared by Rajneesh Kumar Srivastava

where (a) f(x) = 1 (b) f(x) = x

The given equation is
u t + u.u x = x
The Ch. equation is
dt dx du
= =
1 u x
dt dx + du
=
1 u+x
Integrate
t = log( x + u ) + const.
t − log( x + u ) = c1
t = log( x + u ) + log c1
e t = ( x + u )c1 ⇒ e − t ( x + u ) − c1′
Again,
dx du
=
u x
⇒ xdx = udu
Integrate
x2 u2
= + const.
2 2
x 2 = u 2 + const.
⇒ x 2 − u 2 = c2
The required solution is
(
f t − log( x + u ), x 2 − u 2 = 0 )
Case-I. When f(x) = 1
when t = 0 , u = 1
From equation (2)
c 0 ( x + 1) = c1′ ⇒ c1′ = x + 1
From equation (3)
c2 = 1 − x 2
c 2 = 1 − (c1′ − 1) 2
c 2 = 1 − (c1′ 2 + 1 − 2c1′ )
c 2 = 2c1′ − c1′ 2
Put the value of c1′ & c 2 in equation (4)
x 2 − u 2 = 2e − t ( x + u ) − (e − t ( x + u )) 2
( x − u )( x + u ) = 2e − t ( x + u ) − e −2 t ( x + u ) 2
x − u = 2e − t − e −2 t ( x + u )
x − u + ue −2 t = 2e − t − xe −2 t
( )
u e −2 t − 1 = 2e − t − xe −2 t − x
2e − t − xe −2 t − x
u (x , t ) =
e −2 t − 1

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Case-II. f(x) = x
when t = 0 , u = x
From equation (2)
e 0 ( x + x ) = c1′
c1′ = 2x
From equation (3)
c2 = x 2 − y 2 = 0
Put the value of c 2 in equation (4)
∴ x2 − u2 = 0
⇒ u2 = x2
⇒ u ( x , y) = x
ASSIGNMENT – 1

Find the complete integral of the following

1. px (z − 2 y 2 ) = (z − qy)(z − y 2 − 2 x 3 )

2. xyp + y(2 x − y)q = 2 xz

 y 2z 
 
 x p + xzq = y
2
3.
 

4. x 2 p + y 2 q = ( x + y) z

5. x ( y n − z n ) p + y ( z n − x n )q = z ( x n − y n )

6. ( z − y) p + ( x − z ) q = y − x

7. cos(x + y)p + sin(x + y)q = z + 1 / z

y −z x−y
8.   + (z − x )q =
 yz  xy

9. x 2 x 3 zp1 + x 3 x 1zp 2 + x 1 x 2 zp 3 = x 1 x 2 x 3

10. x1p1 + x 2 p 2 + x 3 p 3 = az + (x1 x 2 / x 3 )

11. x ( y 2 + z ) p − y ( x 2 + z )q = ( x 2 − y 2 ) z

12. (2x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2yz − zx − xy)p + (x 2 + 2y 2 + z 2 − yz − 2zx − xy)q

= x 2 + y 2 + 2z 2 − yz − zx − 2xy (CSE–1992)
13. (x 3 + y3 )p + (y3 + 3x 2 y)q = 2z(x 2 + y 2 ) (CSE–1993)
∂z ∂z
14. Solve (my(x + y) − nz 2 ) − (lx(x + y) − nz 2 ) = (lx − my)z (CSE–2001)
∂x ∂y
15. x(y 2 + z)p − y(x 2 + z)q = z(x 2 − y 2 ) . (CSE–2004)

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y − z z − x  x−y
16. x(y − z)p + y(z − x)q = z(x − y) , i.e.   p+  q = (CSE–2005)
 yz   zx  xy
17. Solve px(z − 2y 2 ) = (z − qy)(z − y 2 − 2x 3 ) (CSE–2006)
18. (x + 2z)q + (4zx − y)q = 2x 2 + y (CSE–2011)
19. px + qy = 3z (CSE–2012)
20. (y 2 + z 2 − x 2 )p − 2xyq + 2xz = 0 (CSE–2015)
21. p cos(x + y) + q sin(x + y) = z (CSE–2015)
22. (y + zx)p − (x + yz)q = x 2 − y 2 (CSE–2016)
23. 2(pq + yp + qx) + x 2 + y 2 = 0 (CSE–2018)

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ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the equation of the integral surface of the differential equation
(x 2 − yz)p + (y 2 − zx)q = z 2 − xy
which passes through the line x = 1, y = 0.
2. Find the equation of surface satisfying 4yzp + q + 2y = 0 and passing through y 2 + z 2 = 1 ,
x + z = 2. (CSE–1997)
3. Find the general integral of the partial differential equation
(2xy − 1)p + (z − 2x 2 )q = 2(x − yz)
and also the particular integral which passes through the line x = 1, y = 0. (CSE–2008)
∂z ∂z
4. Find the integral surface of x 2 p + y 2q + z 2 = 0 , p = ,q = which passes through the
∂x ∂y
hyperbola xy = x + y, z = 1 . (CSE–1994, 2009)
5. Find the integral surface of the linear first order partial differential equation
yp + xq = z − 1 which passes through the curve z = x 2 + y 2 + z, y = 2x .
6. Find the integral surface of the partial differential equation
(x − y)y 2 p + (y − x)x 2 q = (x 2 + y 2 )z
passing through the curve xz = a 3 , y = 0.
7. Solve xp + yq = z . Find a solution representing a surface meeting the parabola y 2 = 4x ,
z = 1. (CSE–2003)
8. Find the surface which intersects the surfaces of the system z(x + y) = c(3z + 1)
orthogonally and which passes through the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 , z = 1. (CSE–2013)
9. Write down the system of equations for obtaining the general equation of surfaces
orthogonal to the family given by x(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = c1 y 2 . (CSE–2001)
10. Find the general equation of surfaces orthogonal to the family of spheres given by
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = cz . (CSE–2016)
11. Find the general solution of the partial differential equation
∂z ∂z
(y3 x − 2x 4 )p + (2y 4 − x 3 y)q = 9z(x 3 − y3 ) , where p = ,q = ,
∂x ∂y
and find its integral surface that passes through the curve : x = t, y = t2, z = 1. (CSE–2019)

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ANSWERS
1. (x − y)(xy + yz + zx) + y − z = 0 2. y 2 + z 2 + x + z − 3 = 0
3. x 2 + y 2 + z − xz − y − 1 = 0 4. yz + 2xy + xz − 3xyz = 0
2
 z −1 
5. 25(y − x ) = 27 
2 2
 6. z3 (x 3 + y3 )2 = a 9 (x − y)3
x+ y
x y
7. φ  ,  = 0 , surface y 2 = 4xz 8. x 2 + y 2 − 2z3 − z 2 = −2
2 2
 2x 2 + y 2 
9. x + y + z = zφ 
2 2 2
2 
 z 

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