Pry 4 Ist Term Agric
Pry 4 Ist Term Agric
Pry 4 Ist Term Agric
PRIMARY FOUR
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
FIRST TERM
WEEK TOPICS
1. Revision of some topics in year three’s work
2. The land and the soil
- The meaning of land and soil
(i). Clay soil
(ii). Loamy soil
(iii). Sandy soil
3. Characteristics of types of soil
i. Sandy soil
- Has large, loosely packed particles
- Does not hold water
- Rough when it bis rubbed between the fingers
- Does not hold many nutrient
- Crops do not grow well on sandy soil
ii. Clay soil
- Has small and loosely packed particles
- Smooth when dry and sticky when wet
- Can hold a lot of nutrients
- Does not allow air and water through it
- It holds water very well
- Most crops do not grow on it.
4. Formation of soil
Soil formation
(i). Different types
(ii). How they are formed
5. Properties of Soil: Physical properties Lagos State Ministry of Education
Schemes of work for Primary School
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(Mx) M X O. 5m
(ii). Empty the compost into pit a. arrange
in layers and wet with water
(iii). After two weeks, move the content in pit
A to pit B. this is called first turn.
(iv). After two weeks, move the content in pit
B to pit C. (second turn)
(v). Finally, move the content in pit C to pit
D. (third)
(vi). The content in pit D is referred to as
compost/manure after 6 – 8 weeks.
Cover to prevent evaporation before
applying to the soil.
- Heap method
Prepared by placing the compost
Materials in a heap buried with soil and
Moistened with water
10. Why farm produce should be processed
- meaning
- Importance of food processing
i. For better usage
ii. Removes poisonous agent
iii. Ready for eating directly or indirectly
iv. Improve food and market values
v. Prepares food for storage
vi. To get different varieties of food stuffs from
the same farm produce.
vii. Provides employment oppourtunities for
people
viii. It makes easier transportation of processed
farm produce easier since it required less
space.
11. Preservation of farm produce
- Meaning of preservation of farm produce Lagos State Ministry of Education
Schemes of work for Primary School
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- Importance of preservation
i. Retains the colour, taste and nutritional
values
ii. Prolongs life
iii. Makes the available in areas where they
are not produced.
iv. It helps in protecting farm produce
from insects and other pest attack.
v. Makes farm produce remain good and
viable for planting in the next season.
vi. Prevents possible contaminated and
infection from unpreserved food items.
vii. It saves money (buying at cheap price
when in season).
12-13 Revision and Examination
WEEK 2
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Internet.
CONTENT
SOIL
Soil is the Material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can
grow.
TYPES OF SOIL
Sandy soil;
Clay soil;
Loamy soil.
SANDY SOIL
Sandy soil is a loose material made up of tiny particles. These tiny particles consist
of grains of rock (clay or mud). Sandy soil is not good for growing crops because it
does not contain decayed animal and plants materials that should enrich the soil
CLAY SOIL
Clay soil is a very fine-grained, smooth soil that can be moulded when wet (moist)
and hard when the water in it dries up.
LOAMY SOIL
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Loamy soil is a rich soil consisting of a mixture of sand and clay and decaying
organic materials (dead plants and animals). It is the best soil for crops growing
and can hold enough water.
It is smooth
It is a rich soil.
COMPONENT OF SOIL
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
Define soil.
WEEK 3
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Internet.
CONTENT
It is smooth
It is a rich soil.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
WEEK 4
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Internet.
CONTENT
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FORMATION OF SOIL
Soil formation show us how soil is formed. Soil is formed when rocks break down
into smaller particles. It can also be called Weathering. This happens as a result of
the following Agents.
Rain
Temperature
Wind
Man
Animals
Plants
RAIN
When rain falls, it touches the rocks which tears out tiny pieces of rocks. The water
from the rain will wash these pieces of rock to form soil
TEMPERATURE
High temperature makes rock to expand, crack and break down into small pieces. It
is cause by hot sun or heat
WIND
When heavy wind blows, it will blow away small pieces of rocks from the large
ones which creates more room for loose rock to fall which later turn to soil.
MAN
Man help in soil formation when he/she make use of some farm tools like hoe on
rocky areas, he try to break the little rocks or stones which later turn to soil. Man
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splitting firewood on the rock or breaking objects on the rock leads to soil
formation.
ANIMALS
When huge animal like cattle’s, elephant walk on a rocky place, it breaks the rock
into smaller pieces thereby forming soil. Also when animal dies their body decays
and mixed with the soil.
PLANT
As plant keeps growing, the root of the plants keep expanding and getting strong
on the ground. Like the root of trees breaks down rock particle during expansion
and growth. Also when plants die their body decays and mixed with the soil.
The decomposition and dissolution of rocks through weathering and with the help
of soil organisms like earthworm. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa and the help of
chemical substances in the soil bring about soil formation
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
WEEK 5
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Internet.
CONTENT
This soil is different from clay and loam in many ways. Sandy soil contains tiny
stone particles. It is rough when rubbed between the fingers, and it runs freely
through the fingers when dry. It is found mostly along footpaths, deserts and
erosion areas. It is loose and not that fertile.
CLAYEY
Clayey soil is slippery and sticky when wet. When dry, clayey soil is hard, very
smooth, feels like powder, and it cracks. Have you seen a cracked soil before? That
is clay. Clay is a bit fertile.
LOAMY SOIL
This soil has properties that are different from sand and clay. Loamy soil has a
mixture of the properties of sand and clay. It is very rich in humus. It is, therefore,
fertile and the best for farming.
How to enrich the soil
Causes of loss of soil fertility
Soil is said to be fertile when all the nutrients necessary for plant growth and
development are present in it. Soil can lose its fertility in five main ways:
In some places, big forests and vast grasslands are set on fire to burn. Some of
these areas are good farmlands. When this is done, dead and decaying leaves,
grasses and living soil organisms are burnt. Dead leaves, grasses and soil
organisms add fertility to the soil. Soil, therefore, loses its fertility when they are
burnt.
Leaching
This is the downward movement of nutrients from the top soil to the underground
layers of the soil. Some nutrients dissolve in water for plants to absorb as food.
When rain falls, some water collects in low-lying areas of the farm and stays there
for some time. As this water sinks into the soil, it carries with it dissolved soil
nutrients. These nutrients can no longer be available to the plants growing On the
surface of the soil. The nutrients are lost or leached away.
Erosion
This is the gradual wearing away of the top soil by water or wind. When rain falls,
water flows on the surface of the soil. The water carries the top soil along with it.
The top soil contains nutrients dissolved in water. These nutrients are carried away
by the flowing water and are no longer available for plants to use.
Wind blows and carries some soil particles from one place to another. This soil
contains some nutrients which are also carried away by the wind.
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Crop removal
The crops that farmers plant in their farms absorb nutrients from the soil for their
growth and development. These nutrients, once taken up or absorbed, are no longer
in the soil. Another crop planted in the same soil the following year may not have
sufficient nutrients for its own growth and development.
Clean clearing
Leaves on forest trees drop on the soil. These leaves die and decay, and add
nutrients to the soil. When these trees are removed and the forest undergrowths cut,
the soil loses its regular supply of nutrients from the forest.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
WEEK 7
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Internet.
CONTENT
MANURING: use of manure and fertilizer will give the soil nutrient and make it
productive.
MULCHING: it makes soil fertile by covering the top surface of the soil and plant
with palm fronds, leavers to prevent air or winds from blowing the soil particles
away and thereby adding nutrient to the soil when it decay.
CROP ROTATION: planting of different crop on a farm land at a time improve the
soil fertility.
BUSH FALLOWING: leaving a farm land for sometimes make the soil to regain it
loss nutrient and make it fertile again.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
WEEK 8
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able to know about the:
Meaning of compost/manure.
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Internet.
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CONTENT
MEANING OF COMPOST/MANURE
There should be some shade to prevent intense sunlight from drying up the heap.
Water
Soil
Plant garbage
Animal muck
Food waste
Dried flower
Dry leaves
Pit method
Heap Method
The following are steps for preparing compost using pit method.
Arrange the materials for making compost in layer separated by soil in pit A
(Loading pit) and wet with water for easy decomposition.
Cover the compost to prevent evaporation, leaching and erosion before applying it
to the farm.
Compost is prepared using heap method by placing the compost materials in a heap
buried with soil and moistened with water.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
The Teacher revises the previous lesson (Ways of making soil fertile).
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
What is compost?
WEEK 9
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, Pupils should be able to know about the:
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Internet.
CONTENT
Pit method
Heap Method
The following are steps for preparing compost using pit method.
Arrange the materials for making compost in layer separated by soil in pit A
(Loading pit) and wet with water for easy decomposition.
Cover the compost to prevent evaporation, leaching and erosion before applying it
to the farm.
Compost is prepared using heap method by placing the compost materials in a heap
buried with soil and moistened with water.
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
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LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES
WEEK 10&11
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Internet.
CONTENT
It is the process of turning raw food into eatable food and other product.
Sun drying
Peeling
Milling
Soaking
Shelling
Grinding
Sieving
Parboiling
Then the cassava will be wash and taken to a machine for grinding.
Provide employment
NSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE
LEARNERS ACTIVITIES
EVALUATIVE ACTIVITIES