Monophthongs?

Monophthongs are a type of pure vowel sound in which the articulatory organs remain relatively stable
throughout the duration of the sound. There are many different vowel systems and charts used to describe
monophthongs, depending on the language and dialect being analyzed.

Diphthongs

Diphthongs are a type of vowel sound in which there is a glide or transition from one vowel quality to
another within a single syllable Diphthongs can be found in many languages, including English.

Consonant sequence

A consonant sequence, often referred to as a "consonant cluster," is a group of two or more consonant
sounds that appear together within a word, typically without any intervening vowels. Consonant sequences
can occur at the beginning, middle, or end of words and are a common feature in many languages, including
English.

Isoglas

An isogloss is a linguistic term used in dialectology to represent a geographic boundary or line on a map that
separates areas where a particular linguistic feature or characteristic is present from areas where it is absent
or replaced by another feature. Isoglosses are used to study and visualize dialectal variation in languages

Dilactial boudary

Dialectal boundaries are the imaginary lines or divisions that separate one dialect or variety of a language
from another. These boundaries often arise due to geographic, historical, social, or cultural factors and can
lead to variations in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and other linguistic features between neighboring
regions.

Jargon

Jargon refers to specialized language or terminology that is used within a particular field, profession, or
community. It consists of words, phrases, and expressions that have specific meanings or connotations
unique to that specific context. Jargon is often used to convey complex ideas or information efficiently
among people who share a common background or expertise.

Register

"register" refers to a variety of a language that is associated with a particular social, situational, or contextual
setting. It involves variations in the way language is used, including vocabulary, syntax, and tone, depending
on factors like formality, the relationship between speakers, the subject matter, and the purpose of
communication.

Slang

Slang is a type of informal language that is characterized by the use of non-standard words, phrases, and
expressions, often specific to a particular social group, subculture, or generation. Slang is not typically found
in formal or standard language, and its use is often associated with casual or colloquial speech.
Mode of discourse

The term "mode of discourse" typically refers to the way in which written or spoken language is used to
achieve a specific communicative purpose or function. Discourse modes are distinct patterns of language use
that reflect the goals and intentions of communication. Different modes of discourse are employed to convey
information, persuade, entertain, describe, narrate, and more.

Bilingualism

Bilingualism in linguistics refers to the ability of an individual to speak and understand two different
languages proficiently. This area of study is concerned with how bilingual individuals acquire, use, and
manage two languages in their daily lives. Linguists who study bilingualism examine various aspects,
including language acquisition, language maintenance, language switching, and the cognitive and
sociolinguistic effects of being bilingual.

Diglossia

Diglossia is a sociolinguistic concept that describes a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language
are used by a community, each serving different functions and roles within the society. In a diglossic
situation, one variety is typically considered "high" or "prestigious," often associated with formal contexts,
education, literature, and official documents. The other variety is considered "low" or "vernacular," and it is
used for everyday speech, informal communication, and less prestigious domains.

Pidgin

A pidgin is a simplified, makeshift language that develops as a means of communication between people
who do not share a common language. Pidgins typically emerge in multilingual or contact situations where
speakers of different native languages need to communicate for trade, labor, or other practical purposes.
Pidgins are characterized by their simplicity, reduced vocabulary, and basic grammar. They are not anyone's
native language but serve as a means of basic communication between speakers of different languages.

Creole

A creole language, often referred to simply as a "creole," is a fully developed, stable, and complex natural
language that emerges from a pidgin in a specific sociolinguistic context. Creoles typically develop in
multilingual communities, where speakers of different native languages need to communicate but do not
share a common language. Unlike pidgins, which are simplified and makeshift languages with limited
vocabulary and basic grammar, creoles are fully developed languages with their own grammar, vocabulary,
and syntax.

Front vowels

Front vowels are a category of vowel sounds in which the highest part of the tongue is positioned close to
the front of the oral cavity. This means that the front part of the tongue is relatively close to the front teeth or
the alveolar ridge (the bony ridge behind the upper front teeth) when producing these vowel sounds. In the
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), front vowels are represented by symbols such as /i/, /e/, and /ɛ/.

Back vowel

Back vowels are a category of vowel sounds in which the highest part of the tongue is positioned toward the
back of the oral cavity. When producing back vowels, the back part of the tongue is relatively close to the
soft palate (velum). In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), back vowels are represented by symbo ls
such as /u/, /o/, and /ɑ/.
Centre vowels

Center vowels, also known as central vowels, are a category of vowel sounds that are produced with the
tongue positioned in the center of the oral cavity. Unlike front vowels (with the tongue toward the front of
the mouth) and back vowels (with the tongue toward the back of the mouth), center vowels are characterized
by having the tongue in a more central or neutral position.In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA),
center vowels are represented by symbols such as /ə/ and /ʌ/.

Vowels vs Consonants

Articulation: Vowels are produced with an open vocal tract and without significant constriction or closure,
while consonants involve some degree of constriction or closure in the vocal tract.

Voicing: Both vowels and consonants can be voiced or voiceless, but the presence or absence of vocal cord
vibration distinguishes them. Voiced sounds involve vocal cord vibration, whereas voiceless sounds do not.

Role in Syllables: Vowels often serve as the nucleus of syllables, while consonants typically function as the
onset or coda, with vowels in the middle. This distinction in syllabic role is a fundamental characteristic of
the two sound categories.