Homework: 3, 5, 7, 13, 24, 34, 45, 49, 51, 56, 57, 59

3. If the 1 kg standard body has an acceleration of 2.00 m/s2 at

20.00 to the positive direction of an x axis, what are (a) the x
component and (b) the y component of the net force acting on the
body, and (c) what is the net force in unit-vector notation?

Fx  m a x  m acosθ
Fy  m a y  m asinθ

Fnet  Fx î  Fy ĵ  m a(cosθî  sinθĵ)
5. Three astronauts propelled by jet backpacks, push and guide a
120 kg asteroid toward a processing dock, exerting the forces
shown in the figure below, with F1=32 N, F2=55 N, F3=41 N,
1=300, and 3=600. What is the asteroid’s acceleration (a) in unit-
vector notation and as (b) a magnitude and (c) a direction relative to
the positive direction of the x axis?

Fx  m a x
Fx  F2  F1cosθ1  F3cosθ3
Fy  m a y
Fy  F1sinθ1  F3sinθ 3

 a  a x î  a y ĵ

a  a 2x  a 2y
1  a y

θ  tan  
 ax 
13. The figure below shows an arrangement in which four disks are
suspended by cords. The longer, top cord loops over a frictionless
pulley and pulls with a force of magnitude 98 N on the wall to which
it is attached. The tension in the shorter cords are T1=58.8 N,
T2=49.0 N, and T3=9.8 N. What are the masses of (a) disk A, (b)
disk B, (c) disk C, and (d) disk D?

Disk A: T=T1+mAg  mA=4.0 (kg)

Disk B: T1=T2+mBg  mB=1.0 (kg) T

Disk C: T2=T3+mCg  mC=4.0 (kg)

Disk D: T3=mDg  mD=1.0 (kg)

24. There are two horizontal forces on the 2.0 kg box in the
overhead view of the figure below but only one (of magnitude F1=30
N) is shown. The box moves along the x axis. For each of the
following values for the acceleration ax of the box, find the second
force in unit-vector notation: (a) 10 m/s2, (b) 20 m/s2, (c) 0, (d) -
10 m/s2, and (e) -20 m/s2.

F1+F2=ma

(a) F2=ma-F1=2.0x10-30=-10 (N)


F2  (10N)iˆ
(d) F2=ma-F1=2.0x(-10)-30=-50 (N)

F2  (50 N)î
34. In the figure below, a crate of mass m=115 kg is pushed at
constant
 speed up a frictionless ramp (=30.0
 0) by a horizontal
force F. What are the magnitudes of (a) F and (b) the force on the
crate from the ramp?
y
(a) The crate moves with a constant speed, so
the net force acting on the crate is zero. Along FN x
the x axis:
Fcos - mgsin = ma

+ a = 0 (constant speed):

Fcos = mgsin  F = 651 (N)

(b) Along the y axis: Fg

FN - mgcos - Fsin = 0

FN = mgcos + Fsin  FN = 1302 (N)

45. An elevator cab that weighs 27.8 kN moves upward. What is
the tension in the cable if the cab’s speed is (a) increasing at a rate
of 1.22 m/s2 and (b) decreasing at a rate of 1.22 m/s2?

(a) Applying Newton’s second law, a=+1.22 m/s2:

+
T-mg = ma

m = (27.8x1000)/9.8 = 2837 (kg)

T = 2837 (9.8+1.22) = 31.3 x 103 (N)

(b) a=-1.22 m/s2: T = 2837 (9.8-1.22) = 24.3 x 103 (N)

51. The figure below shows two blocks connected by a cord (of
negligible mass) that passes over a frictionless pulley (also of
negligible mass). The arrangement is known as Atwood’s machine.
One block has mass m1=1.3 kg; the other has mass m2=2.8 kg.
What are (a) the magnitude of the block’s acceleration and (b) the
tension in the cord?

m1g - T = m1a1
m2g – T = m2a2
T
a1 = -a2 = -a: T
m1g - T = -m1a
m2g – T = m2a y
F1,g
(m 2  m1 )g
a  3.6(m/s 2 ) F2,g
m1  m 2
T = m1(g+a)
T = 17.4 (N)
56. In Figure a, a constant horizontal force is applied to block A,
which pushes against block B with a 15.0 N force directed
horizontally to the right. In Figure b, the same force is applied to
block B; now block A pushes on block B with a 10.0 N force
directed horizontally to the left. The blocks have a combined mass
of 12.0 kg. What are the magnitudes of (a) their acceleration in
Figure a and (b) force ?

(a) Figure a: FB= mBa

Figure b: F’A= mAa FB=15 N 10 N F’A=10 N

a = (F’A+FB)/(mA+mB)

FB=15 N; F’A=10 N; mA+mB = 12 kg  a = 2.08 (m/s2)

(b) Fa = (mA+mB)a = 25 (N)

Additional question: what are masses mA and mB?

mA = F’A/a = 10/2.08  4.8 kg
mB = FB/a = 15/2.08  7.2 kg
Inverse problem:
If we know Fa = 25 N, mA = 4.8 kg and mB = 7.2 kg, Determine
contact forces between the blocks in Figure a and b.

FA FB F’B F’A

Fa = (mA+mB)a  a = Fa/(mA+mB) = 25/12  2.08 m/s2

Figure a: FB = mBa  FB= 7.2 x 2.08  15 N

Fa-FA = mAa  FA= 25 – 4.8 x 2.08  15 N
Figure b: F’A = mAa  F’A= 4.8 x 2.08  10 N
Fa-F’B = mBa  F’B= 25 – 7.2 x 2.08  10 N
57. A block of mass m1=3.7 kg on a frictionless plane inclined at
angle =30.00 is connected by a cord over a massless, frictionless
pulley to a second block of mass m2=2.30 kg hanging vertically.
What are (a) the magnitude of the acceleration of each block, (b)
the direction of the acceleration of the hanging block, and (c) the
tension in the cord?

1. Force analysis  y
FN x  '
2. Applying Newton’s second law: T
Block 1: F  F cos θ  0
T
N 1,g
T  F1,g sin θ  m1a y
 
Block 2: F2,g - T  m 2a F2,g
m2g - m1gsinθ
F1,g
a  0.735 (m/s 2 )
m1  m2
a>0: the direction of the acceleration of block 2 is downward.

T  F2,g - m 2a  m 2 (g - a)  20.9 (N)

59. A 10 kg monkey climbs up a massless rope that runs over a
frictionless tree limb and back down to a 15 kg package on the
ground (a) What is the magnitude of the least acceleration the
monkey must have if it is to lift the package off the ground? If,
after the package has been lifted, the monkey stops its climb and
holds onto the rope, what are the (b) magnitude and (c) direction of
the monkey’s acceleration and (d) the tension in the rope?

(a) T: the force the rope pulls upward on the

monkey: T – mg = mam
For the package:
T+FN-Mg = Map T
To lift the package off the ground: FN=0,
and the least acceleration am requires ap=0, so:
T = Mg
Mg – mg = mam Fm
 am = 4.9 (m/s2) T
FN
(b) See Problem 51: (M  m)g
a  1.96 (m/s )
2
Mm Fp
(c) See Problem 51: T = m(g+am)  118 (N)
 Chapter 2 Force and Motion

2.1. Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames

2.2. Newton’s Second Law
2.3. Some Particular Forces. The Gravitational Force and Weight
2.4. Newton’s Third Law
2.5. Friction and Properties of Friction.
Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
2.6. Uniform Circular Motion and Non-uniform Circular Motion
2.5. Motion in Accelerated Frames
2.5. Friction and Properties of Friction. Motion in the
Presence of Resistive Forces 
• Friction:
• No motion of the block:
 F
f s : static frictional force 
• Motion of the block: No motion fs

fk : kinetic frictional force 
  F'
f k  f s,max

motion fk
• Properties of friction:

Property 1: If the body does not move, f s
and the component of F that is parallel to
the surface are equal in magnitude and fs  0
opposite in direction.

Property 2: The magnitude of f s has a fs  F
maximum value computed by:

f s,max  μ s FN fs  F

μ s is the coefficient of static friction. fs  F

FN is the magnitude of the normal  fs,max
force on the body from the surface.
• Properties of friction:

Property 3: If the body moves, the magnitude

of the frictional force decreases to a value fk
calculated by:
f k  μ k FN
μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction

fk  kFN

fk  kFN
• Sample Problem:
A woman pulls a loaded sled of loaded sled
m=75 kg at constant speed; k=0.10;
=42 0; determine:

(a) T (b) T increases, how about f k ?
 
Fnet  ma
Constant speed requires a = 0, so:
• For the x axis:
TcosΦ - f k  0; f k  k FN
TcosΦ -  k FN  0 (1)
• For the y axis:
TsinΦ  FN  mg  0 (2)
μ k mg
(1) & (2)  T   90 .7 (N)
cosΦ  μ k sinΦ
FN  mg - TsinΦ
 If T increases, FN will decrease 
fk decreases
• Checkpoint:
F1=10 N, F2 increases from 0. Before the box begins to slide, do
the following quantities increase, decrease or stay the same:
(a) fs; (b) FN; (c) fs,max

(a) the same;

(b) FN+F2=mg  FN decreases;
(c) f s,max  μ s FN , so fs.max decreases

F2
 Summary
Steps for solving problems using Newton’s laws
1. Draw a free-body diagram for each object of the system:
- draw all possible forces: gravitational, normal, tension, friction
(static or kinetic), any applied forces, third-law force pairs.
- choose a coordinate system for each moveable object.
- indicate the acceleration direction of each object, if unknown you
can make an assumption.
 
2. Write Newton’s second law: Fnet  ma

- Write the equation above for each axis

Fnet , x  max ; Fnet , y  ma y ;
- If the system is stationary or moving with a constant speed, then
a = 0.

3. Put constraints on the accelerations of the objects

• Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces:
If a body moves through a fluid (gas or liquid), the body will
experience a drag force D (due to air or viscous resistance)
that opposes the relative motion.
• Drag at high velocity: 1
D  Cρ Av 2
 is the density of the fluid 2
v is the speed of the body relative to the fluid
A is the effective cross-sectional area
C is the drag coefficient
- For a body falling through air: Fg’ – D = ma
Fg’ = mg - Fbuoyant
D ~ v2
D increases until D=Fg’, and the body falls at a
constant speed, called the terminal speed Vt:

1 2
Fg'  Cρ Av t 0
2
2Fg'
+
v t 
CρA
• Drag at low velocity:
D  bv
b is a constant, depending on the properties of the fluid and the
dimension of the body
v is the speed of the body
mg - Fbuoyant - bv  ma (1)
• D increases until the acceleration a=0: mg - Fbuoyant  bv t (2)
dv
(1) and (2)  b(v t - v)  ma or b(v t - v)  m
dt
dv b v dv b t
  dt      dt
v - vt m 0 v - vt m0
b
vt - v b  t
ln   t  v  v t (1  e m ) (3)
vt m
mg  Fbuoyant
b b
mg' mg'  t  t
(1)  v t   v (1  e m ); a  g' e m
b b b
b
m  t
(3)  y  v t t  v t (e m - 1)
b
 m
τ : the characteristic time
b
t

v  v t (1  e ) τ

t

a  g' e τ

t

y  v t t  v t τ(e - 1) τ

Homework: Read Sample Problem (p 123)

5, 9, 19, 25, 31, 34, 39 (p 130-134)
Homework: 5, 9, 19, 25, 31, 34, 39 (p 130-134)
5. A 3.0 kg block is initially at rest on a horizontal surface. A force F of
magnitude 6.0 N and a vertical force P are then applied to the block.
The coefficients of friction for the block and surface are s=0.40 and
k=0.25. Determine the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the
block if the magnitude of P is (a) 8.0 N, (b) 10 N, and (c) 15 N (12N, textbook) .

Fs,max  k s FN FN

FN  Fg  P
Ffriction
Fg  mg  3.0 9.8  29.4 (N) Fg
(a) P=8.0 N, FN=21.4 N:
Fs,max  k s FN  0.4  21.4  8.56 (N)
Fs,max  F  the block is stationary, therefore : Ffriction  F  6.0 (N)
(b) P=10.0 N, FN=19.4 N: Fs,max  0.4 19.4  7.76 (N)
Fs,max  F  the block does not move, therefore :
Ffriction  F  6.0 (N)
(c) P=15 N, FN=14.4 N: Fs,max  0.4 14.4  5.76 (N)
Fs,max < F  the block moves:
Ffriction  Fk  μ k FN  0.25  14 .4  3.6 (N)
9. A 3.5 kg block is pushed along a horizontal floor by a force of
magnitude 15 N at an angle =400 with the horizontal force. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor is
0.25. calculate the magnitude of (a) the frictional force on the block
from the floor and (b) the block’s acceleration. FN y
Fk  k FN x
Fk
FN  Fg  Fsinθ  43.9 (N)
Fg
Fk  k FN  0.25  43.9  11 (N)

Fcosθ - Fk
Fcosθ - Fk  ma  a   0.14 (m/s 2 )
m
19. A 12 N horizontal force F pushes a block weighing 5.0 N against a
vertical wall. The coefficient of static friction between the wall and
the block is 0.6, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.4. Assume
that the block is not moving initially. (a) Will the block move? (b) In
unit-vector notation, what is the force on the block from the wall?
FN  F Ffriction
Fs,max  k s FN  0.6 12  7.2 (N)
Fg  5 (N) FN
Fg
(a)
Fg  Fs,max  the block does not move, Fs  Fg  5 (N)
  
(b) Fwall  FN  Fs  ( FN, x  Fs, x ) î  ( FN, y  Fs, y ) ĵ

Fwall  ( 12  0) î  (5  0) ĵ  ( 12 N ) î  (5 N ) ĵ
25. Block B in the figure below weighs 750 N. The coefficient of static
friction between block and table is 0.25; angle  is 300; assume that
the cord between B and the knot is horizontal. Find the maximum
weight of block A for which the system will be stationary. y
x
Here, we need to find the maximum value of FN
Fg,A. If the system is stationary:
TB
Fs TA
For block A: Fg, A  TA Fg,B
For block B: TB  Fs ; Fg,A
FN  Fg, B ; Fs ,max  k s FN Knot  T
For Knot K: TB  Tcosθ TB
TA  Tsinθ TA
Fg,A is maxima when Fs=Fs,max: TB  Fs,max  0.25  750  187.5 (N)

Fg, A  TA  TB tan( )  187.5  tan(30 0 )  108.3 (N)

31. Two blocks of weights 3.6 N and 7.2 N, are connected by a
massless string and slide down a 300 inclined plane. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the lighter block and the plane is 0.10; that
between the heavier block and the plane is 0.20. Assuming that the
lighter block leads, find (a) the magnitude of the acceleration of the
blocks and (b) the tension in the string. y
For block A: F N,B
Fg, A sin θ  T  f A  m A a (1) x fB
T
f A  k A Fg, A cosθ F N,A T
For block B:
fA Fg,B
Fg, B sin θ  T  f B  m Ba (2) 
Fg,A
f B  k B Fg, Bcosθ
(Fg, A  Fg, B )sinθ  (f A  f B )
(1) & (2)  a 
mA  mB
a  3.5 (m/s 2 ); T  0.2 (N)
34. A slab of mass m1= 40 kg rests on a frictionless floor, and a block
of mass m2=12 kg rests on top of the slab. Between block and slab,
the coefficient of static friction is 0.60, and the coefficient of kinetic
friction is 0.40. The block is pulled by a horizontal force F of
magnitude 120 N. In unit-vector notation, what are the resulting
accelerations of (a) the block and (b) the slab? y F N
For the slab, along Ox: f  m1a1 x f
For the block, Ox: F  f  m 2a 2 f

f s,max  s FN  s m2 g  0.6 12  9.8  70.6 (N)

f s,max  F  therefore the block does slide on the slab

F - μ k m 2 g 120  0.4  12  9.8 

a2    6.1 (m/s 2 ); a 2  (6.1 m/s 2 )î
m2 12
μ k m 2 g 0.4  12  9.8 
a1    1.2 (m/s ); a1  (1.2 m/s 2 ) î
2
m1 40
39. Calculate the ratio of the drag force on a jet flying at 1200
km/h at an altitude of 15 km to the drag force on a prop-driven
transport flying at half that speed and altitude. The density of air is
0.38 kg/m3 at 15 km and 0.67 kg/m3 at 7.5 km. Assume that the
airplanes have the same effective cross-sectional area and drag
coefficient C.

1
D  CρAv 2
2
D jet ρ15 km v 2jet 0.38  1200 2
R    2.3
D propeller  7.5 km v 2prop 0.67  600 2
 Chapter 2 Force and Motion

2.1. Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames

2.2. Newton’s Second Law
2.3. Some Particular Forces. The Gravitational Force and Weight
2.4. Newton’s Third Law
2.5. Friction and Properties of Friction.
Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
2.6. Uniform Circular Motion and Non-uniform Circular
Motion
2.5. Motion in Accelerated Frames
2.6. Uniform Circular Motion and Non-uniform
Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion
Centripetal (radial) acceleration:
v2
a
R
Centripetal (radial) force:

v2 v2
F  ma  m Tm
R R
Note: A centripetal force accelerates an object by changing its
velocity direction without changing its speed.
Non-uniform circular motion
  
a  ar  at
Radial (centripetal) acceleration Tangential acceleration

The path of a particle’s motion 

at

ar
 
ar  a
a


 at
    
F  ma  m(a r  a t )  ma r  ma t
   
Fr  ma r ; Ft  ma t
2
v dv
Fr  m ; Ft  m
R dt
 Sample Problem (p. 125)
Diavolo is riding a bike in a loop,
assuming the loop is a circle with
R = 2.7 m, what is the least speed
v Diavolo can have at the top of the
loop to remain in contact with it
there?
v2
 FN  Fg  m( a)   m
2 R
v
FN  mg  m
R
To remain in contact with the loop:
FN  0
the least speed needed for the
Diavolo and his bike:

FN  0  vmin  gR
vmin  9.8  2.7  5.1(m / s )
A free-body diagram
Sample Problem (p. 128)
Curved portions of highways are tilted
to prevent cars from sliding off the
highways. If the highways are wet,
the frictional force from the track is
negligible. What bank angle  prevents
sliding?
To prevent sliding, the component FNr
of the normal force along the radial
axis r provides the necessary centripetal
force and radial acceleration:
 v2 
FNr  -FN sin   m - 
 R 
 
FN cos   mg
Car on a level track
2
v1
  tan  to prevent sliding Car on a banked frictionless
gR track
2.5. Motion in Accelerated Frames
Accelerated (noninertial) reference frames:
in which Newton’s laws of motion do not hold.
Example: An elevator cab is moving with an
acceleration a 0 the cab is not an inertial
frame.
+ We choose the ground to be our inertial
frame (stationary), so using Newton’s second
law for the passenger with a mass m :
  
FN  Fg  ma 0
+ However, if we choose the cab (noninertial frame, accelerated with

a 0 ) to be our frame, the passenger’s acceleration is zero in this
frame, so  
FN  Fg  0
In this case, to use Newton’s second law, we must add an inertial
(fictitious) force:  
Ffictitious  ma 0
   
F  Fg  ma 0  0

If the passenger moves with an acceleration a in the cab:
   
F  Fg  ma 0  ma
In a noninertial frame, Newton’s second law is:
  
 F  ma 0  ma
Sample Problem (p. 103): In the figure below, a passenger of mass
m=72.2 kg stands on a platform scale in an elevator cab. We are
concerned with the scale readings when the cab is stationary and
when it is moving up or down.

(a) Find a general solution for the scale

reading, whatever the vertical motion of
the cab.
The scale reading is equal
 to the magnitude
of the normal force FN acting on the
passenger.

FN  mg  ma  FN  m(g  a)
(b) What does the scale read if the cab is stationary or moving
upward at a constant 0.50 m/s?
a  0  FN  m(g  a)  72.2  9.8  708 (N)
(c) What does the scale read if the cab accelerates upward at 3.20
m/s2 and downward at 3.20 m/s2?
FN  m(g  a)  72.2  (9.8  3.2)  939 (N)
FN  m(g  a)  72.2  (9.8  3.2)  477 (N)
(d) During the upward acceleration in part (c), what is the magnitude
Fnet of the net force on the passenger, and what is the
magnitude ap,cabof his acceleration
 as measured in the frame of
the cab? Does Fnet  ma p,cab ?
Fnet  FN  Fg  939  708  231(N)
The passenger is stationary in the elevator, so: a p,cab  0
The cab is not an inertial frame, hence Newton’s second law is not
applicable in the frame of the cab:
Fnet  ma p,cab
If we want to use Newton’s second law, we need to include a
fictitious force:

Fnet  Ffictitious  Fnet  macab, ground  map,cap

=0 =0

Homework: 49, 51, 70 (p. 134-137)

Homework: 49, 51, 70 (p. 134-137)
49. In the figure below, a car is driven at constant speed over a
circular hill and then into a circular valley with the same radius. At
the top of the hill, the normal force on the driver from the car seat
is 0. The driver’s mass is 80.0 kg. What is the magnitude of the
normal on the driver from the seat when the car passes through the
bottom of the valley?
FN FN
At the top of the hill:

v2
Fcentripeta l  Fg  FN  m
R
2
v
FN  0  Fg  m
R Fg Fg
At the bottom of the valley:

v2 v2
Fcentripetal  FN  Fg  m  FN  m  Fg
R R
FN  2Fg  2mg  2  80  9.8  1568 (N)
51. An airplane is flying in a horizontal circle at a speed of 600 km/h.
If its wings are tilted at angle =400 to the horizontal, what is the
radius of the circle in which the plane is flying? Assume that the
required force is provided entirely by an “aerodynamic lift” that is
perpendicular to the wing surface.

Animation
•According to the Bernoulli’s principle,
the aerodynamic lift appears due to the Fl,y Fl
air-stream velocity over the top of the
airplane greater than that at the bottom.


Fl,x
Fl,y  Fg
Fg
Fl cos   mg (1)
2
v
Fl,x is the centripetal force: Fl,x  m
2 R
v
Fl sin   m (2)
R
v  600 km/h  166 .7 m/s
v2 166 .7 2
(1) and (2)  R    33 79 (m) or 3.38 (km)
g tan  9.8 tan(40 )
70. The figure below shows a conical pendulum, in which the bob (the
small object at the lower end of the cord) moves in a horizontal circle
at constant speed. The cord sweeps out a cone as the bob rotates.
The bob has a mass of 0.050 kg, the string has length L=0.90 m and
negligible mass, and the bob follows a circular path of circumference
0.94 m. What are (a) the tension in the string and (b) the period of
the motion?
Animation
Ty - Fg  0  Tsin   mg
Tx: the centripetal force
: the angle between the cord and the
horizontal circle. Ty T
2 2
v v
Tx  m  T cos   m
R R 
R C 0.94 (m) Tx
cos   ; R    0.15 m
L 2π 2  3.14 Fg
R
  arccos   80.40
mg L T  Rcosθ C
(a) T   0.5 (N) (b) v   0.5 (m/s); P   1.88 (s)
sin m v
Part B Laws of Conservation
Chapter 3 Work and Mechanical Energy
3.1. Kinetic Energy and Work. Power
3.2. Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
3.3. Work and Potential Energy
3.4. Conservative and Non-conservative Forces. Conservative Forces
and Potential Energy
3.5. Conservation of Mechanical Energy
3.6. Work Done on a System by an External Force. Conservation of
Energy
What is energy?
Energy is the capacity of a system to do work.

There are many forms of energy:

• Mechanical energy:
•Potential energy, stored in a system
•Kinetic energy, from the movement of matter
• Radiant energy (solar energy)
• Thermal energy
• Chemical energy (chemical bonds of molecules)
• Electrical energy (movement of electrons)
• Electromagnetic energy (from X-rays to radio waves)
• Nuclear energy

Energy can be transformed from one type to another and

transferred from one object to another, but the total amount is
always the same (the principle of energy conservation).
3.1. Kinetic Energy and Work. Power

3.1.1. Kinetic Energy and Work

Kinetic energy is energy associated with the state of motion of an

object.
1
K  mv 2

2
1 joule = 1 J = 1 kg. m2/s2

Work is energy transferred to or from an object by means of a force

acting on the object. Energy transferred to the object is positive work
and energy transferred from the object is negative work.

Unit: joule
3.1.2. Work done by a force
A. Work done by a constant force:
•To establish an expression
for work, we consider a constant force
F that accelerates a bead along a wire:

Fx  ma x
v 2  v 02  2a x d
1 1
 mv  mv 0  Fx d
2 2

2 2
Therefore, the work W done on the bead by F is:

W  Fx d  Fd cos

W  F d (work done by a constant force)
B. Work done by a general variable force:
One-dimensional analysis:
•Choose x small enough, work done by the
force in the jth interval:

ΔWj  Fj,avg x
•The total work:

W   Wj  Fj,avgx
W  lim
x 0
F
j,avg x
xf
W   F(x)dx (work done by a variable force)
xi

Three-dimensional analysis:
 
dW  Fdr  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz
rf xf yf zf
W   dW   Fx dx   Fy dy   Fz dz
ri xi yi zi
3.1.3. Power
Power is the rate at which work is done.
W
Average power: Pavg 
t

dW
Instantaneous power: P
dt
Unit: watt (W) 1 watt  1 W  1J/s
1 horsepower  1 hp  550 ft.lb/s  746 W
1 kilowatt - hour  1kW.h  (10 W)(3600s)  3.6 10 J  3.6 MJ
3 6

F=constant: dW Fcosdx  dx 
P   Fcos  
dt dt  dt 
P  Fvcos
Instantaneous power: 
P  Fv
3.2. Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

Let K be the change in the kinetic

energy of the bead.

ΔK  K f  Ki  W
This can be read as follows:

 change in the kinetic   net work done on 

    
 energy of an object   the object 
or Kf  Ki  W

 kinetic energy after   kinetic energy   the net 

       
 the net work is done   before the net work   work done 
Examples:
E1. Work done by the gravitational force:

W  Fx d  Fd cos
For a rising object, =1800:

W  mgd
For a falling object, =00: Kf  Ki  0 

W   mgd
Work done in lifting and lowering an object
Gravity and an applied force acting on the
object:
ΔK  K f  K i  Wa  Wg
where Wa is the work done by the
applied force; Wg is the work done by the
gravitational force. If initial and final velocities
are zero: K  K  0 
f i ΔK  0  Wa   Wg
Wa  mgd cos
E2. Work done by a spring force:

The spring force is computed by:

 
Fs  kd (Hooke' s law)
k: the spring constant (or force constant)

Is an x axis is parallel to the length of

the spring:
Fx  kx (Hooke' s law)
A spring force is a variable force F=F(x)
To find the work done by the spring force,
We have to make assumptions: (1) the
spring is massless; (2) It is an ideal spring
(it exactly obeys Hooke’s law).
 
Ws  lim  Fxj Δx  lim  Fxj Δx cos  lim  - Fxj Δx
x0 x0 x0
Note:  = 1800 and Fxj is the magnitude of the spring force
 Ws  xx f  Fx dx  xx f  kxdx
i i

1 2 1 2
Ws  kx i  kx f
2 2
1 2
If x i  0, x f  x : Ws   kx
2
Work done by an applied force:

ΔK  K f  K i  Wa  Ws
If the block is stationary before and after the displacement, K=0:

Wa   Ws
Homework: 1, 2, 8, 15, 24, 26, 29, 36, 43 (p. 159-163)
 Review
(All sections of Chapter 1, 2)
Chapter 1:
Motion in one dimension:
To describe motion, we need to measure:
+ Displacement: x = xt – x0 (measured in m or cm)
+ Time interval: t = t – t0 (measured in s)
Average velocity:

total distance
Average speed: s avg 
Δt
Δx(t) dx(t)
Instantaneous velocity: v(t)  lim 
Δt 0 Δt dt
Δv v 2  v1
Average acceleration: a avg  
Δt t 2  t1
dv(t) d 2 x
Instantaneous acceleration: a(t)   2
dt dt
Two basic equations for constant acceleration:

For freely falling objects: a  g  9.8 (m/s 2 )

Motion in two dimensions:
Projectile motion:
• Ox: Horizontal motion (no acceleration):

v x  v 0cosθ 0  constant

x  x 0  v 0 cosθ 0 t

• Oy: Vertical motion (free fall)

v y  v 0sinθ 0 - gt
1 2
y  y 0  v 0 sinθ 0 t - gt
2
•Horizontal range:
2
v
R  sin2θ 0
0
g
 Uniform Circular Motion:
The particle is accelerating with a
centripetal acceleration: 2
v
a
r
Where r is the radius of the circle
v the speed of the particle
2r
T (T: period)
v
Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration:

v PA  v PB  v BA   
v PA  v PB  v BA
Chapter 2:  n 
Newton’s Laws F  0 or  Fi  0
 i 1

Fnet  ma
 
FBC  FCB
Some particular forces: gravitational, normal, tension and
frictional forces
Friction and Properties of Friction:
f s,max  μ s FN μ s is the coefficient of static friction

f k  μ k FN μ k is the coefficient of kinetic friction

Uniform Circular Motion and Non-uniform Circular Motion:

• Uniform circular motion:

• Non-uniform circular motion: