CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM

ARTHROPODA
LESSON IN ENTOMOLOGY
Discussion Rubrics
Share predictions or prior knowledge

● What are the taxonomic hierarchy?

● How does the classification of Phylum Arthropoda reflect
the incredible diversity and complexity of life on Earth?
Be guided by the lesson targets

● At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

○ identify the major classes within the phylum
Arthropoda; and
○ explain the evolutionary relationships between class
Insecta and other major classes within the phylum
Arthropod.
Explore the concepts and learn - Quick review

● Taxonomic Hierarchy Recall

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● Kingdom: Animalia
● Phylum: Arthropoda

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● Watch the video and share takeaways after watching:

○ https://youtu.be/eP6WPJ00_H8
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Criteria in distinguishing Arthropod Classes

● Modification, specialization, number, and appearance of
body segments and appendages.
○ Modification - the structural modifications or adaptations
that are unique to a class of arthropods and are
observed in body segments and appendages.
■ the wings of beetles (Order Coleoptera) are modified
into hard, protective covers called elytra, while the
wings of flies (Order Diptera) are modified into small,
membranous structures for flight.

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Criteria in distinguishing Arthropod Classes

○ Specialization -the development of particular
structures or functions to adapt to particular
environments. These unique characteristics frequently
improve the arthropod's capacity for locomotion,
feeding, and self-defense.
■ Decapod crustaceans like crabs and lobsters have
specialized claws for capturing prey and
defending themselves, while barnacles have
modified feathery legs for filter-feeding.
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Criteria in distinguishing Arthropod Classes

○ Number of Body Segments and Appendages
■ While certain classes may show variances within
the class, others may have unique segment and
appendage numbers.
■ Arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions, have two
main body segments (cephalothorax and
abdomen) and eight legs, distinguishing them from
other arthropod classes like insects and
crustaceans.
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Criteria in distinguishing Arthropod Classes

○ Appearance of Body Segments and Appendages
■ Front appendages like antennae and mouthparts are
essential for communication, eating, and
environmental sensing (detection of toxic gases).
These appendages can differ greatly in look and
structure between classes.
■ While beetles may have shorter, clubbed antennae for
perceiving their surroundings, butterflies have long, slender
antennae utilized for detecting pheromones and locating
mates.
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Three to Flee!!!

● Before proceeding to the next part of the lesson, share

three (3) takeaways on the Criteria in distinguishing
Arthropod Classes.
○ Three students may share on takeaway each OR
○ One student may share three takeaways.
Explore the concepts and learn

Arthropod Characteristics
● Invertebrates that are bilaterally symmetrical (right and
left halves of the body are nearly identical of each other)

https://esplora.org.mt/insects-symmetry-and-fluttering-wings/
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Arthropod Characteristics
● have a jointed exoskeleton covering their body and
appendages
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Arthropod Characteristics
● Have no cilia

https://biologyease.com/phylum-arthropoda/
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Arthropod Characteristics
● Have a segmented body

https://www.msnucleus.org/membership/ngss/third_ngss/03arthropod_classification.html
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Arthropod Characteristics
● Have specialized appendages

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/the-arthropod-story/exoskeleton-and-the-jointed-limb/crustaceans-exploiting-evolutionary-opportunity/crustaceans-living-toolb
oxes/
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Arthropod Characteristics
● Have a greatly reduced coelom

https://www.studypool.com/documents/24682125/arthropod-powerpoint-1
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Arthropod Characteristics
● Have a dorsal brain and a single or double (fused) ventral
nerve cord

https://goodridgebiojohnsastrillo.wordpress.com/arthropods/nervous-system/
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Arthropod Characteristics
● Have rich yolk-containing eggs

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/virilat
animals-that-lay-eggs-oviparous-ani h/5650685530
mals.html
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Arthropod Characteristics
● Have highly modified development
○ Dragonflies have extraordinary flying skills
○ Jumping spiders can make amazing leaps to seize prey or
avoid predators
○ Mantis shrimp are renowned for their strong blows and quick
swimming
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Arthropod Characteristics
● Have highly modified development
○ African millipedes are expert burrowers
○ Ballooning is a special kind of locomotion used by ballooning
spiders. They release silk threads into the air, allowing the wind
to carry them across great distances.
Three to Flee!!!

● Before proceeding to the next part of the lesson, share

three (3) takeaways on the Arthropod Characteristics.
○ Three students may share on takeaway each OR
○ One student may share three takeaways.
Explore the concepts and learn

Major Arthropod Classes

● Subphylum Trilobitomorpha (trilobites)
○ Extinct and marine
○ dorsal surface molded longitudinally into three lobes
○ head (or cephalon) consists of five segments
containing a pair of antennae and compound eyes
○ oval, flattened body composed of cephalon, thorax,
and pygidium, each segmented
○ known fossil species number over 4,000
○ Cambrian Period until Paleozoic Era's end
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Major Arthropod Classes

● Subphylum Trilobitomorpha (trilobites)

https://reasonandscience.catsboard
.com/t1469-trilobites
Three to Flee!!!

● Before proceeding to the next part of the lesson, share

three (3) takeaways on the Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
(trilobites)
○ Three students may share on takeaway each OR
○ One student may share three takeaways.
Explore the concepts and learn

Major Arthropod Classes

● Subphylum Chelicerata
○ Prosoma (cephalothorax) and opisthosoma
(abdomen) make up the body
○ there are no antennae
○ the first pair of appendages are chelicerae, which
flank the mouth
○ in most chelicerates, there are four pairs of legs and a
pair of pedipalps as additional prosomal appendages.
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Major Arthropod Classes

● Subphylum Chelicerata
○ Class Merostomata
■ Large marine chelicerates with book gills on the
underside of the opisthosoma
■ prosoma covered in a dorsal carapace
■ opisthosoma bears a long terminal spine
■ two orders: Eurypterida (Gigantostraca, an extinct group
that includes 200 fossil species from the Paleozoic Era)
and Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs, four species).
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Major Arthropod Classes

● Subphylum Chelicerata
○ Class Merostomata

https://www.britannica.com/animal/
https://www.britannica.com/animal/ horseshoe-crab
giant-water-scorpion
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● Subphylum Chelicerata
○ Class Arachnida
■ Chiefly terrestrial
■ book lungs and/or tracheae as gas exchange organs
■ opisthosoma (abdomen) segmented or unsegmented
externally and broadly or narrowly joined to the
prosoma
■ prosomal appendages consist of 1 pair of chelicerae, 1
pair of pedipalps, and 4 pairs of legs; gonopore always
on the lower side of second abdominal segment; about
70,750 species; 0.25 mm–l8 cm.
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● Subphylum Chelicerata
○ Class Arachnida
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● Subphylum Chelicerata
○ Class Pycnogonida
■ Marine with a narrow trunk divided into four to six
segments, a greatly reduced abdomen, a cephalon
(head) with a proboscis holding two chelicerae, palpi,
and legs that carry eggs, and typically four pairs of
walking legs attached to lateral trunk projections.
■ It also lacks gas respiratory organs and is frequently
observed crawling over sessile animals like hydroids and
bryozoans, with approximately 1,000 species described
and measuring 1 mm to 10 cm.
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● Subphylum Chelicerata
○ Class Pycnogonida
■ Sea spiders

https://www.scuba.com/blog/marine
-legends-giant-sea-spider-exist/
Three to Flee!!!

● Before proceeding to the next part of the lesson, share

three (3) takeaways on the Subphylum Chelicerata
○ Three students may share on takeaway each OR
○ One student may share three takeaways.
Explore the concepts and learn

Major Arthropod Classes

● Subphylum Crustacea
○ crabs, shrimp, isopods, amphipods, krill, brine shrimp,
copepods, barnacles
○ primarily aquatic
○ head with two pairs of antennae, mandibles, and
maxillae
○ highly variable trunk covered partially or completely
by a posteriorly directed head fold (carapace)
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Major Arthropod Classes

● Subphylum Crustacea
○ paired appendages biramous, frequently with one
branch lost
○ most have two stalked or stalkless compound eyes
○ gills are the gas exchange organs when present
○ most species are mostly marine, but many are freshwater
○ some isopods are terrestrial
○ There are 44,000 described species spread among six
subclasses.
Explore the concepts and learn

Major Arthropod Classes

● Subphylum Crustacea
Three to Flee!!!

● Before proceeding to the next part of the lesson, share

three (3) takeaways on the Subphylum Crustacea
○ Three students may share on takeaway each OR
○ One student may share three takeaways.
Explore the concepts and learn

Major Arthropod Classes

● Subphylum Myriapoda
■ primarily terrestrial
■ segmental appendages primitively unbranched
■ head appendages consist of one or two pairs of
maxillae, a pair of mandibles, and an antenna
■ trunk and appendages varied
■ tracheae are respiratory organs
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● Subphylum Myriapoda
○ Class Chilopoda (centipedes)
■ About 3,000 species exist
■ Body features: they are elongated, have multiple
trunk segments, each with one pair of legs, two
pairs of maxillae covered in a massive pair of
poison claws that symbolize the first pair of trunk
appendages, simple ocelli for eyes, and a
gonopore on the last segment.
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● Subphylum Myriapoda
○ Class Chilopoda (centipedes)
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● Subphylum Myriapoda
○ Class Symphyla
■ Two pairs of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae,
twelve leg-bearing trunk segments, a pair of
spinnerets in the terminal segment, a gonopore
on the fourth segment, and a length of 8 mm
make up the mouthparts.
■ There are approximately 160 extant species.
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● Subphylum Myriapoda
○ Class Diplopoda (millipedes)
■ Elongate
■ first four trunk segments are not diplosegments, and
the third bears the gonopores
■ simple eyes (ocelli) present or absent
■ 2 mm–28 cm
■ approximately 10,000 living species
■ each pair of legs and spiracles on the trunk
■ single pair of maxillae fused to form a flattened plate
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● Subphylum Myriapoda
○ Class Diplopoda (millipedes)

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ws/2020/april/what-millipedes-and-c
entipedes-looked-like-when-they-liv
ed-underwater.html
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● Subphylum Myriapoda
○ Class Pauropoda
■ Antennae branching
■ two maxillae
■ 9–11 trunk segments with legs
■ 0.5–1.5 mm gonopores on the third trunk segment
similar to those in diplopods
■ around 500 species identified

https://www.chaosofdelight.org/paur
opoda
Three to Flee!!!

● Before proceeding to the next part of the lesson, share

three (3) takeaways on the Subphylum Myriapoda
○ Three students may share on takeaway each OR
○ One student may share three takeaways.
Explore the concepts and learn
● Subphylum Hexapoda
○ Class Insecta
■ the body consists of a head, thorax, and abdomen;
■ the head has two pairs of maxillae, the second pair fused
(labium)
■ the thorax is made up of three segments, the second and
third of which typically bear wings
■ the adult's abdomen is made up of eleven segments
without appendages
■ the gonopore at the end of the abdomen measures
between 0.25 and 33 cm
■ there are at least one million species known.
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● Subphylum Hexapoda
○ Class Insecta
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● Subphylum Hexapoda
○ Class Entognatha
■ Non-insect hexapods
■ still regarded as belonging to the subphylum
Hexapoda but are no longer regarded as
belonging to the class Insecta
■ divided into three classes: Colllembola, or
springtails, Protura, and Diplura.
■ has mouthparts stored in a structure resembling a
pouch inside their heads
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● Subphylum Hexapoda
○ Class Entognatha

https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/ENTO/
ENTO-23/ENTO-23.html
Three to Flee!!!

● Before proceeding to the next part of the lesson, share

three (3) takeaways on the Subphylum Hexapoda
○ Three students may share on takeaway each OR
○ One student may share three takeaways.
 Explore the concepts and learn

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Relationship of class Insecta with other class Arthropoda

● Myriapoda and Insecta, as well as Crustacea and
Arachnida, have minimal serological correspondence,
indicating a lack of close relationship between these
taxa.
● There was no evidence of antiserum-antigen responses
between Myriapoda and Insecta or between crustaceans
and arachnids, suggesting that these two groups are
unrelated.
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Relationship of class Insecta with other class Arthropoda

● Unlike those of crustaceans, the mandibles of
myriapods and insects have full-limb jaws that bite at
the tips. However, the myriapod's mandible is jointed,
whereas the insect's is a single piece, indicating a
distinct but remote link between the two groups.
○ Reference: N., Mariammal., G., Sundara, Rajulu. (2009). A serological investigation on
the phylogenetic relationship of arthropod classes. Journal of Zoological Systematics
and Evolutionary Research, doi: 10.1111/J.1439-0469.1975.TB00502.X
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Relationship of class Insecta with other class Arthropoda

https://slideplayer.com/slide/441960 https://quizlet.com/gb/540341980/in
2/ sect-mouthparts-flash-cards/
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Relationship of class Insecta with other class Arthropoda
● Recent molecular studies analyzing sequence data suggest that
insects and crustaceans are closely related, forming a group
together.
○ These studies also propose that chelicerates (spiders, scorpions,
etc.) are more closely related to myriapods (millipedes,
centipedes) than to insects and crustaceans.
● The field of evolutionary developmental biology (evodevo) can
help resolve arthropod relationships by studying the developmental
mechanisms that govern the formation of morphological features.
○ Reference: Steven, M., Hrycaj., Aleksandar, Popadić. (2005). Resolving arthropod
relationships: Present and future insights from evo-devo studies. doi:
10.1201/9781420037548.CH7
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Dominance of Insects in Animal Kingdom

Homework/Activity

● Browse search engines in order to find out at least three

reasons why insects are the dominant animals. Support
your answers with references and citations.
● Upload your history of entomology timeline in the class
group chat.
● Prepare for summative test next meeting.
Concept Formation

● List ve concepts that you learned about the classification

of phylum arthropoda.