International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (3) (2018) 960-965

International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET
doi: 10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12305
Research paper

Design and implementation of smart uninterruptable power

supply using battery storage and photovoltaic arrays
S. Narasimha 1, Surender Reddy Salkuti 2 *
1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, TKR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India
2 Department of Railroad and Electrical Engineering, Woosong University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to provide an uninterruptable power supply to the customers by selecting the supply from various reliable
power sources such as solar photovoltaic, AC mains and battery storage systems. Initially, the load gets power supply from the reliable
source (such as solar photovoltaic), if in case it is unavailable, then the proposed modules automatically switch over to the next reliable
source (such as AC mains), and so on. If in case all proposed renewable energy sources (RESs) are unavailable than the proposed mod-
ule automatically switch over to the local grid supply, if suppose the local grid supply is also unavailable then the proposed module au-
tomatically switch over to the power storage bank. Therefore, the proposed intelligent/smart power module can improve the system per-
formance and efficiency. The programming instruction of controller, the relay driver switches appropriate relay of sources to maintain
uninterruptable power supply to the proposed utility of capacity 0.1kW. The proposed back-up system gets charged from the available
reliable RESs with no pollution and noise, and it can also reduce the electricity bill. The proposed intelligent power module functions are
displayed on LCD, it has been designed and analyzed in real time environment.

Keywords: Battery Storage; Efficiency; Reliability; Renewable Energy Sources; Smart Power Module; Solar PV.

better standby supply has a right to have maximum satisfaction for

1. Introduction its industrial needs. Generally inverters are not supposed to be the
best choice for backup supply because inverter becomes fail due to
Power is the most important requirement for the entire world. The insufficient battery time. In order to get rid of this problem, the
demand for electricity has been increasing day-by-day and the user will go for stand by generators that are specifically designed
frequent power cuts is causing serious problems in various areas to fulfill industrial needs. The main problems of turning it on/off
like banks, hospitals, research labs, etc. Due to limited amount of can be removed by installing the auto transfer switch (ATS) for
power generation at power station and due to storage of non- industrial generators. The problems with auto switching circuit for
renewable continuous supply source, it beings a biggest challenge continuous supply are: time delay in switching, low efficiency,
in whole world to effective utilization of the non-renewable ener- high cost tariff, heavy size and high maintenance [3].
gy sources. An important requirement of electric power distribu- In Reference [4], the combination of both the renewable and non-
tion systems is the need for automatic operation. In particular, the renewable energy sources are used to get the continuous power
rapid and reliable transfer of the system from one power source to supply such as mains, solar, inverter, small diesel generator. The
another during certain system events is important to achieving the power cut of these sources can be manually done by switches. The
reliability goals for such systems and the facility serves. However, continuous supply to load can be given by automatic operation of
the design of such an automatic transfer system is all too often relay, relay driver IC with the help of arduino microcontroller.
considered less important than many other aspects of the overall References [5]-[6] presented an approach to provide continuous
power system design [1]. power supply to a load, by selecting the supply from any of the
The strategic role and policy of generation electricity in the devel- four sources, namely solar, inverter, mains and generator, auto-
opment of an economy has always been appreciated by most de- matically in case if one the source is absent. The design and analy-
veloped nations. The power sector provides a platform for eco- sis of microcontroller based smart battery charger designed in [7],
nomic development, and the electricity has brought about devel- for the multimode operation to ensure no power cut. Reference [8]
opment in all areas of productions and services. Electricity has is aimed at developing a real-time, robust and intelligent grid con-
become indispensable to socio-economic and industrial develop- nected solar panel to provide power to the loads from solar panel
ment of any nation. Using uninterrupted power supply in an auto- at day time, and switch the power to the constant DC sources as
mated mode, we always have a substitute arrangement as backup soon as the solar power falls below a predefined limit. Reference
to take place of main power supply in case of power-cut in an [9] presents the design and implementation of automatic switching
emergency case, where the power cut cannot be avoided [2]. circuits which is used in PLC automation for constructing a work-
Automatic Switching has been a very rapidly growing area of able automatic change-over switch with generator starting/shut
electronics with good potential for further developments. The down functions.
most attractive applications of this technology are in medium and An automatic switching mechanism that transfer the consumer
large scale industries. Every individual is paying money to have a loads to a power source from the generator in the case of power
Copyright © 2018 S. Narasimha, S. Surender Reddy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 961

failure in the mains supply is proposed in [10]. Reference [11] status of the supply source from which the load gets supplied.
presents a practical implementation of a grid interactive photovol- Figure 1 depicts the schematic diagram of proposed real time
taic (PV) uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system using battery smart uninterruptable power supply module.
storage and a back up diesel generator. A selected combined to-
pology and a new control scheme are proposed in [12] to control Micro
the power sharing between batteries and supercapacitors. Refer-
ence [13] aims at the development of the autonomous power sup- Power Supply Controller LCD
ply system based on the energy mix. A hybrid energy system con- System Section
Solar PV
sisting of wind, PV and fuel cell is proposed in [14]. Reference
[15] has developed a frame work for solar Net Zero Energy Home Panel
Relay Section Load
systems for a single family household in rural India with retrofit-
ting of two appliances with PMDC motors. A multi-functional
intelligent uninterruptible power source (UPS) system for grid
composed of a three phase fully controlled rectifier, grid and PV
Charge Storage
SMPS
as power source, Lead Acid Battery and an IGBT inverter is pro- Controller Battery
posed in [16]. Reference [17] describes the components of a UPS Fig. 1: Schematic Diagram of the Proposed Smart Uninterruptable Power
system and reviews the design requirements necessary for its con- Supply Module.
struction with low cost and ease of maintenance. Reference [18]
develops a new Arm chips, a set of new ATmega products (such In the proposed approach, the power supply from the AC mains is
as ATmega 161, ATmega 162), new Network Interface Controller, given to both the battery backup system and the microcontroller
TCP/IP protocol suite and other software components. The most section. For the working of this microcontroller section, it requires
widely used adaptive hysteresis band current controller is pro- 5V supply, which can be supplied from power control section.
posed in [19] for Voltage Source Inverter used in UPS to eliminate This power supply section contains various components to step-
harmonics in output voltage and current. Reference [20] deals with down the voltage required for the microcontroller [23]. The brief
power factor correction units suitable for implementation in unin- description of the total components and their working principle are
terruptible power supplies. explained next:
The main aim of this paper is to provide uninterruptable power
supply to the loads from various energy sources, such as solar 2.1. Power supply system
photovoltaic, AC mains and battery backup system in low tariff
and highly efficient way. The main contributions of this paper are: The power supply system is designed to convert high voltage AC
• Provides uninterruptable power supply to the load from var- mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for the electrical
ious sources. circuits and other devices. A power supply can be broken down
• Provides rapid and reliable transfer of the system from one into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular func-
power source to another power source. tion. A DC power supply which maintains the output voltage con-
• The automatic switching circuits are designed and imple- stant irrespective of AC mains fluctuations or load variations is
mented in real time environment with low cost tariff. known as regulated DC power supply. The 12V regulated power
• Provides supply to the load by using both renewable and supply system used in this paper is depicted in Figure 2.
non renewable sources.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: The designing crite-
ria, schematic of proposed work with the components required and
working principle of the proposed smart uninterrupted power sup-
ply is described in Section 2. Section 3 presents the hardware de-
sign of the proposed real time module with the experimental setup.
The simulation results and discussion is presented in Section 4.
Finally, the contributions with concluding remarks are presented
in Section 5.

2. Design of proposed smart uninterrupted

power supply Fig. 2: Schematic Diagram of Power Supply System.

The load in Figure 2 refers to the microcontroller section. This AC

The proposed intelligent/smart power module is designed in such
mains supply is also connected to the battery backup system for
a way that, initially the load gets supplied from solar energy. This
the storage of power. The hardware components in the power
solar energy received from solar panels is stored in the battery
supply section are the transformer, rectifier, filter, voltage regula-
using the charge controller section. For the charge controller sec-
tor and the micro-controller. Here, the transformer is used to con-
tion, the input terminals are connected to the solar panels and the
vert the AC power from one voltage to another voltage with low
output terminals are connected to the battery terminals, respective-
loss of power [24]. Figure 3 depicts the transformer that is used in
ly. Here, an UPS is used to convert this stored DC supply to AC
this paper. The voltage rating of this transformer is 230V/12V.
supply. A connection is established between the standby UPS and
the battery backup system such that the converted AC supply is
given to the load. When the solar energy is unavailable then the
load gets supplied automatically from the AC mains. Along with
this setup, the supply from AC mains is also used for charging the
battery circuit such that even in the absence of both solar and AC
mains source, the backup system supplies power to the load by
which the main aim of this paper can be achieved [21-22].
The program for automatic switching of the circuit between these
three sources is designed in keil version and is inserted in the mi-
crocontroller 8051. Using this microcontroller, the load gets sup-
plied from the available reliable source without any time delay by
switching the appropriate relays. A LCD is used to display the
962 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Fig. 3: Transformer Used in the Power Supply Module. from the output pin. A microcontroller consists of a powerful CPU
Rectifier is used to convert AC to DC, and this process is known tightly coupled with memory, various input/output interfaces such
as rectification. The bridge type full wave rectifier is used in this as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller,
paper and it is depicted in Figure 4. etc., integrated on to a single silicon chip. It has 4kB on chip flash
memory is used in this paper [27]. The on-chip flash ROM allows
the program memory to be reprogrammed in system. In this paper,
8051 microcontroller is used.

Fig. 4: Bridge Type Rectifier Used in the Power Supply Module.

A Capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by-pass for

the ripples voltage though it due to low impedance at ripple fre-
quency and leaves the DC to appear at the load. The capacitor
filter used in this paper is depicted in Figure 5. Fig. 7: Microcontroller Used in the Smart Uninterrupted Power Supply
System.

There are two buses in 8051 microcontroller one for program and
another is for data. As a result, it has two storage rooms for both
program and data of 64K by 8 size. The microcontroller comprise
of 8 bit accumulator & 8 bit processing unit [28]. For 8051 micro-
controller, the programming is performed with embedded C lan-
guage using Keil software. It also has a number of other 8 bit and
16 bit registers.

2.2. Hardware components of power module

The hardware components of the intelligent/smart power module

are: solar photovoltaic (PV) panel, charge controller, storage bat-
tery, switch-mode power supply (SMPS), and relay section. The
Fig. 5: Capacitor Filter Used in the Power Supply Module.
solar energy can be harnessed by the use of solar PV panels, or by
solar thermal systems, i.e., Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). Fig-
Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor con- ure 8 depicts the solar panel used in this work. The ratings of this
nected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying cur- work. The ratings of this solar panel used in this work. The ratings
rent to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier of this solar panel are 12V and 180W.
is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the vary-
ing DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. In
this paper, 1000µF capacitor is used. Large value of capacitor is
placed to reduce ripples and to improve the DC component. Volt-
age regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and
15V) or variable output voltages [25-26]. Most regulators include
some automatic protection from excessive current and overheat-
ing. The voltage regulator used in this work is depicted in Figure
6.

Fig. 8: Solar PV Panel Used in the Smart Uninterrupted Power Supply

System.

A charge controller/regulator limits the rate at which electric cur-

rent is added to or drawn from the electric batteries. It prevents
overcharging and may protect against overvoltage, which can
reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety risk.

Fig. 6: Three Terminal Voltage Regulator Used in the Power Supply

Module.

Most of the fixed voltage regulator IC’s have 3 leads and looks
like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator. The
positive lead of unregulated DC power supply is connected to the
input pin and the negative lead is connected to the common pin Fig. 9: Charge Controller Used in the Smart Uninterrupted Power Supply
and then when the power supply is turned ON, 12 volts is supplied System.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 963

An electric battery consists of one or more electrochemical cells tion will display the status of supply source. The intelligent/smart
that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. A 12V, power module is designed in such a way that, the solar panel is
7Ah battery is used to run the motor and it is depicted in Figure 10. connected to the storage battery through the charge controller and
a direct connection between the AC mains and battery using relay
drive. A 100W bulb as load is connected to the module [28-30].
The top view of implemented smart uninterruptible power supply
module with solar PV panel, charge controller, SMPS, storage
battery, microcontroller and the power supply is depicted in Figure
12. The connections are made in such a way that, uninterruptable
power supply is achieved at the load section.

Fig. 10: Storage Battery Used in the Smart Uninterrupted Power Supply
System.

2.3. Working procedure of proposed smart uninter-

ruptible power supply

When the solar energy is available then the load gets supplied
from it. If the solar energy is unavailable then immediately the
load gets supplied from the next reliable source mains. If both the
sources are unavailable then the load gets supplied from the stor-
age battery which is charged from the solar energy and supply
mains during their active time [29]. A flow chart resembling the Fig. 12: Top View of Implemented Hardware of Smart Uninterrupted
working principle of proposed smart uninterruptible power supply Power Supply System.
system is depicted in Figure 11.
The side view of developed intelligent/smart power module is
Start depicted in Figure 13. In this side view, one can observe SMPS,
storage battery, solar PV panel, power supply section, microcon-
troller section, relay section and load section.
Is
solar PV source Yes
available
?
No
Power is Is
No
supplied from mains source
the storage available
battery ?
Yes
Power is supplied
through this source

Stop
Fig. 11: Flow Chart of Proposed Smart Uninterrupted Power Supply Sys-
Fig. 13: Side View of Implemented Hardware of Smart Uninterrupted
tem.
Power Supply System.

3. Hardware design and development 4. Simulation results and discussion

The main contribution of the work is in designing and developing
In this section, the simulation results of the working real time
the automatic switching circuit. Automatic switching circuit is
hardware module are presented. Here, the load gets supplied from
designed in such a way that, initially the load gets supplied from
various sources, such as solar energy, AC mains, supply and
reliable source, solar energy where the battery gets charged simul-
backup system. The status of particular operating source is dis-
taneously using this solar energy. When the solar energy is una-
played on the LCD. Various simulation results are presented next:
vailable then the load gets supplied from the AC mains while the
battery gets charged parallelly using this reliable source. When
both the solar and AC mains sources are unavailable then the load
4.1. Power supply from solar energy
gets supplied from the backup power system. The solar panels are
As the first preference of supply is given to the solar energy, when
connected to the battery using the charge controller. This charge
the smart uninterruptible power supply module is operated then
controller regulates the battery charging in its limits. The AC
the load gets supplied reliable from solar energy. During the active
mains are directly connected to the battery section. Using the
time of solar energy, the battery gets charged from this energy and
switched mode power supply (SMPS), the stored energy in backup
the load is in ON position. As the load gets supplied from the solar
system is converted into AC and is supplied to the load [28].
source, the LCD displaying section displays as “SOLAR CON-
The required program for this automatic switching is given to the
NECTED”. This is as shown in Figure 14.
microcontroller section. This microcontroller section operates the
relay section accordingly as per the availability of the proposed
reliable sources. A LCD is connected to this microcontroller sec-
964 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

mented and examined effectively for the proposed hardware mod-

el for various sources and load conditions and it has been observed
that it is reliable, low cost, less weight and requires no mainte-
nance.

Acknowledgments
This research work is based on the support of “Woosong Universi-
ty's Academic Research Funding - 2018” and “TKR College of
Engineering & Technology's Research Funding”.
Fig. 14: LCD Section Displaying the Status of the Supply Source.

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