SAFETY MEETING

Well Control
& PRAY
 What is a kick?
An unscheduled
entry of
formation
fluid(s) into the
wellbore
Influx :
Oil, gas, water or combination.

2
TYPE OF INFLUX

Source: https://www.ihrdc.com/
 TYPE OF INFLUX
❑ Height of influx column Hi (ft) =

Pit Gain (bbl) / annulus capacity (bbl/ft )

❑ Formula:

(SICP - SIDP) = (0.052 x Hi) x ( OMW - Wi )

Or :
 SICP - SIDPP 
Wi = OMW −  
 0.052 x H i 
❑ Notes :
Wi = Influx density (ppg)
OMW = Original mud weight (ppg)
 Specific Gravity & API
Degree Specific Weight
API Gravity [lb/US gal] [kg/m3]
1 1.068 8.894 1067
5 1.037 8.633 1035
8 1.014 8.447 1013
10 1.000 8.328 998.9
15 0.9659 8.044 964.8
20 0.9340 7.778 933.1
25 0.9042 7.530 903.2
30 0.8762 7.297 875.3
35 0.8498 7.078 848.9
40 0.8251 6.871 824.3
45 0.8017 6.677 800.8
50 0.7796 6.493 778.8
KICK COMPOSITION FROM INFLUX GRADIENT: 55 0.7587 6.319 757.9
✓ Gas : 0.05 – 0.2 psi/ft 60 0.7389 6.154 738.1
70 0.7022 5.848 701.5
✓ Combination (gas, oil, water): 0.2 – 0.4 psi/ft
80 0.6690 5.572 668.3
✓ Oil: 0.4 – 0.5 psi/ft 90 0.6388 5.320 638.1
Source: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
 Problem 1
Determine the influx density in ppg and identify the
type of influx for the given data:
❑ Total Depth : 6200 ft (MD and TVD)
❑ Mud weight : 15.7 ppg
❑ Drill pipe : 5” OD, 4. 276” ID
❑ Drill Collar : 6 ¾” OD, 2 ½” ID,
: Length DC = 790 feet
❑ Casing size : 9 5/8” ID
❑ Casing Shoe Depth : 3145’ (MD and TVD)
❑ Hole Size : 8 ¾”
❑ SIDPP : 375 psi
❑ SICP : 789 psi
❑ Pit Gain : 45 barrels
 EVERY BODY HAS SAME GOAL!!!

Drill the well SAFELY.... Be Honest! Establish a good

working relationship.
Discuss problems rationally... ANTICIPATE rather than
“CURE”.
Why does a kick occur?
The pressure inside the
wellbore is lower
than the formation
pore pressure (in a
permeable formation).

pw < pf
(Source: Adam & Kuhlman, 1993)
 Bottom Hole Pressure

BHP = Ph + (Surface Pressure) +/- (Dynamic Pressure)

• Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure developed by

DRILLING FLUID

• The surface pressure is the pressure developed by the

SHUT IN PRESSURE when well was CLOSED BY BOP.

• Dynamic Pressure is the pressure exerted due to FLUID

MOVEMENT (annular friction losses and due to the pipe
movement (surge and swab).
 Bottom Hole Pressure
• BHP when No Circulation :

BHP = 0.052 x MW x TVD

• BHP while drilling or circulating :

BHP = (0.052 x MW x TVD) + AFL

• BHP while tripping in hole :

BHP = (0.052 x MW x TVD) + Surge Pressure

• BHP while tripping out :

BHP = (0.052 x MW x TVD) – Swab Pressure

 Bottom Hole Pressure

• BHP when well was shut in :

SIDP
SICP Total Hydrostatic Press. In Drill string :

BHP = HSP of mud in drillstring + SIDPP

= (0.052 x MW x TVD) + SIDPP

Total Hydrostatic Press. In Annulus:

BHP = HSP of mud in annulus+ SICP +
HSP influx
= (0.052 x MW x Hm) + SICP +
(0.052 x Wi x Hi)

The correct BHP determination on annulus side

should be based on the assumption that the influx
is not migrating upward
DEFINITION : API RP 53
What happens IF A KICK IS
“NOT CONTROLLED”?

BLOWOUT !!!
13
Surface Blowout
Underground Blowout
Underground Blowout
RISKS IN BLOWOUT:
 Drilling equipment and other surface equipment
 Oil and gas
 Personnel (Human Life)
 Cost and time
 Environment polution

To overcome the blowout takes a long time

and high cost.
Causes of Kicks
• Failure to fill the hole properly while tripping reduces the
borehole fluid level and therefore the hydrostatic head.
• Swabbing, this reduces the effective hydrostatic head.
This occurs due to high pulling speeds or high
viscosities.
• Lost circulation will reduce the hydrostatic head.
• Insufficient mud weight due to :
– Drilling into an overpressured/abnormal formation. Source:Al-Mahruqi AM, et al

– Accidental dilution of the drilling fluid.

– Reduction in density due to influxes of :
• Formation fluids (especially gas).
• Settling of weight material, more likely in
deviated holes..
• Shallow gas sands.
 Source: Crumpton, 2018

• Some of the causes for abnormal pressures can be categorized as follows:

❖ Under compaction shale formation
❖ Faulting
❖ Artesian effects
❖ Gas cap reservoir
❖ Charge sand
❖ Salt dome formation (Diapirism)
 Abnormal Pore Pressure

Source: Crumpton, 2018

 Porosity and Permeability Range
(North Sea Fields)

Source: Crumpton, 2018

SIGNS OF KICK
WHEN WELL KICK HAPPEN ?

• While drilling -
• While tripping -
• While changing the bit -
• Drill Stem Test -
• Work Over
• Etc. Onshore or Offshore
*****
If the well kick occured :
• Shut in the well as procedure
• record SIDPP, SICP, Pit Gain
• Report
• Prepare to kill the well

Note : It will be better to shut in the well as soon as

possible to reduce pressure at surface and pit gain.
THE SIGNS OF WELL KICK WHILE DRILLING :
• Increase in flow-line rate - Stop pumps, check flow
• Increase in pit volume - Stop pumps, check flow
• Well Flowing when Stop Pump
• Increase in SPM & - Stop pumps, check flow
decrease in circ. pressure
• Drilling break - Stop pumps, check flow
• “D” exponent - Stop pumps, check flow
• Increase flowline - Stop pumps, check flow
temperature
• Increase in cutting - Stop pumps, check flow
size & shape
• Water cut mud / - Stop pumps, check flow
increase salinity
• Increase Gas cut mud - Stop pumps, check flow
INDICATOR OF KICK
WHILE POH DRILL STRING
 Volume drilling mud which is filled into the hole
less than displacement volume of drill
string/calculation.
Example :
From calculation, volume of mud which should be
filled into the hole is 3 bbls. Actually, volume of
mud that filled into the hole is 2 bbls. Its mean
that the formation fluid has entered the hole.

 Drilling mud flows up to the surface when mud

pump stopped.
INDICATOR OF KICK
WHILE RIH DRILL STRING
 Volume drilling mud which flow from the hole
is more than displacement volume of drill
string/calculation or trip volume.
Example :
From calculation, volume of mud which should
flow from the hole is 3 bbls. Actually, volume of
mud that flow from the hole is 4 bbls. Its mean
that the formation fluid has entered the hole.

 Drilling mud flows up to the surface when mud

pump stopped.
POSITIVE KICK INDICATORS
While Drilling
 Increase in Flow
 Pitgain
 Flow with the pumps off

While Tripping
 Trip log deviation
 Short fill-ups tripping out
 Excess pit gain tripping in
 Positive flow with pipe static

DRILLER MUST SHUT-IN well !

PREDICTING ABNORMAL ZONE

 The temperature will normally take a

sharp increase in transition zones.

 The temperature gradient in

abnormally pressured formations is
generally higher than normal.
PREDICTING ABNORMAL ZONE

 If a zone is penetrated that has

abnormally high porosities, the
resistivity of the rock will be
decrease.

 Resistivity will be reduced due to the

greater conductivity of water than
rock matrix..
PREDICTING ABNORMAL ZONE
 When drilling in normal pressure
zone, the bulk density of drilled
rock should increase due to
compaction (porosity reduction).

 As high pressure zone are

encountered, the bulk density will
deviate from normal trend
(decrease).
PREDICTING ABNORMAL ZONE

 As the density and elasticity of

shale increase with depth and
compaction, than the seismic
velocity will increase.

 Since overpressure shales are

undercompacted, then at a
particular depth, this will result in
lower density.
Overpressure
Mechanisms

Source: Graul, 1999

Pore Pressure
⚫ The formation pressure is divided into three categories. In term of gradient :
❖ Subnormal pressure ( G < 0.433 Psi/ft)
❖ Normal pressure (0.433 < G < 0.465 psi/ft)
❖ Abnormal pressure (0.465 < G < 1 psi/ft)

⚫ Subnormal pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of the formation which is less than
that expected normal pressure.

⚫ Normal pressures is the hydrostatic pressure of naturally tapped fluids in the

formation which has usually ranges from 0.433 to 0.465 psi/ft (@80000 ppm
Sodium chloride) depending on the geological region.

⚫ Abnormal pressure is the formation pressure greates than hydrostatic pressure of

contained formation fluid. This is caused by fluids being squeezed due to rock
compaction when there is no escape of fluids due to formation is completely sealed.
Pore Pressure Prediction
Pore Pressure Prediction
Pore Pressure Prediction
⚫ Plot interval travel time vs Depth
on semi log paper.

⚫ Plot Normal trend line.

⚫ Determine to and tn

⚫ Determine ratio travel time

⚫ Using Pennebaker’s correlation,

determine Gp

⚫ Calculate pore pressure.

 Prediction Abnormal Pressure
• Seismic

• Drilling

• Logging
 “d“ Exponent
By : Jordan & Shirley :

“d”- Correction :
By :Rehm & Mc. Clendon :
Normal Mud Weight
dc = d x ( )
Actual Mud Weight

Note : R = Rate of penetration (ROP), ft / hr

N = Rotation per minute, rpm
W = Weight on bit (WOB), lbs
d = d-exponent
dc = Corrected d-exponent
B = Bit Diameter (inc)
 Basic Pressure
Ph = 0.052 x MW x D . . . . . . . . . ( English Unit )

G = 0.052 x MW

Ph = G x D

Ph = Hydrostatic pressure, lbs/sq.in, psi, Psi

MW = Mud weight, lbs/gal, ppg
D = True vertical depth ( TVD ), feet
G = Pressure gradient, psi/ft

Gas = Less than 0.156 psi/ft ( 3 ppg)

Mixture of gas, oil, water = 0.156 – 0.465 psi/ft (3 – 9 ppg)
Salt water = 0.465 – 0.520 psi/ft ( 9 – 10 ppg)
Fresh water density = 8.33 ppg
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 SG is the ratio of the weight
of fluid to the weight of fresh
water:
f
SG f =
w

 SG water = 1.0, w = 8.33

ppg
 API GRAVITY
 API Gravity is the relative weight of
fluids at a base temperature of 60o F:

141.5
SG f =
(131.5 + API )

 API water = 10 API Gravity

 Pressure Basic :
Formula : A

Ph = 0.052x MWx (TVD)

B (KOP)
Or :
TVD = AB + (BD x cosα )
α
TVD = KOP + (BD x Cos  )

where α : Inclination C D
 Swab & Surge Effect
Swab and Surge may occure if : The well control fluid equipment
shall be installed, maintained and
• Mud viscosity and gel strength
utilized:
is high
• A fill-up line above the uppermost
• Pipe movement is fast BOP.
• Thick wall cake ( mud cake on • A well-control, fluid-volume
wellbore) measuring device for determining
• Annular clearance against BHA fluid volumes when filling the hole
is small on trips.
• A recording mud-pit-level
• Bit, reamer or stabilizer is ball
indicator to determine mud-pit-
up volume gains and losses. This
indicator shall include both a
visual and an audible warning
device.
 ECD
EQUIVALEN CIRCULATING DENSITY

“CHECK THE WELL WITH ECD EFFECT REMOVED”

➢ON BOTTOM
➢AT CASING SHOE
➢BEFORE THE BHA IS PULLED INTO THE BOP
Equivalen Circulating Density
(ECD)
⚫ The total pressure on bottom can be calculated
and converted to an equivalent static mud
weight which exerts the same pressure.

⚫ Circulating BHP = (Ph + APL)

⚫ Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) :

( Ph + APL) APL
ECD = = OMW +
0.052 xTVD 0.052 xTVD

Where :
Ph = Hydrostatic Pressure, Psi
APL = Annular Pressure loss, Psi
OMW = Mud weight in use, ppg
CIRCULATING PUMP
PRESSURE
Circulating Pump Pressure
⚫ The pressure provided by the rig pump is the sum
of all the individual pressures in the circulating
systems.

⚫ All the pressure produced by the pump is

expended in this process, overcoming friction
losses between the mud and whatever it is contact
with :
❖ Pressure loss in surface lines
❖ Pressure loss in drill string
❖ Pressure loss across the bit nozzles
❖ Pressure loss in annulus
Pressure Losses

• Pressure losses is affected by :

Mud weight, type and roughness, area, flow velocity and
viscosity.

Ploss = Psurf + Pdp + Pdc + Pbit + Pan.dc + P an.dp + Pchoke

= Ppump
 Circulating Pressure

• Circulating pump pressure :

Ploss = Psurf + Pdp + Pdc + Pbit + Pan.dc + P an.dp + Pchoke + PMotor

= Ppump

Circulating pressure will be affected if :

• The pump rate is changed :
2
 SPM 2 
P2 = P1 x  
 SPM 1 

• The mud weight is changed :

 MW2 
P2 = P1 x  
 MW1 
Triplex pump PO :
Pump Output , bbl/strk = (IDliner)2 x L x 0.000243 x Eff%

Duplex pump PO :
Pump output, bbl/strk = {(2 x (IDLiner)2 ) – (ODRod)2} x L x 0.000162 x
Eff%

Pump Rates :
Q (bbl/min) = PO (bbl/stk) x SPM (stk/min)

Notes :
1 bbl = 42 gal = 158.98 Liter
1m = 3.28 ft
 Pump Output Calculation

• Pump Stroke:

Vol.(bbls)
Stk =
PO (bbl/stk)

• Time to Pump:

Strokes
t=
Pump Rate (Stk/min)
SPR, LOT, FIT &
MAASP
Slow Circulation Pump Rate
(SPR)
⚫ Well contol operation are
performed at reduced pump speed.
Kick must be circulated out at clow
circulation rate (SPR) with kill rate
circulating pressure.

⚫ Good drilling practices require the

Slow Pump Rate Pressure be
checked and recorded regularly by
driller.
SLOW PUMP RATE TEST
❑ 1/2 , 1/3 , to 1/4 normal spm.
❑ Result from this test is pressure loss at slow speed
(spm) and called as Kill Rate Pressure ( KRP ), or
Slow Circulating Rate Pressure (SCRP).

SCRP (KRP) is used for ?

❑ Kill well at Driller’s Method
❑ Kill well at Wait & Weight Method

Recommended Kill Rates 2-5 BPM

Slow Circulation Pump Rate
(SPR)
⚫ The objective of SPR are :
❖ To ensure the slow circulation pressure plus the SIDPP
(ICP) is convenient for pump and does not exceed the
surface line rating.
❖ To prevent the danger of fracturing the formation at the
casing shoe.
❖ To reduce annular pressure loss for better control of the
bottom hole pressure and make sure good sweeping of
influx.
❖ To allow longer reaction time for choke adjustment.
❖ To allow sufficient time for disposal of kick at surface,
especially the critical condition when gas influx at
surface reaches the Maximum pressure.
❖ Reduce overloading the mud gas separator
❖ Give the rig personnel time to prepare the KMW (rig
mixing capacity)
Slow Circulation Pump Rate
(SPR)
⚫ The KRP must be recorded with bit near
bottom for each pump :
1. After the beginning of shift of tour
2. After change in drilling mud density
3. After change to the bit nozzle size or BHA
configuration
4. After mud pump repairs or equipment
changes
5. After drilling a long section of hole (500 ft) .
6. At change which cause a different
circulation.
Leak Off Test
(LOT)
⚫ The main reasons for performing a LOT are :
1. To determine the fracture around the casing
shoe and therefore establish the upper limit of
primary well control for the open hole section
bellow the current casing

2. To investigate the strength of cement bond

around the casing shoe and to ensure that no
communication is established with the higher
formations.

3. To investigate wellbore capability to withstand

pressure below the casing shoe in order to
validate or invalidate the well engineering plan
regarding the next casing shoe depth.
Formation Integrity Test
(FIT)
⚫ For long open hole section drilling
whenever a weaker formation has
apparently been drilled, some company
prefer another test, namely a Formation
Integrity Test (FIT) or Limit Test.

⚫ It is made to determine whether the

formation can support mud of higher
density.

⚫ Usually performed on development wells.

 FORMATION INTEGRITY TEST

An F.I.T. (Formation Integrity Test) is performed by

drilling below the shoe 10’ to 15’ of new formation.
Close the annular and pressure up to a predetermined
pressure with your mud. If the formation can
withstand the applied pressure, the test is called good.
We can now calculate the EMW (Equivalent Mud
Weight).

A F.I.T. is similar to pressure testing the cement lines

or the BOP.
7 - 59
33
 FORMATION INTEGRITY TEST

▪ Rig up and pressure test lines to a low and high

pressure.
▪ Shut-in BOP on drill pipe.
▪ Break circulation through choke manifold. Close choke.
▪ Pump mud down the drill pipe at constant rate (¼ - 1
bpm).
▪ Record the drill pipe pressure and annulus pressure at
a constant volume increment as established above.
▪ Stop pumping when annulus pressure reaches the pre-
determined value.
RELATION L.O.T.’S , WELL DESIGN AND
WELL CONTROL

❑ We start drilling using a well design with

theoretical values for pore pressure and
fracture gradients.

❑ The L.O.T. gives you the actual number for the

fracture pressure and the mud weight
limitations used to drill the next section of
hole.

❑ When you put it all together, you get your well

control options.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE ANNULAR SURFACE
PRESSURE ( M A A S P )

MAASP is the highest surface pressure that can be allowed at the top
of casing in excess of mud hydrostastic pressure that likely to cause
losses of the formation at the casing shoe depth.

MAASP can be obtained :

• BOP Pressure rating or the surface equipment rating
• Casing Burst Pressure
• Formation Fracture Pressure
Choose the value of MAASP from 3 citerion above, which one the
lowest value, commonly fracture formation pressure.
The weakest section in the well, commonly at casing shoe. Conduct
Leak Off Test ( LOT ).
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE ANNULAR SURFACE
PRESSURE ( M A A S P )

The factors that can increase the risk of exceeding MAASP

(Fracture)
• Large Influx

• Gas Migration

• Small different between Ph and Pfrac or High

overbalance
• Bad kill practices

• Choke line friction loss

• Too much safety margin

• Shut the well in with pumps running

• Packing off/bridging during killing operation.

 FRACTURING PRESSURE :
Formula :
Pft = PLOT + (0.052 x MWx TVD c )

Where :
Pft : Fracturing pressure, psi
PLOT : Leak of test pressure, psi
TVD c : TVD casing, ft

If the PRESSURE OF DRILLING MUD is

higher than frac. Pressure, the
formation will be fracture.
“THE HOLE MUST BE KEPT FULL AT ALL TIMES”
FOSV, IBOP AND CROSSOVER SUB SHOULD READILY AVAILABLE

DO NOT CONTINUE PULLING PIPE IF DRAG REACHES 30,000 LBS

OVER CURRENT PICK UP WEIGHT

BACK REAMING MAY REQUIRED TO ELEMINATE TIGHT SPOT

Wet Pull
⚫ Drilling mud in drill string is
lifted up when pull out the
string.
⚫ Drilling mud poured out on the
rotary table when releasing
DP.

Condition :
⚫ DP float is installed in the drill
string
⚫ Size of nozzle is too small
 WET PULL

Decreasing of mud volume (bbl) :

Vol = ( LxDPdisp ) + ( L x DPcap )

DP displacement (bbl/ft) :
DPdisp = 0.000971 x(ODdp − IDdp )
2 2

DP capacity (bbl/ft) :
DPcap = 0.000971 x( IDdp )
2
Wet Pull :

DP displacement :
DPdisp = 0.000971 x (OD dp − ID dp )
2 2

Or : DPdisp = (Cas cap − DPcap )

Where :
DPdisp : Drillpipe displacement, bbl/ft
OD dp : Outside Diameter drill pipe, inch
ID dp : Inside Diameter drill pipe, inch
Wet Pull :

Vol. decrease of mud in hole (bbl) :

Vol = 0.000971 x L x (ODdp )
2

Level of mud (∆h), ft:

Vol
h =
Anncap

Annulus Capacity (bbl/ft):

An cap = 0.000971 x( IDc − ODdp )
2 2
Wet Pull :
⚫ Pressure loss of hydrostatic pressure (psi):

Ph = 0.052 xMWx (h)

Dry Pull
⚫ Drilling mud in drill string
isn’t lifted up when pull out
the string.
⚫ Drilling mud isn’t poured
out on the rotary table
when releasing DP (dry).

Condition :
⚫ DP float is not installed in
the drill string
⚫ Size of nozzle is big
 Dry Pull

Vol. decrease of mud in hole :

Vol = 0.000971 xLx (ODdp − IDdp )
2 2

Level of mud (∆h) :

Vol
h =
Ancap + DPcap

Pressure drop of Ph:

Ph = 0.052 xMWx h
“FLUID LEVEL INSIDE THE DRILLPIPE WILL STAY
BELOW THE RIG FLOOR WHEN A CONNECTION”
Slug
⚫ Slug is heavy mud is used
to push the lighter mud
down before pulling dry
pipe out of the hole.

⚫ As rule of thumb :
o The density of slug is
heavier 1.5 – 2 ppg
over OMW.
o Slug Vol : 15 – 25 bbls
Slug
⚫ Usually slug is pumped into drill string before drill
string pulled out of the hole.
⚫ Slug pushes drilling mud down in drill pipe.
⚫ Around 1- 2 stand of DP is empty
(Approximately : 200 ft @ 3 joint )

To determine height of Slug (hs) :

(h s x ρ s ) = MWx (h s + h e )
Definition :
⚫Kick Tolerance is the maximum gas kick volume
(bbls) that can be successfully shut-in and circulated out
of a well without exceeding MAASP.

⚫Assumption :
✓ MAASP is a function of the shoe integrity (weak point)
✓ In fact U tube (open hole integrity)
✓ Driller’s method (worst case scenario for shoe)
✓ Single gas kick zone at bottom
✓ Bit on bottom
Calculation :
⚫ Calculate height of influx at casing shoe (H) :

(0.052 xMWx(TD − CSD)) + (0.052 xFGxCSD) − Pf

H=
(0.052 xMW ) − Ggas

Where :
CSD = Casing shoe depth (ft)
Pf = Fomation pressure (psi)
FG = Fracture gradient at casing shoe (ppg)
MW = Max. Mud weight for next hole section (ppg)
Ggas = Gas gradient (0.05 – 0.15 psi/ft)

⚫ Calculate volume of influx at casing shoe (V1) :

V1 = H x C a
Where :
Ca = Annular capacity Hole – DP (bbl/ft)
Calculation :
⚫ Calculate volume of influx at bottom hole (V2) :

P1 xV1
V2 =
P2

Where :
P1 = MAASP (Psi)
P2 = Formation pressure (Psi)

And :
MAASP = 0.052 x MWmax x CSD (Psi)
Pf = Gf x TD (Psi)
U-TUBE CONCEPT
 U- Tube Concept:

Gas
W2 D2

D
D3
W1 D1

1 2 3 4 5 6
The bottom hole pressure at all column is equal.
PBH1 = PBH2 = PBH3 = PBH4 = 0.052 x D x W1

PBH5 = 0.052 x ( D1 x W1 + D2 x W2 )

PBH6 = 0.052 x D3 x W1 + PGas

Broken U-tube

Two basic problems can affect the u-tube:

– Drillpipe and annulus are not in hydraulic
communication (plugged BHA, etc.)
– Loss of wellbore integrity (will not support surface
pressures needed for well control)
Broken U-tube

Typical indicators:
– Casing pressure can not be used to control drillpipe
pressure
– Drillpipe pressure changes do not affect the casing
pressure
– Unpredictable fluctuations in DP / CP
– Pit level changes
Possible Solutions for Broken U-tube
• If communication is not available may need to
consider:
– Volumetric, lube and bleed, or bullheading
– Other possible methods to re-establish communication
(i.e. perforate, etc.)
• If wellbore integrity is lost:
– Continue well control operations with minimal safety
factors
– If problem continues or worsens measures to improve
wellbore integrity may have to be taken (i.e. pumping
LCM, cement, barite pills, etc.)
– If multiple problems exist (e.g. loss zone and kicking zone)
attempt to first deal with the problem nearest the bit
 Expansion and Gas migration

• Gas Expansion
P x V
Hukum Boyle Law : = Constant
Z xT
if Z & T assumed Constant,
therefore : P x V = Constant
• Gas Migration
if kick is gas, and the well is shut in too long, therefore the gas will migrate
to the surface due to gravitation effect and volume is constant, the bottom
hole pressure will increase.

Well Control Principle :

Well Control doesnt allow to kill the well without expansion of gas (Gas
migration is not permited)

We have to keep :
Bottom Hole Pressure Constant.
Formula :
Percolation or gas migration rate (ft/hr) :

PI (psi/hr)
P=
MW x 0.052 (psi/ft)

Bleed off Volume to Restore BHP to Formation

Pressure (bbl) :
PI (psi) x G (bbl)
V=
Pf - PI (psi)
Notes :
PI = Pressure Increment (psi)
G = Pit Gain (bbl)
Pf = Formation Pressure (psi)
Well Control Phases
Secondary Well Control:
• CONTROL IS GIVEN BY BOPE
• IF THE KICK HAPPEN, THERE ARE 3 OPTION:
1. DIVERT
2. SOFT SHUT IN
3. HARD SHUT IN

Need to MINIMIZE INFLUX

Minimize Surface Pressures
Shut In Procedure :

While drilling While tripping

(pipe on bottom)
 SOFT SHUT IN :
⚫ When cloisng the well and drilling mud still flowing, the shock effect posibly happen
and it can arise bottom hole pressure. The formation can be fracture especially
shallow well. Shoft shut in method can reduce this effect.

⚫ Soft shut in Procedure :

1. Stop rotary, pick up kelly/top drive
2. Stop mud pump
3. Open HCR
4. Make sure remote choke is open
5. Close annular
6. Close remote choke
7. Record SIDPP, SICP and mud gain
 Hard Shut in :

• For deep wells, hard shut in can be applied.

• Hard shut in procedure:

1. Stop rotary, angkat kelly/top drive
2. Stop pump
3. Make sure remote choke is close
4. Open HCR
5. Close annular
6. Record SIDPP , SICP and mud gain
While Tripping :
1. Pick up DP, set slip
2. Connect FOSV in open position.
3. Close FOSV
4. Open HCR valve.
5. Close annular BOP.
6. Close choke.
7. Connect kelly or Top drive.
8. Open FOSV
9. Record SIDPP, SICP and Pit gain.
10. Report
The valve (FOSV) shall be possible to make up hand-tight in less than 15 seconds
SIDPP & SICPP

❑ If the kick
happen, shut in
the well.

❑ Record SIDPP,
SICP, Pit gain
and OMW
 Obtaining SIDPP With A Float
1. Ensure well is shut-in and record SICP
2. Pump as slowly as possible down the drill pipe while
monitoring DPP and CP
3. DPP will rise, then “lull” as the float opens
4. Record the DPP at the “lull” as SIDPP
5. Verify float has opened by continuing to pump past
“lull” until CP rises
6. As soon as CP rises, shut down pump.
7. If necessary, bleed “trapped” CP
KILL THE WELL :

Principle:
Constant Bottom Hole Pressure Method.
• Driller’s Method
Circulation - 1 : Circulate out the influx by using OMW
Circulation - 2 : Circulate (pump) KMW to displace OMW

• Wait & Weight Method

Making Kill Mud Weight.
Pump the KMW to circulate out the influx

• Concurrent Method
Pump the OMW to circulate out the influx while weighted the
mud gradually.
Driller’s Method
⚫ The driller’s method is the simplest
method to use and allows circulation
to begin immediately.

⚫ However, this method requires at

least two complete circulation to kill
the kick and result in higher surface
pressure than W&W or concurent
method.
Wait & Weight Method
⚫ The wait & weight method is
recomended. It usually requires only
one circulation to kill the well.

⚫ This method minimizes the surface

pressure while circulating out a kick.

⚫ And where the capacity of drill string

is less than the annular volumr of
open hole, pressure at the casing
shoe will be less than the driller
method an concurent method.
 WELL CONTROL
Driller’s Method

• Kick is Controlled in two stages :

ICP
• Shut in Well and check SICP Then :
SICP
• A. Circulate Out Kick with Original Weight
Mud
– Open choke, bring pump up to kill speed while
MUD
maintaining constant casing pressure (SICP).
– With the pump at kill speed, switch to drillpipe
pressure, maintain constant ICP (initial choke Drill pipe
pressure) on the drillpipe by manipulating
choke.
– After kick is circulated out, close - in well while Gas Influx
maintaining constant casing pressure.
– When the well is totally closed - in, SICP must
be the same as the original SIDPP. If not, BHP
resume circulation until all the influx is
circulated out.
 WELL CONTROL

Drillers Method (ctd)

• B. Displace Original Mud with Kill Mud

ICP

– Reset stroke counter, open choke, bring

SICP
pump up to kill speed while maintaining
constant casing pressure.
– Maintain constant casing pressure until the
heavy mud reaches the bit. At this point DP
MUD
pressure will be at FCP.
– Continue pumping while maintaining
constant FCP on the drillpipe until the heavy Drill pipe
mud reaches the surface.
– Stop pump. Check for flow.
• ICP = Initial circulating pressure Kill Mud
• SICP = Shut in casing pressure
• SIDP = Shut in drill pipe pressure
• FCP = Final circ. pressure
BHP
1. Kill Mud Weight.
KMW, ppg = (SIDP : TVD : 0.052) + OMW.

KMW, ppg = FP : (0.052 x TVD).

2. Initial circulating pressure (ICP).
ICP = KRP + SIDP.
3. Final circulating pressure (FCP).
FCP = (KRP x KMW) : OMW.
4. Surface to Bit Strokes.
STB = (Drill pipe capacity x Measure Depth) : PO pump.
5. Bit to Surface Stroke.
BTS = (Annulus capacity x Measure Depth) : PO pump
6. Total Stroke.
Total Stroke = STB + BTS.
7. Surface to Bit Time.
Surface to Bit Time = STB : SPM.
 Lag Time

⚫ Time delay for a pressure adjustment made on the

choke to show up on the DPP gauge
⚫ Estimated to be 2 seconds per 1,000’ of MD
⚫ Could vary for different fluids
⚫ Can be measured with choke drills
⚫ For DPP adjustments, make the adjustment to the
CP gauge. DPP will change accordingly after lag
time.
 WELL CONTROL

Wait & Weight Method

Circulate Out Kick with Weighted Mud

ICP

• Open choke, bring pump up to kill speed SICP

while maintaining constant casing
pressure.
• Follow DP Press vs. Pump Strokes MUD
schedule to adjust DP pressure as kill
weight mud travels to the bit.
Drill pipe

• When the heavy mud is at the bit, stay

with DP pressure and maintain constant
FCP on the DP until the kick is expelled Gas Influx
and the heavy mud reaches the surface.
• Stop pump. Check for flow.
BHP
 WELL CONTROL

Weight & Wait Method Driller's Method

Advantages: Advantages:

- Lowest casing pressure - Can start immediately.

at surface. - Easier to learn.
- Best option if you have to wait
- Sometimes lowest casing on Barite.
pressure at the shoe.

- Only one circ. to kill well. Disadvantages:

Disadvantages: - Need two circulations.

- Highest casing pressure for
- Long waiting time, cuttings longest period of time.
could settle, could get stuck. - Usually highest casing shoe
pressure.
- Gas can migrate.
DIRECTIONAL WELL
Pressure Control :
Fundamental WC Principles :
⚫ The fact that well is
deviated or has been
drilled with its final
section horizontal does
not change the
fundamental priciple of
WC during the circulation
from the well kick.

⚫ If the kick is within the

horizontal section, there • The only indication of kick size is
is no difference pit gain. No deduction can be
between the SIDPP and made as to wether oil or gas has
the SICP. entered the well.
Calculation for Directional Well
⚫ Calculate BUR
⚫ Calculate R
⚫ Determine TVD and KMW
⚫ Calculate ICP and FCP
⚫ Determine STB and BTS
⚫ Determine pressure drop per foot (P)
⚫ Make Tabulation (table)
⚫ Contruct the graph
STRIPPING
STRIPPING
⚫ Stripping-in is the process of lowering the drill stem
into the wellbore when the well is shut-in on a kick
and when the weight of drill stem is sufficient to
overcome the force of well pressure.

⚫ Stripping-out is the process of removing the drill stem

from a well under pressure.
(ex : subsea operation)
WHY ?....

⚫ When tripping-out, BHP is

reduced in three condition :
1. Annular friction loss
disappears when the pump are
stopped
2. BHP decrease due to upward
movement of the pipe.
3. The level of liquid in the well
goes down as pipe removed
(improper fill-up on the trip
out).
Stripping w/ Volumetric Control

▪ Stripping is a method of running pipe into a shut-in well

while holding BHP nearly constant

▪ Three basic technique are used in stripping :

A. Annular preventer
B. Annular to ram preventer
C. Ram to ram preventer
 2
Min. Weight of String = ((OD) x 0.8 x SICP) + 1000 lbs.

Note :
OD = Outside Diameter tool joint drill pipe or diameter luar
drill collar. (inc)
SICP = Shut-in casing pressure, psi.
1000 lbs = Minimum Additional weight for overcome friction
between BOP with pipa.

Stripping can be done if the weight of string (above and below

rotary table) is bigger than minimum weight of string.

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Stripping w/ Volumetric Control

▪ The following guide for the selection of the stripping

technique may be used :

Surface Pressure Length to be stripped Technique

(Psi) (ft)
- A

1000 – 1500 < 1000 A

>1000 B or C

> 1500 - C

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Annular Preventer Stripping into
the hole :
1. When the kick s occurs, immediately install a FOSV (open position) in the
drill string.
2. Close FOSV, close the well using the annular preventer and then HCR.
Inform the company representatif.
3. Make up the top drive/kelly
4. Open FOSV
5. Read and record the stabilize SIDPP , SICP and pit gain.
6. Prepare to strip back to bottom, install gray valve (IBOP), open FOSV.
7. Reduce closing pressure on the annular preventer .
8. Strip into the wellbore (1 ft/sec or v < 5 ft/sec). Ease tool joint as slowly as is
practical through annular preventer element. As wellbore raise, bleed
required volumes into the trip tank. Use a hand-adjustable choke.
9. When the bit reaches bottom, circulate the kick from the wellbore using a
standard kill technique.
▪ Notes : - Fill each stand DP with mud
- lubricate the rubber element using water & soluble oil or water polymer..
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