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MANGROVES
Bakauan group
Bakauan lalaki Rhizophora mucronata
Bakauan babae Rhizophora apiculata
Bakauan bato/bangkau Rhizophora stylosa
Bungalon group
Bungalon Avicennia marina
Api-api Avicennia officinales
Piapi Avicennia lanata
Pagatpat group
Pagatpat Sonneratia alba
Pedada Sonneratia caseolaris
Pagatpat baye Sonneratia ovata
Tangalan Ceriops tagal

Matabao Lumnitzera
Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle

Buttonwood mangrove Conocarpus erectus
White mangrove Laguncuria racemosa
Tropical mangrove Sonneratia alba
Black mangrove Avicenncia germinans
Seagrasses 30 spp. Australia, 16 spp. Phillipines, 15 spp. Vietnam, 13

spp.Indonesia, 12 spp. Malaysia
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME
Turtle grass Thallasia testudinum

Ribbon/Round-tipped SG Cymodocea rotundata
Dugong grass Thalassia hemprishii
Manatee grass Spyringodum filiforme
Toothed seagrass C. serrulata
Tropical eelgrass Enhalus acoroides
Fiber-strand grass Halodule pinifolia
Needle/Fiber-strand grass H. uminervis
Estuarine spoon grass Halophila beccarii
Veinless spoon-grass H. decioiens
Small spoon-grass H. minor
Spoon-grass H. ovalis
Curled-base spoon-grass H. spinulosa
Halophila sp.
Ruppia maritima
Syringe grass Syringodium isoetifolium
Woody seagrass Thalassodendron ciliatum
Coral Reef 27,000 km2 / Palawan group, Sulu Archipelago, Visayan group,
Central & S. Mindanao, Turtle Island Group
7% heavily damaged/ 25% good condition/ 5% excellent condition
30-50 years for 50% recovery = caused by fishing w/ explosives
Great Barrier reef World’s largest coral reef

The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef system 2nd largest
Tubbataha reef Philippines’ largest coral reef

Apo reef 2nd largest coral reef
True/ Stony Corals Scleratinia

Soft corals
CORAL LIFE FORMS

 Branching at least two degrees branch
 Encrusting major portion attached to substratum as a laminar plate
 Foliose coral attached at one or more points, leaf-like or plate-like appearance
 Massive solid boulder or mound
 Sub-massive tends to form small columns, knobs or wedgesplate
 Mushroom solitary, unattached or free-living corals
Hermatypic corals Reef building corals

Ahermatypic corals Don’t build coral reefs
Enemy of corals: Crown of thorn starfish (Acanthaster planci)
Seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii - main source of carrageenan
5 groups of marine mammals

Cetaceans whales, dolphins and porpoises
Sirenials dugongs and manatees
Pinnipeds seals, se lions, fur seals and walruses
Sea otters
Polar bears
Marine turtles
Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata
Olive Ridley Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea
Loggerhead Sea T. Caretta caretta
Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coria cea
Green Sea Turtle Chelonia mydas
Freshwater crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis

aka Philippine crocodile. Endemic in the Philippines
Saltwater/estuarine crocodile
Crocodylus porosus
GIANT CLAMS
Tridacna gigas
T. derasa
T. squamosa
T. crocea
T. maxima
Hippopus porcellanus
H. hippopos
PEARL OYSTERS
COMMON NAME S. NAME PEARL L. NAME
“Akoya”pearl oyster Pinctada fucata
Silver-lipped oyster Pinctada maxima South sea pearl Tipay
Black-lipped oyster Pinctada margaritifera Black pearl Tipay bato
“Mabe pearl oyster” Ptera penguin Pinkish pearl Wasay-wasay
ABALONE
Haliotis diversicolor Taiwan, the leading producer of abalone from aquaculture
Haliotis asinina Cocktail abalone SEAFDEC/AQD
TROCHUS
Trochus niloticus Button mollusk
SNAILS
Golden Apple Snail Pomacea spp.
Native snail Pila lizonica
Agiis Hiligaynon tiny bivalve/ cultured in Capiz

Mangrove clam Anodontia edentula aka. “imbao”
Kapis shell Placuna placenta
Green mussel Perna viridis
Freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata ( “karasu” in Japan for pearl culture)
Glochidia –l arvae of C. plicata that attaches to gills of fish
Tulya Corbicula manilensis
Cagayan clam Cyrena spp.
White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

BlackTiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon
Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Phylum ECHINODERMATA
Classes
Asteroidea Starfish/ Sea stars
Ophiuroidea Brittle stars, basket stars
Echinoidea Sea urchins, heart urchins, sea biscuits, sand dollars
Holothuroidea Sea cucumbers
Crinoidea Sea lilies, feather stars
Concentrycycloidea Sea daisies
SPONGES (Phylum Porifera)

Spicules – individua skeletal elements
Gemmules – internal asexual mass
COELENTERATA (Phylum Cnidaria)
hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, coral
radial symmetry
Planula – larvae of coelenterates
Classes
Hydrozoa hydroids, small jellyfishes
Scyphozoa true jellyfish
Anthozoa sea anemones and corrals
Tides
3 types: Diurnal/Semi-diurnal/Mixed
Spring tide Earth, Moon and Sun are aligned in straight line
very high high tides and very low low tides
Coincides w/ new & full moon
Neap Tides Earth, Moon and Sun are aligned in a right angle
low high tides and high low tides
coincides w/ 1st and last quarter
Tidal Current
Flood current flow of water towards the land w/ the approaching high tide
Ebb current flow of water away from the land w/ the approaching low tide
CLASSESOF LAKES ACCORDING TO ANNUAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS
1. Amictic Never circulates

2. Holomictic Wind driven circulation
Oligomictic - warm-water at all depths are subjected to very little seasonal change
Monomictic lakes – 1 regular period of circulation occurring sometime w/n the year
Dimictic lakes – two mixing periods each year
Polymictic lakes – continuous mixing throughout the year influenced by changing
temperature rather than seasonal change
3. Meromictic - circulation at times but are incomplete
the entire water mass does not participate in the mixing (caused by
salinity differences)/ bottom is anaerobic
HABITAT ASSESSMENT
Assessment methods
1. snorkel survey
2. point-intercept method
3. manta tow method
Coral habitat
1. snorkel survey
2. point-intercept method
3. manta tow method
Seagrass
Transect & Quadrats
Mangroves
Transect & 10x10 Quadrats
Fish Fish visual census/ 50m transect w/ 1 person each side observing 5m
covers 500m2

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MANGROVES

Tangalan Ceriops tagal

Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle

Seagrasses 30 spp. Australia, 16 spp. Phillipines, 15 spp. Vietnam, 13

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

Turtle grass Thallasia testudinum

Great Barrier reef World’s largest coral reef

Tubbataha reef Philippines’ largest coral reef

True/ Stony Corals Scleratinia

CORAL LIFE FORMS

Hermatypic corals Reef building corals

Enemy of corals: Crown of thorn starfish (Acanthaster planci)

Seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii - main source of carrageenan

5 groups of marine mammals

Freshwater crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis

Agiis Hiligaynon tiny bivalve/ cultured in Capiz

White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

SPONGES (Phylum Porifera)

CLASSESOF LAKES ACCORDING TO ANNUAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS

1. Amictic Never circulates

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