Astrophysical Environments Relevant for (↵, n) Reactions

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Yong-Zhong Qian

University of Minnesota

Virtual Workshop on (↵, n) Reactions for Astrophysics

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July 15, 2021

Astrophysical environments relevant for (↵, n) reactions
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1. Neutrino-driven winds in core-collapse SNe

T ⇠ (1–6)⇥109 K
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See Bliss et al. 2020 for speci c reactions

2. Rapidly rotating metal-poor massive stars

13
C(↵, n)16 O at T ⇠ 2 ⇥ 108 K
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3. Weak s-process in massive stars

22
Ne(↵, n)25 Mg at T ⇠ 3 ⇥ 108 K
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4. Metal-free & metal-poor massive stars with p ingestion

13
C(↵, n)16 O, 17
O(↵, n)20 Ne at T ⇠ (2–3)⇥108 K
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fi
 Neutrino Emission from NS Formation

e+ + e ! ⌫ + ⌫¯
N + N ! N + N + ⌫ + ⌫¯
GM 2
⇠ 3 ⇥ 1053 erg
RNS
) ⌫e , ⌫¯e , ⌫µ , ⌫¯µ , ⌫⌧ , ⌫¯⌧

for a Galactic SN at ~10 kpc

~104 events due to
⌫¯e + p ! n + e+
 b Neutrino Emission from a Low-Mass SN
4 100
L/10 Accretion Cooling phase νe
L (10 52 erg s–1)

3 phase
v–e
vμ/τ
2 10–1
L⌫e L⌫¯e
1 >0
h✏⌫e i h✏⌫¯e i
0 10–2
excess ⌫e from e + p ! n + ⌫e
8.8 M
<!> (MeV)

12
10

10
h✏⌫e i < h✏⌫¯e i . h✏⌫µ/⌧ i
8 5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 2 4 6 8
Time after bounce (s) Janka 2012
 6
(a) Lν / 100 (b) Lν / 10 (c) ν
−e
νe

Luminosity (1051 erg/s)

5 νµ/τ
4

0
(d) (e) (f) 18 M
Average energy (MeV)

15

10

-0.05 0.00 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 2 4 6 8 10

tpb (s) Fischer et al. 2010
 Setting n/p in the Neutrino-Driven Wind
n/p > 1 ) Ye < 0.5
Qian et al. 199
Qian & Woosley 199
McLaughlin et al. 199
Horowitz & Li 1999
2
⌫N / (E ⌫ ⌥ np )
✓ 2 ◆
L⌫¯e h ⌫¯e p i hE⌫¯e i
¯e p =
⌫ 2
/ L⌫¯e 2 np
4⇡r hE⌫¯e i hE⌫¯e i
✓ 2 ◆
L⌫e h ⌫e n i hE⌫e i
⌫e n = 2
/ L⌫e + 2 np
4⇡r hE⌫e i hE⌫e i
hE⌫¯2e i hE⌫2e i n
> 4 np ⇡ 5.2 MeV ) > 1
hE⌫¯e i hE⌫e i p
Neutrino Opacities!
Martinez-Pinedo et al. 2012; Roberts & Reddy 2012
3

 Sr,Y, Zr (A~90) produced in the v-driven wind

up to Pd & Ag (A~110) possible, all by QSE & CPR
(Woosley & Hoffman 1992; Arcones & Montes 2011)
• nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE
all strong & electromagnetic reactions in equilibrium
(A Z)n + Zp ⌦ (Z, A) +

• quasi-statistical equilibrium (QSE

clusters of nuclei form & reactions involving n, p,
& alpha in equilibrium within each cluster
(n, ), (p, ), (n, p), (↵, ), (↵, n), (↵, p)

• charged-particle reactions (CPR)

reactions driving ow between clusters
fl
)

 Conditions in the v-driven wind

Ye ⇠ 0.4–0.5, S ⇠ 10–100, ⌧dyn ⇠ 0.01–0.1 s
(Witti et al. 1994; Qian & Woosley 1996
Wanajo et al. 2001; Thompson et al. 2001;
Fischer et al. 2010; Roberts et al. 2010)

Bliss et al. 2018

Bliss et al. 2018

 E ects of Active-Sterile Neutrino Oscillations on the Wind
Xiong et al. 2019

original

⌫e ⌦ ⌫s
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⌫¯e ⌦ ⌫¯s
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ff
Xiong et al. 2019
neutron-capture processes in massive stars & (↵, n) reactions
<latexit sha1_base64="hP/usCt1YZpd5UX87e5DgHDhrew=">AAAB8XicdVBNS8NAEN34WetX1aOXxSJUkJKkpa23gpceK9gPbEOZbLft0s0m7G6EEvovvHhQxKv/xpv/xk1bQUUfDDzem2Fmnh9xprRtf1hr6xubW9uZnezu3v7BYe7ouK3CWBLaIiEPZdcHRTkTtKWZ5rQbSQqBz2nHn16nfueeSsVCcatnEfUCGAs2YgS0ke4KfeDRBC7FxSCXt4tXtYpbrmC7aNtVx3VS4lbLpTJ2jJIij1ZoDnLv/WFI4oAKTTgo1XPsSHsJSM0Ip/NsP1Y0AjKFMe0ZKiCgyksWF8/xuVGGeBRKU0Ljhfp9IoFAqVngm84A9ET99lLxL68X61HNS5iIYk0FWS4axRzrEKfv4yGTlGg+MwSIZOZWTCYggWgTUtaE8PUp/p+03aJTKZZuyvl6YxVHBp2iM1RADqqiOmqgJmohggR6QE/o2VLWo/VivS5b16zVzAn6AevtE/FckHs=</latexit>

Ubiquity of Sr and Ba (Roederer 2013)

Diversity of La/Eu: more than one n-capture process

Simmerer + 2004

solar r-process
 New s-Process star
Mechanism in Rapidly
Rotating Massive Pop II
Stars
Banerjee, Qian, & Heger 2019
Quasi-Chemically Homogeneous
State following core H burning
wind
13
C(↵, n)16 O at T ⇠ 2 ⇥ 108 K
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during core He burning

cf. T ⇠ 0.9 ⇥ 108 K

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in He intershell of AGB stars

Banerjee, Qian, & Heger 2019

CEMP-s CEMP-r/s

CEMP-s CEMP-r/s
s-Process in Massive Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor Star
Banerjee, Qian, & Heger 2018b

Core H burning: initial CNO converted into 14N

Core He burning: 14
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N(↵, )18 F(e+ ⌫e )18 O(↵, )22 Ne

Core He burning & subsequent evolution: 22 Ne(↵, n)25 Mg <latexit sha1_base64="4Am2J+lLX3SZWpAptRakXvhhiNo=">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</latexit>

mainly at T ⇠ 3 ⇥ 108 K
<latexit sha1_base64="jdA8629Suia3f5sCllSaEvVkNJI=">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</latexit>

Similar process in fast-rotating massive metal-poor stars

e.g., Pignatari + 2008; Frischknecht + 2012, 2016
Banerjee, Qian, & Heger 2018b
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25 M , [Fe] = 3
 New Neutron-Capture Site in Massive Pop III and Pop II
Stars as a Source for Heavy Elements in the Early Galax
Banerjee, Qian, & Heger 2018a

Growth of convective He shell during last few years.

Mixing can occur at the convective boundary.
Including overshoot leads to 10-3-10-5 M⊙ of proton ingestion.
Occurs for 20 M⊙≲ M ≲ 30 M⊙.

13
C(↵, n)16 O, 17
O(↵, n)20 Ne at T ⇠ (2–3)⇥108 K
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Studies of similar process in other stellar environments

e.g., Campbell + 2010, Dardelet + 2014, Jones + 2016
 Free Neutrons from Protons

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nn ⇠ 3 ⇥ 1014 cm 3
13C depletion

17O(α,n)20Ne boost
due to T>3x108 K

p ingestion 13C(α,n)16
17O(α,n)20N
V
16O(n,γ)17O
V
16O(n,γ)17O

p transport
12C(p,γ)13N(e+ ν )13C
e
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nn ⇠ 3 ⇥ 1010 cm 3

Mp=10-4 M⊙

•Mixing timescale ~ 5x103 s.

•Initially Yn increases on a timescale of ~ 104 s.
•Then Yn decreases on a timescale of ~105 s.
•Most of the neutrons captured by 16O.
•Primary neutron production
s

 Diversity: Comparison with Observations

Banerjee, Qian, & Heger 2018a
[Z] = °2.5, Mp = 1 £ 10°4 MØ at Odep, Mdil = 300MØ , Eexpl = 1 £ 1050 ergs [Z] = °2.5, Mp = 5 £ 10°4 MØ at Cdep & Odep, Mdil = 100MØ , Eexpl = 1 £ 1050 ergs
3 4

Mdil=300 M⊙ HE2258-6358 Mdil=100 M⊙ HE0338-3945

CS22898-027
2 3

1 2
log ≤

log ≤
0 1

°1 0

Placco et al 2013 Jonsell et al 2006

°2 °1
32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
Z Z

CEMP-r/s star

Proton ingestion ≲106 s before collapse

Low Dilution of ≲ 1000 M⊙

Astrophysical environments relevant for (↵, n) reactions
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1. Neutrino-driven winds in core-collapse SNe

T ⇠ (1–6)⇥109 K
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See Bliss et al. 2020 for speci c reactions

2. Rapidly rotating metal-poor massive stars

13
C(↵, n)16 O at T ⇠ 2 ⇥ 108 K
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3. Weak s-process in massive stars

22
Ne(↵, n)25 Mg at T ⇠ 3 ⇥ 108 K
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4. Metal-free & metal-poor massive stars with p ingestion

13
C(↵, n)16 O, 17
O(↵, n)20 Ne at T ⇠ (2–3)⇥108 K
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fi