Experniment Number- 1

1- Object :-
To show that when random samples are drawn from an universe having
certain percentage of defectives, then approximately the same percentage of
defective, then approximately the same percentage of defectives tend to appear
in repeated samples and to evaluate the percentage variation.

2- Equipments:-
(1) Plastic Container
(2) Product having defectives (Beads of two colours white and red)
(3) Scoop

3- Theory and principle:-

The basic idea in the random sampling is the law of large
numbers. The probability concept states that "a certain mass phenomena have a
tendency towards regularity in behaviour i.e. if samples are drawn from the mass
without any bias, the sample is quite likely to display those characteristics that are
found in whole mass" Therefore, we can say that the finding of the samples are
applicable to whole lot.

4- Method:-
In the box the product (beads of two colour white and red, white-750
and red-250 assuming that red beads are defectives) are kept. These are
thoroughly mixed and a sample of 50, (or 100 or any other number of products)
is taken randomly from the box with the help of scoope. From these samples the
white and red colour beads are counted and noted down in the observation table.
Now the samples are mixed again with products thoroughly and the process is
repeated by sufficient number of times (say 50 to 200 times) The total number of
products both defectives and correct (beads of white and red colours) are also
counted and noted down.
5- Table:-

S.No. No. of defective beads

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
150

Total No. of observation =……..

Total No. defectives in observation =……
Total no of defectives in observation x100
Average percentag =
No.of observation x sample size
6- Result :-
(1) Maximum percentage defective found =......%
(2) Minimum percentage defective found =......%
(3) Variation =…%
(4) Average percentage defective =..%,

7-Conclusion:-
From the above results we find that the percentage defective found
is approximately same as actual and the variation…% represents negligible
variation. However average percentage is more close to the actual percentage
defective, means more samples take the close will be the average percent of
defective in the sample of the actual.
 Experniment Number- 2

1-Object:-
To study and sketch the layout of Machine shop.

2-Equipments:-
1) Measuring Tape 30 meters.
2) Drawing Board, drawing stand etc.
3) Magnetic compass.

3-Theory and Principle:-

Plant layout means the placement of various equipment,
machineries, materials, manpower, plant services etc with in the available area in
the plant. The main object of the plant layout is to place the various equipments,
machineries, materials manpower, plant services etc at such position so that the
maximum possible output of high quality at lowest possible total cost available.
Considerable art and skill is required in designing a good plant layout. A few sound
principle of plant layout, which an engineer must consider before finalizing a plant
layout are:-
1) Integration:- It means the integration of production centers facilities like
workers, machinery, raw materials etc, in a logical and balance manner.
2) Minimum movements and material handling:- The total movements of
workers and materials should be minimised.
3) Smooth and Continuous flow:- It means the arrangement of work stations for
each operation or process should be such that it minimised bottlenecks,
congestion points and back tracking in the process.
4) Cubic space:- It means besides using the floor space, ceiling height should also
be utilised in order to accommodates more material in same floor space.
5) Satisfaction and Safety:- It means working places-safe, well ventilated and free
from dust, noise, fumes, odours and hazardous conditions. It increases the
operating efficiency of workers, improves their moral and leads to satisfaction
among the workers.
6) Flexibility:- It means the machineries, equipments, materials, manpower, plant
services, etc, should be arranged in such a way that to permit the changes of
production process, products etc. at least cost and disturbance.

The final plant layout of any industry depends mainly upon :

(a) Type of industry
(b) Types of product
(c) Volume of production
(d) Production process.

Plant layout is finalised keeping in view the all above mentioned factors. There
are Following method of layout.
1) Line or Product layout:- In this layout only one type of product is produced in
an operating area. The machineries etc in such a layout are arranged in sequence
in which they are to be used. This type of layout is very popular in mass
production.
2) Functional or Process layout:- In this layout one type of process is performed
in as operating area. In such a layout similar machines are arranged in one
operating area and each such operating area or department is only responsible
for carrying out that particular process. This type of layout is very popular for job
order production and non repetitive kind of manufacturing activities.
3) Fixed position layout:- When the products are very huge, such as air craft
shipvessel, pressure vessel, 500W turbine etc, it is very difficult to move product
from one workstation to another. For such products, it is convenient and
economical to brings the tools, machines, etc, to the product and all operations
are done at the same place. This type of layout is called fixed position layout.
4-Method:-
First of all we select the shop for which the layout is to be drawn. We
examinee first the shop and list all the machines and work stations etc. Then by
measuring tape we measure the various distances of each work station/ machines
etc and their position in the shop. Now all the data are plotted on a drawing sheet
or on a tracing paper.

5-Precaution:-
(1) All the measurement should be taken carefully.
(2) Tape should not be loose at any place
(3) As far as possible exact shape (plane) of the machine should be shown in the
layout.
(4) Position of machine should be taken from a fixed point.

6-Result:-
Exact layout is shown in the attached sheet no........
 Experiment Number- 3

1-Object:-
To do the acceptance sampling of the given lot having certain
percentage of defective using single sampling plan and to show the effectiveness
of plan.

2-Equipment :-
1) Plastic Container
2) Beads of three or more than three colour
3) Scoop

3-Theory and principle:-

Cent- percent inspection of materials is often
impracticable and uneconomical. The statistical technique used for solving this
problem is known as Acceptance sampling. Acceptance sampling is a method of
inspection through samples. This method is based on assumption that a certain
amount of variation in material quality is inevitable. The method of taking
samples and extend of defectives allowed is fixed. There are three sampling plan
is used.

4-Single sampling plan:-

In this sampling plan once the samples are drawn from the
lot and inspected. If the number of defectives found is equal or less than the
Acceptance number, the lot is accepted and if the number of defective is found
equal or more than rejection number, the lot is rejected. Sample size, Acceptance
number and rejection number for any lot is depend upon the lot size and
allowable percent defective in the lot also known as Lot Tolerance Permissible
Defective can be had from master tables for single sampling plan.
5-Method:-
In a plastic container 1000 beads are taken as per detail given below
(1) Blue = 40
(2) Red = 25
(3) White = 935
Here we assume that colour beads represent defective in a lot. However, we
assume while considering one colour where as other are assumed to be white or
normal.
Here the lot size is 1000, from the table. We get for 1000 lot size, the sample size
is 50. Then the sample is taken by wooden scoop in which 50 holes is present.
Now we take the sample and count the colour beads and note them in
observation table. Then we return all the beads in plastic container box, mix
thoroughly and then repeat this process 50-100 times.

6-Observation Table:-
S.No. No. of colour beds in sample Remarks
Red Blue Red Blue
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-
-
-
-
100
7-Results and Conclusion:-
Accept or reject the lot from your observation after
comparing it with master table. Calculate the percentage observations we accept
the lot conclude.

8-Precautions:-
(1) Counting of defectives should be done carefully.
(2) Before drawing second scoop, first draw should not be mixed in lot.
(3) Before drawing next sample, previous beads should be mixed in the lot.
(4) Samples should be drawn randomly and unbiased.
(5) Before drawing samples, beads should be mixed thoroughly.
 Experiment Number- 4

1-Object:-
To do the acceptance sampling of the given lot having certain percentage
of defective using Double sampling plan and to show the effectiveness of plan.

2-Equipment:
1) Plastic Container
2) Beads of two colour
3) Scoop

3-Theory and principle:-

Cent-percent inspection of materials is often
impracticable and uneconomical. The statistical technique used for solving this
problem is known as Acceptance sampling. Acceptance sampling is a method of
inspection through samples. This method is based on assumption that a certain
amount of variation in material quality is inevitable. The method of taking
samples and extend of defectives allowed is fixed. There are three sampling plan
is used.

4-Double sampling plan:-

Samples taken from a lot represent the lot and the
defectives found represents the approximate trend of defectives in the lot. In this
small number of sample are taken first and inspected. If there is no defective or it
is negligible as compaired to allowable percent defective, we may say that there
are negligible defectives in the whole lot and lot can be accepted. However if this
number is high enough, this represents that lot can not be accepted and it should
be rejected. Further, if this number is such that we cannot take a firm decision, it
is advisable to take few more samples and combined inspection results of both
samples will decide the acceptability of lot. Thus in this method sampling is done
on two stages. The sample size, acceptance number and rejection numbers for
different lot sizes and allowable percent defective can be had from master table
for double sampling plan.

5-Method:-
In a plastic container 960 white beads and 40 black beads are taken.
Here we assume white beads are correct products and black as a defective ones.
From the master table for double sampling plan we find that first sample size is
50, and the second sample size is also 50. So we draw the 50 samples from lot and
make the observation for 100 samples. Now all these 100 samples are kept black
in the box and fresh samples are drawn and observations are repeated for 20-50
times.

6-Observation Table:-

S.No. Sample Sample Cumulative sample No. of black Remark

size size beads
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
150
7-Result and Conclusion:-
For 1000 lot size in first sample 50 the acceptance
number is 3 and rejection number is 7. From observation table we find that lot is
accepted for and rejected times. Only times times second samples are necessary
and lot is accepted times and rejected times. If the acceptance quality level is 2.5
percent the acceptance number is 2 and rejection number is 5 for first samples
and lot is accepted rejected and rejected times and times. times and times second
samples are necessary and lot is accepted times.

8-Precautions:-
(1) Counting of defectives should be done carefully.
(2) Before drawing second scoop, first draw should not be mixed in lot.
(3) For second sample a cumulative number of defectives should e considered. (4)
Before drawing next sample, previous sample must be mixed in the lot.
(5) Samples should be drawn after thoroughly mixing, randomly and unbiased.
 Experiment Number- 5

1-Object:-
To prepare CPM network diagram taking suitable examples.

2-Theory and Description:-

CPM is used to shedule and control the project and
experience a good amount of saving CPM developed in civilian businen and
engineeing industry were activity timings are relatively well known. CPM is
applicable to both large and small projects taking from space programme’s to
bulding or floors shop. It is widely recognized and as the most and patent
management planning technique. The project is analysis into different activities.
Whose relationships are shown on the network diagram. The network is then
utilised for optimizing the use of resources progress control.

3-Technique:-
1) Breaak down the project into various activities systematcs .
2) Level all the activities .
3) arrange all the activities in the logical activities .
4) Constant the arrow diagram .
5) Number all the event and activities ..
6) Find the time for each activity .
7) Mark the activity times on the arrow diagram .
8) Calculate early and times late, start & finished times .
9) Table various time and mark EST & LFT on the arrow diagram.
10) Calculte total float for each activity .
11) Identity the critical activities and mark the critical path on the arrow diagram.
12) Calculate the total project duration .
13) If it is intended to reduce the total project duration crash the project duration.
14) Optimise the network .
16) Smooth the network resources.
 Experiment Number- 6

1-Object:-
To drawn the X and R chart for samples size 4.

2-Equipment:-
i) Vernier caliper
ii) Bolts,

3- Theory and principle Control charts:-

Control chart is a graphical presentation to
of the collected information. The information pertains to the measured or judged
quality characteristics of the samples. Basically control chart is a diagnostic
technique which detects variation in process and warns if there is any deviations
from specified limits.//The main purpose and advantages of control chart
are://(1) It determines and indcates process, variability and detect unusual
variation coming in the process. (2) It indicates whether the process in under
control or out of control. (3) It ensures quality level. (4) It provides information
about the selection of process and setting tolerance limits. (5) It warns in time,
and if the process is rectified in time, the rejection can be reduced.

4-Types of control charts:-

There three type of control charts which are commonly
used. These are:-

(1) x
̅ and R chart
(2) P – chart
(3) C-chart
 ̅ and 𝑹
(1) 𝐱 ̅ chart:-

This chart is used for variables i.e. on the basis of actual reading
taken.
(2) P-chart:-
This is the control chart for percent defective or fraction defectives. It
is used when the quality is judged as the number of units confirming or not
confirming to the specified specifications.
(3) C- chart:-
This is another method of plotting attribute characteristics. In this the
sample are taken is a single unit and the number of defects are judged on each
unit.

5-Method:-
Five samples are drawn from the each lot and these are inspected for
diameters i.e. diameter of each bolt is measured and recorded in observation
table; separately for each set of samples. From this the average diameter and
range are calculated. From this the upper control limit and lower control limit for
and R charts are calculated by using formula:

UCLx = x
̅ +A2𝑅̅,
LCLx = x
̅ –A2𝑅̅,
UCLR = D4𝑅̅ ,
LCLR =D3𝑅̅

Where x̅ = Overall average diameter,

𝑅̅ = Average spread or range,

A2 , D3 and D4 are constants can be had from statistical Quality Control Tables. For
sample size 4.
 A2 = 0.73,
D3 = 0,
D4= 2.28

These control limits are trial control limits and we check from table that no value
of x and R should be beyond this limit. If no value is beyond this limit then these
limits are final control limits and if there are some limits out of these limits then
fresh values of x̅ , 𝑅̅ , UCLx , LCLx , UCLR , LCLR should be calculated by.
 Experiment Number- 7

1-Object:-
To constract left hand & right hand chart for the assembly of nut and
bolt assembly of washer and nut and bolt for a task of sharpining of pencil with
sharper.

2-Theory and Discription:-

A two handed process chart record the activities of the
left hand and right hand as related to each other. The activity of the two hand can
be sychromished by providing a time scale on the chart such a chart generally a
time scale on the chart such a chart generally for repetative works of shot durtion.

3-Process chart symbols:-

Charts are represented by symbol because process a
better picture & quick understanding of facts. There are basic 5 process sybmol
which are following-

S.No. Event Symbol Discription

1 Operation It present an action. Ex- Cutting a box on
power hacksow.
2 Storage It represent a stage when a finshed wood
or raw material awaits an action or when
an either has been retained for quite some.
Ex- Milling cutter lying in store or
refrigerators is a stock room.
3 Delay or Delay accurs when something steps the
temporary process a product waits for the next event.
storage It is a temporary hold in the process. Ex-
Power failure, waiting for lift.
4 Transport It indicats the movemet of item from one
duration to other. The item may be
equipment material on operator or his
hands only.
5 Inspection It is an art of checking for correct mass of
the quality or the quntity of items. Ex-
Hanging a piston pin etc.
In addition to the basic symbols. There are some symbols for combined activities
also and they are given below the important event has the other symbol.
6 Operation Ex- Articles are being pointed as they are
curve transpoeted by the chain conkeyor.
transformation
7 Inspection Ex- A powder milk tin is being weighted as
cum operation it is filled.

Example:- 1, Job:- Assesmbly nut and bolt

Symbol Right Hand
S.No. Left Hand L.H. R.H.

1 Pick up Bolt Idle

2 Hold Pick up nut

3 Hold To left hand

4 Hold Assembly (Screw up)

Example:-2, Job:- task of sharping a pencil by sharpener

S.No. Description Symbol S.No. Description Symbol
1 Pickup the 1 Delayed / wait
pencil
2 Hold 2 Pickup the
sharpener
3 Insert the 3 Hold
pencil in
sharpener
4 Rotate the 4 Hold
pencil
5 Check for 5 Delay / wait
sharpener
6 Place the 6 Place the
pencil sharpener
Example:-3, Job assembly of washer and nut & bolt
S.No. Left Hand S.No. Right
Hand
Description of the Symbol Description of the Symbol
activities activities
1 To the bolt tray 1 To the washer tray
2 Pickup one bolt 2 Pick up on washer
3 Return to original 3 Return to the idle
position position
4 Holding the bolt 4 Assembly washer
over bolt
5 Idle 5 To the nut tray
6 Idle 6 Pick up the nut
7 Idle 7 Return to initial
position
8 Idle 8 Assembly nut to
the bolt
9 To the assembly 9 Idle
tray
10 Puts the bolt in tray 10 Idle
11 Return the original 11 Idle
position
 Experiment Number- 8

1-Object:-
To constract flow process chart taking suitable example.
2-Theory & Discription:-
A flow process chart is a detailed version of at line is it
records all the chart’s on word sets out require of flow record all the event in
sequence of flow using chart symnbols makrs distance provelled and any time
taken per completing on activity motion either important points. These are 3-
types of flow chart mainly.
 Flow process chart for man
 Flow process chart for material
 Flow process chart for equipment
Example:- 1
1) Flow process chart for an operation.
Job:- Polishing the specimen for metal graphical study.
2) A portion of flow process chart (material type) showing flow of product.
3) Machine equipment flow process chart.
4) Job:- Polishing the specimen for metal graphical study.
Job:-
Polishing the specimen for metal graphical study. 4
4
4
 Start polishing machine speritede thw section of polishing. 24
44
 Compound on rotating in the hand. 4
4
Place the specimen gently on the rotating. 1
4

 Table and polish it, wait for few seconds.

3
 Wash the specimen.
 the specimen.
2
 Wash the specimen. 4
4
 Dry it. 54
44
 Cheek under a microscope deep the specimen in contain. 4
46
44
4
47
44
4
41
44
4
4
4
Example:- 2
A portion of flow process (material types) shaving flow of product.

S.No. Activity Event Distance Time Remark

cm min

1 Casting typing in -- - -
foundry
2 Moved to gas cutting 10 3 By
machine trolly
3 Wait cutting machine - 5
being set
4 Resires cut - 20

5 Wait fortrolly - 10

6 Moved to machine 20 6 By
shop trolly
7 Inspected before - 10
machining
Example:- 3
Machine equipment flow process chart.

 Mix put is motten

 Motoring of biscuit

 Biscuit to oven

 Baking biscuits

 Biscuits cooling tray

 Biscuits cools

 Biscuits to inspection line

 Rejection to inspection pin

 Package corps biscuits

 Package pit into shipping 0

Creativity by ashish Kumar bind