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devices to millions. Compared to NB-IoT, LoRa runs at lower frequencies and in unlicensed

spectrum, saving money on subscription fees but sacrificing quality of service.(Tehrani, et al.,

2018). However, a longer range requires more power if you want to have low latency, which

means a trade-off between latency and power. The LoRa Alliance is promoting LoRa, an

acronym for "Long Range," which is a long-range wireless communications system. This system

is designed to be used in long-lasting battery-powered devices where energy efficiency is critical.

(Augustin et al., 2016).

Remote Controlled Vehicle (RCV)

Remote-controlled vehicles (RCVs) offer a fascinating blend of entertainment, education,

and practical applications. These vehicles, controlled wirelessly, provide an engaging way to

explore the principles of mechanics, electronics, and communication technology. They are

utilized in search and rescue operations, military missions, scientific exploration, and even

agricultural tasks, showcasing their adaptability and usefulness.

RCVs have evolved significantly with advancements in communication technologies.

The utilization of LoRa (Long Range) for communications in a remote control system has been

proven feasible and reliable by other researchers, such as it being chosen as a communications

medium by remote-controlled boat (N. Ramalingam et al., 2019). LoRa's long-range, low-power

capabilities make it ideal for applications requiring extensive coverage without significant

energy consumption. This characteristic is particularly beneficial in large-scale agricultural

settings or extensive search and rescue operations where maintaining a reliable connection over

vast distances is crucial.

applications. Part of the MAX II family, it combines low power use with high performance,

making it suitable for complex systems like data communication and signal processing. Due to

its performance, it is being used in various applications. Research by Wang (2014) used it along

with a microcontroller to create a frequency meter with equal precision. According to him, the

system takes advantages of the FPGA, which has a high speed and a multi-I/O port, and the

MCU, which has a good user interface and has a flexible control functions.

Long Range

Long-range communication is crucial in today's technology-driven world. It allows

people and devices to connect across great distances, making it possible to share information

quickly and efficiently. This capability is crucial for various aspects of modern life, including

business operations, emergency responses, and everyday personal interactions. By enabling

communication over long distances, we can support global connectivity, enhance remote access,

and improve the overall efficiency of technological systems. Whether through satellites, cell

towers, or the internet, long-range communication helps keep our world connected and

functioning smoothly. To enable connectivity for this vast array of devices, many network

technologies have been created, such as Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) for low

power long-distance connections, ZigBee and Bluetooth for indoor connections, and Wi-Fi for

cellular-based connections. The goals of the development of the LoRa and NB-IoT protocols

were to increase the security, energy efficiency, and compatibility of IoT devices. They both

have bidirectional communication capabilities and are made to scale well from a small number of
 Aside from the advantages and benefits offered by LoRa, there are also significant

downsides in using this specific communication system. Signals produced by LoRa, and like

many other radio frequency-based wireless communication systems, can be interupted by various

extraneous variables such as the distance from the transmitter to the receiver, packet size of the

data being sent, and other radio frequency noise present in the vicinity ( H. Rudeš, et.al, 2018).

These external factors can be mitigated such as changing physical variables of the

communication systems such as the spread factor, coding rate, carrier frequency, transmitter

power, and the bandwidth for optimal signal rate and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (B.

Abdallah, et al., 2024).

EPM240T100C5N Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD)

The EPM240T100C5N CPLD serves as the core signal processing unit of the

communication system, providing the necessary processing power and hardware flexibility to

interface with LoRa modules and other system components. The CPLD's programmability

allows for customization and adaptation to specific RCV requirements. The CPLD has 240 LEs

and 80 IO pins that can be fully utilized and programmed to perform various logic and arithmetic

operations and digital signal processing. The said device also has a low working voltage

requirement of 1.8/2.5/3.3v, standby current of approximately 25 µA, and a maximum delay time

TPD of only 4.7 ns which is useful for real-time and fast signal processing (Altera Corporation,

2009). The CPLD can be programmed using the Intel Quartus desktop application with Verilog

HDL as the preferred language to be used due to its familiar C-like syntax and readability.