UNIT-III

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Part-A
1) Find the radius of curvature of the curve y  e at the point where it crosses the Y-axis.
x

Solution:
Given y  e
x
…………………… ……………………..(1)
Since the curve crosses y-axis, x = 0
When x  0, y  e   1
 The point is (0, 1).
 The curve crosses y-axis at (0, 1)
Diff. (1) w.r.t x, we get
dy
y1   ex
dx
Again Diff. (1) w.r.t x, we get
d2y
y2  2
 ex
dx
At the point (0, 1), y1  e  1

y2  e  1
 Radius of curvature


1  y 
2
1
3
2

1  1 2
3

2
3
2
2 2
y2 1
  2 2

2) Find the envelope of y  mx  a 2 m 2  b 2 , where m is a parameter.

Solution:
Given that y  mx  a 2 m 2  b 2 (1)

y  mx  a 2 m 2  b 2
Squaring on both sides we get
y 2  m 2 x 2  2mxy  a 2 m 2  b 2  0
( x 2  a 2 )m 2  2 xym  ( y 2  b 2 )  0 this is a quadratic equation in m
The envelope is given by
B  4 AC  0
2

A  x 2  a 2 , B  2 xy, C  y 2  b 2
4 x 2 y 2  4( x 2  a 2 )( y 2  b 2 )  0
b 2 x 2  a 2 y 2  a 2b 2
 x2 y2
  1 , which is an ellipse
Divided by a 2b 2 we get
a2 b2
3.Find the envelope of x cos   y sin   1 where 𝜽 is the parameter
Solution:
Given x cos   y sin   1 ………….(1)
Differentiating (1) partially w r to 𝜃we get
 x sin   y cos   0 ……………..(2)
Envelope is obtained by eliminating 𝜃 from (1) and (2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2) we get
( x cos   y sin  ) 2  (  x sin   y cos  ) 2 =1
x 2 cos 2   y 2 sin 2   2 xy sin  cos   x 2 sin 2   y 2 cos 2   2 xy sin  cos   1
x2  y2 1
Which is the required envelope

Part-B

1) Show that the evolute of the cycloid x  a  sin  , y  a1  cos  is another cycloid.
Solution:
The given curve is x  a  sin  , y  a1  cos 
These are the parametric equations of the cycloid.
First we shall find y1 and y 2 .

 a1  cos  
dx dy
 a sin 
d d
dy
dy d  a sin  sin 
 y1   
dx dx a 1  cos   1  cos 
d
 
2 sin cos
 2 2  cot 
2  2
2 sin
2

  cos 2  1  2 sin   cos   1  2 sin
2 2
 y1  cot 2
2 
 2 sin 2
 1  cos 
2

d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  d
Now, y 2      .
dx 2 dx  dx  d  dx  dx
d   1
  cot .
d  2  a1  cos  
  1 1
y 2   cos ec 2 . .
2 2 
2a sin 2
2
1
y2  

4a sin 4
2
 
Centre of curvature x, y is given by

x  x   1

 y 1  y12   , y y
1  y 2
1

 y2  y2
   2  
 cot 1  cot 
x  a  sin    
Now, 2  2
 
  1 
 
 4a sin 4  
 
 2
 cos  
 a  sin     2  cos ec 2   4a sin 4  
 sin   2  2
 2
 cos   
 a  sin     2  1  4a sin 4  
 sin  
 sin 2  2

 2  2
 
 a  sin    4a sin cos
2 2
  
 a   sin    2a 2 sin cos 
 2 2

 a  a sin   2a sin   a  a sin   sin   2 sin  cos  

 2 2
 x  a  sin  
 2  
1  cot 
y  a1  cos     2
 
 1 
 4a sin 4  
 2
 a 1  cos    cos ec 2

2
 4a sin 4 
2

4a sin 4 
 a 1  cos    2  a1  cos    4a sin 2 
sin  2 2
2
 
 a1  cos    2a 2 sin 2   a1  cos   2a1  cos 
 2
 y  a1 cos 
But, evolute is the locus of centre of curvature.
  
 Locus of x, y is [replacing x by x and y byy ]
x  a  sin  , y  a1  cos 
This is the required evolute of the cycloid x  a  sin  , y  a1  cos 
x2 y2
2) Find the evolute of the ellipse  1
a 2 b2
Solution:
The parametric form is x  a cos  , y  b sin 

dx dy
  a sin   b cos 
d d
dy
 y1 
dy
 d   b cot 
dx dx a
d
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  d
Now, y 2      .
dx 2 dx  dx  d  dx  dx
d b  1 d 1
  cot  . 
d  a  a sin  dx a sin 

 b   cos ec
 ( cos ec 2 ) .
 a  a
 b cos ec 3
y2 
a2
 
Centre of curvature x, y is given by

x  x   1

 y 1  y12   , y y
1  y  2
1

 y2  y2
b  b2 
cot  1  2 cot 2  
Now, x  a cos 
a  a 
  b cos ec3 
 
 a2 
 b cos    a2   b 2 cos 2  
 a cos    2  cos ec 3 1  2 
a sin   b   a sin 2  
1
 a cos   cos  (a 2 sin 2   b 2 cos 2  )
a
1
 a cos   cos  (a 2 (1  cos 2  )  b 2 cos 2  )
a

a2  b2
x  ( ) cos 3  ………………(1)
a
  b2 
1  2 cot 2  
 a   a2   b 2 cos 2  
y  b sin    b sin     cos ec 3 1  2 
  b cos ec 3   b   a sin 2  
 2

 a 
1
 b sin   sin  (a 2 sin 2   b 2 (1  sin 2  ))
b
 a2
 sin 3   b sin 3 
b

a2  b2
 y  ( ) sin 3  …………….(2)
b
Now eliminating 𝜃 between (1) and (2) we get

1 1
 ax  3   by  3
cos    2  and sin    2
  a  b2


a b
2
  
We know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
2 2
 ax  3
  by  3
1   2 
   2 

a b a b
2 2
 
2 2 2
Therefore we get (a x) 3
 (b y) 3
 (a 2  b 2 ) 3

3) Find the evolute of x  4ay

2

Solution:

The given curve is x  4ay, .

2
(1)
The parametric equation of (1) is x=2at and y  at . First we shall find
2

y1 and y 2
dx dy
 2a  2at
dt dt
dy
dy dt  2at  t
 
dx dx 2a
dt
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt
Now, y2  2      
dx dx  dx  dt  dx  dx
d 1 1
 (t ) 
dt 2a 2a

 
 Centre of curvature x, y is given by
 x  x   1

 y 1  y12  and y  y 
1  y 
2
1

 y2  y2
 
Now,

x  2at  
t 1 t2  
 1 
 
 2a 
x  2at 3 (2)

y  at 2 
1  t 
2

1
2a
y  at 2  2a  2at 2

y  3at 2  2a (3)
Eliminating‘t’ between (2) and (3), we will get a relation involving x and y
From (2), x  2at 3
x
 t3
 2a
x2
2
 t6 (4)
4a

From (3), y  3at 2  2a

y  2a
 t2
3a
( y  2a ) 3
3
 t6 (5)
27a

From (4) and (5), we get

x2 ( y  2a ) 3

4a 2 27a 3
2
27a x  4( y  2a) 3
 
 Locus of x, y is [replacing x by x and y by y]

27ax 2  4 y  2a 
3

This is the required evolute of the parabola x  4ay .

2
4) Find the evolute of the parabola y 2  4ax .
Solution:
The given curve is y 2  4ax . (1)
The parametric equation of (1) is x  at and y  2at . First we shall find
2

y1 and y 2
Now, x  at 2 y  2at
dx dy
 2at  2a
dt dt
dy
dy 2a 1
 y1   dt  
dx dx 2at t
dt
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt
Now, y2      
dx 2 dx  dx  dt  dx  dx
 
d 1 1  dt 1 
  .   
dt  t  2at  dx dx 
 dt 
1 1 1
y2  . 
t 2 2at 2at 3
 
 Centre of curvature x, y is given by

x  x   1

 y 1  y12  
and y  y 
1  y 
2
1

 y2  y2
 1 1 
 1  2 
x  at 2    
Now, t t
 1 
 3 
 2at 
1 1  1
 at 2  1  2 2at 3  at 2  1  2 2at 2  at  2at  2a
2 2

t t   t 

x  3at 2  2a (2)
 1
1  2 
t   2at  1  1 2at 3
y  2at    
1  t2 

2at 3
y  2at  2at 3  2at

y  2at 3 (3)
Eliminating‘t’ between (2) and (3), we will get a relation involving x and y
From (2), x  3at 2  2a
 3at 2  x  2a
x  2a
t2  (4)
3a

From (3),  2at 3  y

y
t3  (5)
2a
Taking power 3 on both sides of equation (4), we get
3
 x  2a 
t  
6

 (6)
 3a 
Squaring both sides of equation (5), we get
2
 y
t  
6

 (7)
 2 a 
From (6) and (7), we get
3 2
 x  2a    y 
   
 3a    2a 
   
x  2a  3


y
2

27a 3 4a 2
x  2a  3


2
y
27 a 4


 4 x  2a  27a y 
3 2

But,evolute is the locus of centre of curvature,

 
 Locus of x, y is [replacing x by x and y by y]
27ay 2  4x  2a 
3

This is the required evolute of the parabola y  4ax .

2

x2 y2
5) Find the envelope of the ellipse   1 , subject to the condition a2+ b2 = c2,c- being a
2 2
a b
constant.
Solution:
x2 y2
  1 (1)
a2 b2
Diff.(1) w.r.t.,a, we get
 2x 2 2 y 2 db
  0
a3 b 3 da
x2 y 2 db
  0
a3 b 3 da
db x 2b 3
 (2)
da y 2a3
a2+ b2 = c2 (3)
Diff. (3) w.r.t. a, we get
db
2a  2b 0
da
db  a
 (4)
da b
From (2) and (4), we get
x 2b3  a
 2 3  By (1),(2).
y a b
x4 y4

a4 b4
x2 y2 x2 y2

a2 b2
a 2
b 2 1
(ie).,  2  2 = 2 = 2
a b a b c 2

x2 1 y2 1
4
 2 4
 2
a c b c
a4  c2 x2 b  c y
4 2 2

a 2  cx b 2  cy

From (2) a2+ b2 = c2

𝑥
xc+ yc = c2
x+y=c.

x y
6) Find the envelope of the family of straight lines   1 , where a and b are connected by the
a b
relation (i) a2+ b2 = c2, (ii) a + b = c.
Solution:
 x y
(i) Given that  1 (1)
a b
a2+ b2 = c2 (2)
Treating b as a function of a
Diff. (1) w.r.t a, we get
x y db
 2
 2 0
a b da
y db x
 
2 da
b a2
db b2 x
 2 (3)
da a y
Diff. (2) w.r.t a, we get
db db a
2a  2b 0  (4)
da da b
b2 x a
From (3), (4)  
2 b
a y
x y

a3 b3

x y x y

a b 1
a  b = =
2 2
a2 b2 a  b c2
x 1 y 1
 
a3 c 2 b3 c2
a3  c2 x b3  c 2 y

   
1 1
a c x 2 3 b  c2 y 3

From (2) a2+ b2 = c2

c 2 x 3 + c y  = c
2 2
2 3 2

 c  x + c  y =
2 2 2
2
 2  3 2 3 3
3 c2
 
2 2 4
2
x3  y3  c c 3
2 2 2
x  y  c3
3 3
 x y
(ii) Given that  1 (1)
a b

a+b=c (2)
Treating b as a function of a

Diff. (1) w.r.t a, we get

x y db y db x
 2
 2 0 
a b da 2
b da a 2
db b2 x
 2 (3)
da a y
Diff. (2) w.r.t toa, we get
db db
1 0  1
da da (4)
From (3) and (4), we get
b2 x x a2
  1  
a2 y y b2
x y
2
 2
a b
x y x y

a
   b a b 1 { From equation (1) and (2)}
a b ab c
x y 1
 2  2  .
a b c
x 1
 2   a 2  xc  a  xc (5)
a c
y 1
2
  b 2  yc  b  yc (6)
b c
Substituting (5) and (6) in (2), we get
xc  yc  c
x c y c c
c  x y c
c
x y  c
c
 x  y  c , This is the required envelope.
 a a
7) Find the centre and circle of curvature of the curve x  y  a at  , 
4 4
Solution:
Given x y a (1)
Diff. (1) w.r.t x, we get
1 1 dy  d 1 d 1 dy 
 0 .  x  , y  .
2 y dx  dx 2 x dx 2 y dx 
2 x 
1
dy 1
 .
2 y dx 2 x
dy 2 y y
  (2)
dx 2 x x
Diff. (2) w.r.t x, we get
 1 dy 1 
 x.  y. 
d2y  2 y dx 2 x 
y2  
dx 2 x
2
 
 x  y y   1 1 y 
       
  
x  2 x 
2 y   2 2 2 x 
 
x x
 a
At the point  a , a  , y1  4  1 and
4 4 a
4
 a 
 1  1 4 
 2 2 a   1 1  4 
     .    1 4   4
y2   4   2 2  a 
 a a
a
 4 
 
 
 
4
 y2 
a
 Centre of curvature x, y is given by  
 y 1  y12
x  x   1
  
, y y
1  y 
2
1

 y2  y2
At  a , a  ,
4 4

x
a   1 1   1

2
   a  a 1  1  a  2a  3a
4  4  4 4 4 4 4
 a 
 a  1   1  a a
2
y      1  1  a  2a  3a
4  4  4 4 4 4 4
 a 

Radius of curvature  
1  y  2
1
3
2

1   1  2
3
2

3
2 2
  a4 
 2 2
2a

a
y2 4 4 2 2
a a

The equation of circle of curvature is given by

x  x  y  y 
2 2
 2
2 2 2
 3a   3a   a 
x    y     
 4  4  2

This is the required equation of circle of curvature.