Chapter 3:

Matrices and Determinant

3.1 Introduction to Matrix

Let us consider the following situation Ato Abra and Ato Yonas have shop distributing pen and books

Shop pen books

Abara 50 40

Nega 30 50

This again can be further represented as following

(5030 4050)

N.B The 1st row shows Ato Abara’s Sale and 2nd rows shows Ato Neg’a sale 1st column shows the number of
pens sold and the 2nd column shows the number of books sold

The given information can conveniently be represented in the form of an arrangement of numbers in rows and
columns; such an arrangement is called a matrix

Definition: - a rectangular r array of numbers is called matrix (the plural form is matrices) , and the numbers
are called the entries of the matrix.

an×m is element or entries of a matrix which is found in the n th row and mth column

Matrices are usually denoted by uppercase letters,A,B,C and so on

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 Convention
Rows are mentioned before column

Example. A= (13, 7 5
4 2 ) this is a 3 by 2 matrix the following are entries of A

a 11=1 a 21=3

a 12=7 a 22=4

a 13=5 a 23=2

Order of a matrix

A matrix with m rows and n columns is mxn matrix The pairs (m,n) is called the size of matrix

Example. Let A denote the matrix

[2 5 7 8]
[5 6 8 9]
[3 9 0 1]

This matrix A has three rows and four columns. We say it is a 3 x 4 matrix.

We denote the element on the second row and fourth column with a 2,4.

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3.2 Types of Matrices

Square matrix

If a matrix A has n rows and n columns then we say it's a square matrix.

In a square matrix the elements ai,i , with i = 1,2,3,... , are called diagonal elements.

Example;-

( )( )
4 7 6
3 4
8 2 1
5 6
3 2 1

Remark. There is no difference between a 1 x 1 matrix and an ordinary number.

Diagonal matrix

A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all de non-diagonal elements 0.

The diagonal matrix is completely defined by the diagonal elements.
Example.
[7 0 0]
[0 5 0]
[0 0 6]

The matrix is denoted by diag(7 , 5 , 6)

Row matrix

A matrix with one row is called a row matrix.

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[2 5 -1 5]

Column matrix

A matrix with one column is called a column matrix.

[2]
[4]
[3]
[0]

Matrices of the same kind

Matrix A and B are of the same kind if and only if

A has as many rows as B and A has as many columns as B

[7 1 2] [4 0 3]
[0 5 6] and [1 1 4]
[3 4 6] [8 6 2]

The transposed matrix of a matrix

The n x m matrix B is the transposed matrix of the m x n matrix A if and only if

The ith row of A = the ith column of B for (i = 1,2,3,..m)
So ai,j = bj,i

The transposed matrix of A is denoted T(A) or AT

T
[7 1 ] [7 0 3]
[0 5 ] = [1 5 4]
[3 4 ]

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0-matrix

When all the elements of a matrix A are 0, we call A a 0-matrix.

We write shortly 0 for a 0-matrix.

An identity matrix I

An identity matrix I is a diagonal matrix with all the diagonal elements = 1.

[1]

[1 0]
[0 1]

[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]

A scalar matrix S

A scalar matrix S is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements all contain the same scalar value.
a1,1 = ai,i for (i = 1,2,3,..n)

[7 0 0]
[0 7 0]
[0 0 7]

The opposite matrix of a matrix

If we change the sign of all the elements of a matrix A, we have the opposite matrix -A.
If A' is the opposite of A then ai,j' = -ai,j, for all i and j.

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A symmetric matrix

A square matrix is called symmetric if it is equal to its transpose.

Then ai,j = aj,i , for all i and j.

[7 1 5]
[1 3 0]
[5 0 7]

A skew-symmetric matrix

A square matrix is called skew-symmetric if it is equal to the opposite of its transpose.

Then ai,j = -aj,i , for all i and j.

[ 0 1 -5]
[-1 0 0]
[ 5 0 0]

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 Equality of Matrix
Two matrices A and B are called equal (A=B) if and only if
1 .Both matrices are of the same order and
2. Their Corresponding entries are equal

A= (17 25) B= (12 75) C= (12 57) D= (73) E= (7, 3) d=8

A≠ B, B, ≠ C , A≠ C

Example :- if A= ( ac db) B= (28 79)

If A=B then a =2❑ b=7❑ c=8 and d= 9

Example2: if (−43 x+ 5
2 ) = ( y +3 4 2
z−1 )
Find the value of x,y and z

Example3; - if (5 x−z
x+ y
+2
3 x−2 y
2 y−1 ) = (32 −1
3)find x, y, z

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3.3 Matrix Operations
3.3.1 Addition
Definitions : If A and B are any two matrix of the same size, the sum A+B is the matrix obtained by adding
together the corresponding entries in the two matrix matrixes of different size cannot be add
Consider the following sales information by two shops C and D for months of Meskerem and Tikemet 2005
Meskerem 2005
candy soft drink
Slop C 200 300
Slop D 600 200
Tikemet 2005
Candy soft drink
Slop C 400 100
Slop D 700 200
To find the total sales by the two shops we can add the matrices representing the sale

Total candy soft drink

Slop C 600 100
Slop D 1300 400

Example;- consider the following matrices

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 1.If A= (ba c e
d f ) B= ( xg, y, z
h k )
Then A+B= (ba++ xg c+ y e + z
d+ h f + k )
2. If A=(
2 9) (123 104 ) (7+2+312 )
7 6 6+10
B= A+B =
9+4

=(
5 13 )
19 16

Exercise 1.Find a, b, c if (a, b, c) + (c, a, b) = (3, 2, 1,)

3.3.2 Subtraction of Matrix

Two Matrix can only subtracted if they are of the same order

Example :- let A= (72 69) B= (124 103 ) then

a. A-B = (7−12
2−4 9−3 ) (−2
6−10
=
−5 −4
6 )
b. B-A = (
2 −6 )
5 4

Properties of matrix Addition

a. Closure Property

If A and B are matrix of the same order, then their sum i. e A+B is also a matrix of the same order

b. Commutative property

if A and B are matrix of the same order then

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A+B=B+A

c. Associative property

if A, B and C are three matrix of the same order then

(A + B ) + C = A + ( B + C )

d. If 0 is the null matrix of the same order of the matrix A. then A + 0 = 0 +A =A

Ex. (32 78) + (00 00) = (32 78)

e. Additive inverse

Corresponding to each matrix, there is one and any one matrix which when added to it gives a null matrix

Let X: ( 42 −1 5
−3 1 )
let X be 2x3 maxtix

A+B=0

( 42 −1 5
3 1
+ ) (
a b c
d e f
=
0 0 0
0 0 0 ) ( )
a = 4, b = 1 c = -5

d= -2, e = 3 F=-1

A= (−1
−2
, 1, −5
3 −1 )
∴ is called additive inverse of the matrix A

Exercise 1

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 ( ) ( )
2 3 7 −3 5 2
1, If A= 5 4 9 and B = 1 5 −3
6 2 5 2 4 6

Find a, A+B b, A – B C, B – A

2. If ( a4 32) + (21 −2b ) - (−21 1c) = (57 03) find the value of a,b and c
3. Find the additive inverse of

( )
1 7 3
A. (
−2 7
3 −5 ) B. −2 5 1
8 −3 −12

3.3.3 Scalar Multiplication of Matrix

When dealing with matrix real number are often referred as scalars

The product of real l number k and a matrix A is the matrix in which each entry is k time the
corresponding entry of A it is denoted by KA.

If A = ( ad b c
e f )
then KA =
ka kb kc
kd ke kf( )
Properties of scalar multiplication of matrix

If m & n are two scalar and A & B matrix of the same order

a. (m + n) A = mA +nA
b. n(A+B)=nA+nB

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 ( ) ( )
5 2 2 2
Exercise:-Let A = 4 3 B= 1 4
0 1 3 5

Find 2A and 3B

3.3.3 Multiplication of matrix

Multiplication of the matrix A and B which is donated of AB is possible only when the number of column of
A is equal to the number of rows of B.

N.B: The order of A B is given from number of row of A by number of columns of B

If A is nxm and B is mxr if m then AB = nxr

Multiplication of a row matrix by a column matrix

This multiplication is only possible if the row matrix and the column matrix have the same number of
elements. The result is a ordinary number ( 1 x 1 matrix).
To multiply the row by the column, you have to multiply all the corresponding elements, then make the sum
of the results.
Example.

[1]
[2 1 3]. [2] = [19]
[5]

Multiplication of two matrices A.B

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This product is defined only if A is a (l x m) matrix and B is a (m x n) matrix.
So the number of columns of A has to be equal to the number of rows of B.
The product C = A.B then is a (l x n) matrix.
The element of the i-th row and the j-th column of the product is found by multiplying the ith row of A by the
jth column of B.
ci,j = sumk (ai,k.bk,j)
Examples.
[1 2][1 3] = [5 7]
[2 1][2 2] [4 8]

[1 3][1 2] = [7 5]
[2 2][2 1] [6 6]

[1 1][2 2] = [0 0]
[1 1][-2 -2] [0 0]

[ 1, 3, 2 ] [ 3, -1, 4 ] [ 1, 16, 5 ]
[ 4, 5, 3 ] [ -2, 3, 1 ] = [ 8, 23, 18 ]
[ 2, 2, 1 ] [ 2, 4, -1 ] [ 4, 8, 9 ]
From these examples we see that the product is not commutative and that there are zero divisors. Zero
divisors are matrices different from a zero matrix, such that the product is a zero matrix.

Application

A matrix A is called idempotent if and only if A2 = A.

Given:

[1 b c]
A = [0 0 2]
[0 0 1]

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 ( )
1 0 0
N.B: ( )
1 0
0 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
matrix of this kind is called an identify matrix and is donated by I, if it is important

to emphasize the size we short write In for nxn identify matrix set of nxn matrix ,

Definition: (Power of Matrices)

Let A be a square matrix then A multiplied by it is self denoted e by AA= A2

Exercise le. A = (13 04 ) find A2

Definition: A square Matrix A is said to be non – singular or invertible if there exist a square matrix B such
that AB= BA= I then A is said to be invertible and B is called an inverse of A

Example: if B = (31 52) is an inverse of A = (−12 −5

3 )

AB = (31 52) (−12 −5

3 ) ( )
=
1 0
0 1

BA = (−12 −5
3 ) (31 52) = (10 01)
B is inverse of A

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Exercise 1 let A = (−12 30) B= ( ac db)
If B is inverse of A find a, b, c & d

Exercise2;- show that Ais inverse of B if A = (21 53) and B = (−13 −5

2 )

( ) ( )
1 0 2 −11 2 2
Exercise 3;- show that A = 2 −1 3 and B= −4 0 1 are
4 1 8 6 −1 −1

Inverses of each other.

Note: an invertible matrix has exactly one inverse.

Elementary row Operation

Consider the matrix

A= ( 14 2 3
5 6 ) B= ( 41 5 5
2 3 )
Matrix B is obtained from A by inter changing y in 1 st and 2nd row

C= (23 1 3
4 5 ) D= (63 3 9
4 5 )
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Matrix D is obtained from B by multiplying 1st row by 3

E= (21 3 4
3 2 ) F= (27 3 4
12 14 )
F is obtained from E by multiplying 1st row of E by 3 adding it to the 2nd row

Such operation on rows of matrix as described about are called elementary row operations similar we can
define elementary column operator but in this topic we are on going to deal on elementary operation on row

- An elementary row operation is of the following there types

- Type I : The interchange of any rows (ri ↔rj)
- Type II: The multiplication of any row by anon – Zero number ( r i → kri)
- TypeII: the addition of multiple of one row to the other row(r i → ri+krj)

Remark:-The matrix A is said to in echelon form if element below the diagonal are zero

Any matrix can be reduced to echelon form by elementary row operation the procedures is as follows

Step 1. Reduce (1,1)th place to unity by using some elementary row operation

Step2. Reduce the entire element in the first column below the first row to zero with the help of unity
obtained in first step

Step 3. Reduce the element in (2,2)th place to unity by using suitable elementary row operation

Step 4. Reduce all the element in 2nd column below 2nd row to zero with the help of unity obtained in step 3
preceding this way any matrix can be reduced to echelon form

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