Aw 14

Chapter 21. Arctic Weather ................................................................................................................
21-1
21.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 21-1
21.2 Climate, Air Masses, and Fronts ......................................................................................... 21-2
21.2.1 Long Days and Nights ................................................................................................. 21-2
21.2.2 Land and Water ........................................................................................................... 21-3
21.2.3 Temperature ................................................................................................................ 21-3
21.2.4 Clouds and Precipitation .............................................................................................. 21-3
21.2.5 Wind ........................................................................................................................... 21-3
21.2.6 Air Masses—Winter .................................................................................................... 21-3
21.2.7 Air Masses—Summer.................................................................................................. 21-4
21.2.8 Fronts .......................................................................................................................... 21-4
21.3 Arctic Peculiarities.............................................................................................................. 21-4
21.3.1 Effects of Temperature Inversion ................................................................................. 21-4
21.3.2 Light Reflection by Snow-Covered Surfaces ................................................................ 21-4
21.3.3 Light from Celestial Bodies ......................................................................................... 21-4
21.4 Arctic Weather Hazards ...................................................................................................... 21-4
21.4.1 Fog and Ice Fog ........................................................................................................... 21-4
21.4.2 Blowing and Drifting Snow ......................................................................................... 21-5
21.4.3 Frost ............................................................................................................................ 21-5
21.4.4 Whiteout ..................................................................................................................... 21-5
Chapter 22. Thunderstorms ................................................................................................................. 22-1
22.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 22-1
22.2 Necessary Ingredients for Thunderstorm Cell Formation ..................................................... 22-2
22.3 Thunderstorm Cell Life Cycle ............................................................................................. 22-2
22.4 Thunderstorm Types ........................................................................................................... 22-3
22.5 Factors that Influence Thunderstorm Motion ....................................................................... 22-5
22.6 Thunderstorm Terminology ................................................................................................ 22-6
22.7 Hazards .............................................................................................................................. 22-7
22.7.1 Low Ceiling and Visibility........................................................................................... 22-7
22.7.2 Lightning..................................................................................................................... 22-7
22.7.3 Downburst and Microburst .......................................................................................... 22-7
22.7.4 Convective Turbulence .............................................................................................. 22-19
22.7.5 Convective Icing ....................................................................................................... 22-19
22.7.6 Hail ........................................................................................................................... 22-19
22.7.7 Rapid Altimeter Changes ........................................................................................... 22-19
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Chapter 21. Arctic Weather ................................................................................................................

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