Class 26 Unit 3

Left shunt rectifier supported DVR connected system: 3-leg

VSC-based DVR.
vMa
ZSa vSa vCa vLa
iSa
vMb Tr vCb Three
ZSb vSb vLb
Phase
iSb Critical
vMc vLc Load
ZSc vSc vCc
iSc

AC/DC
VSI
converter

Right shunt rectifier supported DVR connected system: 3-leg

VSC-based DVR.
vMa
ZSa vSa vCa vLa
iSa
vMb
ZSb vSb Tr
vCb vLb Three
Phase
iSb Critical
vMc Load
ZSc vSc vCc vLc
iSc

AC/DC
VSI
converter

Which one of the above two structures is better?

If the connecting lines and the secondary winding of the coupling transformer are
considered perfectly ideal, there is no difference in the structures; otherwise, the left shunt
rectifier structure is better.

BESS supported DVR connected system: 3-leg VSC-based DVR.

vMa vLa
ZSa vSa vCa
iSa
vMb Tr Three
ZSb vSb vCb vLb
Phase
iSb Critical
vMc vLc Load
ZSc vSc vCc
iSc

Battery
DC/DC

+
-

Hybrid Power Filters

Power quality problems in distribution systems
Voltage quality problems
Current quality problems
• Increased rms supply current.
• Increased losses (low system efficiency).
• Poor power factor.
• Poor utilisation of the distribution system.
• Heating of components of the distribution system.
• Derating of the distribution system.
• Distortion in voltage waveform at PCC
• The Interference to the communication system.
 • Disturbance to nearby consumers etc.
Single Solution is the Hybrid Power Filters
The shunt active power filter component of UAPF provides
• harmonics elimination
• reactive power compensation along with load balancing,
• neutral current compensation
The series active power filter component of UAPF keeps the load
end voltage insensitive to the supply voltage quality problems
such as
• Harmonics
• sag/swell,
• surges,
• spikes,
• notches or
• unbalance etc.
Development
• Varying configurations,
• Advanced control strategies,
• Solid state devices,
• Improved sensor technology: Hall Effect current and voltage
sensors,
• Microelectronics revolution: microcontrollers and DSPs
Classification of UAPF
Converter type,
➢ current source converter (CSC) bridge structure
➢ voltage source converter (VSC) bridge structure.
Topology configurations,
 ➢ combinations of active series and active shunt power filter
➢ combinations of active series and passive power filter
Supply systems
➢ two-wire (single-phase)
➢ three-phase three-wire systems
➢ four-wire three-phase systems.

Hybrid Filters

Single-Phase Three-Phase Three-Wire Three-Phase Four-Wire

Passive-Passive Active-Active Passive-Passive Active-Active Passive-Passive Active-Active

Passive-Active Passive-Active Passive-Active

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Series (PFss) and

Passive-Shunt (PFsh) Filters
Zs PFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh Loads
Mains
Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Shunt (PFsh) and
Passive-Series (PFss) Filters
Zs PFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh Loads
Mains

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Series (PFss1),

Passive-Shunt (PFsh) and Passive-Series (PFss2) Filters.
Zs PFss1 PFss2

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh Loads
Mains

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Shunt (PFsh1),

Passive-Series (PFss) and Passive-Shunt (PFsh2) Filters.

Zs PFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh1 PFsh2 Loads
Mains
Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Series Connected Passive-
Series (PFss) and Active-Series (AFss) Filters.
Zs PFss AFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
Mains Loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Parallel Connected Passive-

Series (PFss) and Active-Series (AFss) Filters.
PFss
Zs

is
AC vs AFss Nonlinear
Mains Loads

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Active-Shunt (AFsh) and

Passive-Series (PFss) Filters.
Zs PFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
AFsh Loads
Mains
Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Active-Shunt (AFsh) and
Passive-Shunt (PFsh) Filters.
Zs

is
AC vs Nonlinear
Mains AFsh PFsh Loads

For the complete list of possible combinations, refer to Chapter

11, Al-Haddad, Kamal_ Chandra, Ambrish_ Singh, Bhim - Power
Quality_ Problems and Mitigation Techniques-Wiley (2015)
 Universal Active Power Filters (UAPF) or Unified Power
Quality Compensators (UPQC)
(a combination of shunt and series compensators)
Note: Here, both shunt and series APF are present; additionally,
a passive filter can also be incorporated.
A VSC-based unified power quality compensator.

A right shunt UPQC as a combination of DSTATCOM and DVR

A left shunt UPQC as a combination of DSTATCOM and DVR

Single-phase (Voltage source)
vfse iL
Load
ish
is

Vsdc

4KVA
0.8 pf
Square wave inverter

230 V, 50 Hz

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

3-phase (Voltage source)

Zsa
vfsea isa iLa idc

vsa

Zsb vfseb isha i iLb

C r Rr sb
n
vsb

Zsc
vfsec ishb isc iLc
Cr Rr

vsc
25 kW
Cf Rf
415 V, 50 Hz ishc
Lr Lr Lr Lf Lf Lf

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Thyristor or SCR
Conditions for turn-OFF of thyristor:
• Reversed biased.
• Sufficient time to regain its blocking capability.
• Forward current should be reduced less than holding current.
Condition for turn-ON of thyristor:
• Forward biased.
• Forward current should be higher than latching current.

FACTS Devices
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a
system composed of static equipment used for the alternating
current (AC) transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to
enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of
the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
Shunt Compensators
1. Static Var Compensator
It is a shunt type controller which controls the power flow in
transmission system and improves the transient stability of
power grids. This controller regulates the voltage at its
terminals by controlling the amount of reactive power
injected into or absorbed from the power system.
 SVRs

When the system voltage is low, SVC generates the reactive

power and when the voltage is high it absorbs the reactive
power. The reactive power is varied by switching the three-
phase inductor and capacitor banks. SVCs are basically
thyristor controlled reactive power devices and common
types of SVC are given below.

(a) Thyristor controlled Reactor (TCR)

It is a shunt connected static var absorber or generator. It
consists of a fixed reactor in series with bidirectional
thyristor switches. The impedance of this device varied in
a continuous manner by varying the conduction angles of
thyristors.
The output of this device is adjusted to change inductive
current. It maintains and controls the parameters (typically
a bus voltage) of the power system.
 TCR

Control of reactive power by controlling conduction of

thyristor is continuous manner

The amplitude ILF(α) of the fundamental reactor current

iLF(α) can be expressed as a function of angle α:

(b) Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)

It consists of a shunt connected capacitor which is
connected in series with bidirectional thyristor switches.
The impedance or reactance of this device is varied in a
stepwise manner by controlling the thyristors either in a
zero or full conduction operation. No harmonics current
generation.
 TSC

(c) Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR)

It is a special case of a TCR where phase control of the
current is not exercised, instead the reactor is switched such
that thyristors are either fully ON or OFF as in case of TSC.
The advantage of TSR over TCR is that no harmonics
current generation. Also, this controller uses thyristors
without firing control and hence lower cost.
The reactive compensation control in electric power system
uses the above stated SVC types in different configuration,
such as combination of TCR and TSC, combination of TCR
and TSC with filter circuit.

2. STATCOM
STATCOM means static synchronous compensator and it has
the similar characteristics to that of synchronous condenser,
but it has no inertia as it is an electronic device.
It consists of a solid-state voltage source inverter coupled
with a transformer and this arrangement is tied to a
transmission line. This arrangement supplies or draws
reactive power at a faster rate compared with synchronous
motor condenser.
This controller injects the current almost in quadrature with
the line voltage, so that it matches a capacitive or an inductive
reactance at the point where it is connected. STATCOM can
 be either voltage source or current source-based controller but
mostly voltage source is preferred.

𝑉 − 𝑉0
𝐼=
𝑋
𝑉0
1−
𝑄= 𝑉 𝑉2
𝑋

STATCOM

If the amplitude of the output voltage is increased above that

of the ac system voltage, then the current flows through the
tie reactance from the converter to the ac system, and the
converter generates reactive (capacitive) power for the ac
system. If the amplitude of the output voltage is decreased
below that of the ac system, then the reactive current flows
from the ac system to the converter, and the
converter absorbs reactive (inductive) power. If the amplitude
of the output voltage is equal to that of the ac system voltage,
the reactive power exchange is zero.

Series Compensators
1. Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
The operating principle of the TSSC is straightforward: the
degree of series compensation is controlled in a step-like
manner by increasing or decreasing the number of series
capacitors inserted. A capacitor is inserted by turning off, and
it is bypassed by turning on the corresponding thyristor valve.

2. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

It is a capacitive reactance compensator. It consists of a series
capacitor bank which connected in parallel with a thyristor-
controlled reactor that provides a smooth variable series
capacitive reactance. The basic idea behind the TCSC scheme
is to provide a continuously variable capacitor by means of
partially cancelling the effective compensating capacitance
by the TCR.