CS‐304 MCQS+SHORT ANSWER

QUESTION FILE FOR FINAL

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CS-304 FINAL TERM NOTCE BY
MOHSIN CHINIOTI
03137248280
[email protected]
Q 1: Write the names of two types of Templates.

1: Function Templates, 2: Class Templates

Q 2: Can a constructor throw an exception? How to handle the errors, when the constructor fails?

Yes, Constructor can throw an exception But In constructor if an exception is thrown than all objects
created so far are destroyed. Exception due to constructor of any contained object or the constructor of a
parent class can be caught in the member initialization list.

Q 3: Why these operators cannot be overloaded? (. , .* , ?: , ::)

They take actual current object name, rather than value in their argument.

Q 4: What is graceful termination method of Error handling; give its example using C++.

Program can be designed instead of unusual termination, that causes the wastage of resources, program
performs clean up tasks, mean we add check for expected errors (using if conditions), Example – Graceful
Termination

Int Quotient (int a, int b) {

If (b == 0) {cout << “Denominator can’t “<< “be zero” << endl;

// Do local clean up
Exit (1) ;}
Return a / b ;}

Q 5: How can you describe Virtual destructor? Why Virtual destructor is used?
When delete operator is applied to a base class pointer, base class destructor is called. Only base class
object will be deleted other parts will remain than as a result in memory leakage (wastage of memory),
Virtual Destructors make it possible that complete object will be deleted so there is no memory leak
(waste of memory).

Q 6: Motor car can be called a good candidate for being an object so, this object contains
Encapsulation characteristic. You are required to apply the concept of Encapsulation on “Motor
Car”.
Yes Motor Car is a good candidate for apply the concept of encapsulation In Motor Car we have the
following Objects which fully describes the phenomena of encapsulation.
1. Steer Wheels 2. Accelerate 3. Change Gear 4. Apply Brakes 5. Turn Lights On/Off
In encapsulation we just provide the user an interface and hide the Full implementation because user don’t
want to know the implementation he just want about his work should be done perfectly.

Q 7: What do you know about exception in initialization? Explain with example.

Exception due to constructor of any contained object or the constructor of a parent class can be caught in
the member initialization list. The programmer may want to catch the exception and perform some action
to correct the problem. For example,
Student::Student (String aName): name (aName) P-1
/*the constructor of String can throw a exception*/
{ ...
}

Q 8: How can we set the default values for non type parameters?
We can set default value for these non type parameters, because we can passed parameters in ordinary
functions,
Template< class T, int SIZE = 10 >
Class Array { Private: T ptr
[SIZE]; Public:
Void doSomething ();
…}

Q 9: Explain the statement vector <int> ivec (4, 3).

This would create a vector of four elements, each one initialized to 3. Ivec looks like this: 3 3 3 3

Q 10: Tell the procedure of making a class abstract in C++ by giving an example.
In C++, we can make a class abstract by making its function(s) pure virtual. On the other hand a class
with no pure virtual function is a concrete class. For example, Class Shape {
…
Public:
Virtual void draw () = 0 ;}

Q 11: Write down a list of four intangible objects?

1. Time: 2. Light: 3. Intelligence: 4. Temperature: 5.software:

Q 12: Give the pseudo code of non case sensitive comparison function of string class.
Int caseSencompare (char* str1, char* str2) {
For (int i = 0; i < strlen (str1) && i < strlen (str2); ++i)
If (str1 [i]! = str2 [i])
Return str1 [i] - str2 [i];
Return strlen (str1) - strlen (str2) ;}

Q 13: Describe three properties necessary a container to implement generic algorithms. We

declare that this algorithm is generic, because it works for any aggregate object (container) that
defines following three operations
a. Increment operator (++) b. Dereferencing operator (*) c. Inequality operator (! =)

Q 14: Mobile is a good entity for being an object. Write characteristics, behavior and unique ID.
Characteristics: Buttons, Battery, Screen
Behavior: Calling, Sending Message, Internet, Multimedia
Unique ID: Nokia
Q 15: What are the container requirements? Write details.
As each container need to perform certain operations on the elements like their copy or their comparison
and their sorting, so the elements that we add in containers should provide these kind of basic functions.
Examples of these functions are given below,
When an element is inserted into a container, a copy of that element is made using, P-2 Copy
Constructor or Assignment Operator.
Containers and many algorithms compare elements.
C++ does not provide function of comparison operator (==) or less than operator (<) by itself so we have
to provide these function in element class if we use containers.

Q 16: Resolve problems in overloading assignment operator in string class.

The problem in statement str1=str2=str3 is resolved as:
str1= (str2 = str3) Assignment operator is called two times one for part str2 = str3 and then for str1 =
(str2 = str3) as assignment operator is right associate so first str2=str3 will be executed, and str2 will
become equal to str3,

Q 17: What is random-iterator? What relation b/w random iterator and vector.
Random Access Iterators: -
They have all the capabilities of bidirectional Iterators plus they can directly access with element of a
container. Vectors are as a smart array. They manage storage allocation for you, accessing elements with
the [] operator. Such random access is very fast with vectors. It’s also fast to add a new data item in the
end of the vector. When this happens, the vector’s size is automatically increased to hold the new item.

Q 18: Write three important features of virtual functions.

These are one of the core components of C++ and enable different specializations of a base class. An
important feature of the virtual function mechanism is that it is truly dynamic.

Q 19: Describe the salient feature of abstract class.

Abstract class’s objects are used for interface and implementation, we can make a class abstract by
making its function(s) pure virtual. On the other hand a class with no pure virtual function is a concrete
class.

Q 20: Give the name of three operation that a cursor or iterator generally provide.
T* first ()
T* beyond ()
T* next (T*)

Q 21: What do you know about function Template?

Function templates are used in the same process with different data types. In function templates we cannot
change implementation from data type to data type.

Q 22: Give the basic difference between iterator and cursors?

A cursor is a pointer that is declared outside the container / aggregate object. In case of cursors we were
using ordinary data type pointer but in case of Iterators we will use container pointers without exposing
their internal details.

Q 23: least one advantage and Disadvantage of Template.

Advantages: Templates provide • Reusability • Writ ability
Disadvantages: • Can consume memory if used without care. P-3

Q 24: Define composition and give its example with coding.

An object may be composed of other smaller objects, the relationship between the “part” objects and the
“whole” object is known as Composition. Example Ali is made up of different body parts;

Q 25: what are container classes? How many types of container classes are there?
Container is an object that contains a collection of data elements. STL (Standard Template Library)
provides three kinds of containers,
1. Sequence Containers: 2. Associative Containers: 3. Container Adapters:

Q 26: what is virtual inheritance?

In virtual inheritance there is exactly one copy of the unnamed base class object. It can be used in the
situations when programmer wants to use two distinct data members.

Q 27: Can a constructor throw exception? If it fails, how should this error is handled? One-stage
constructors should throw if they fail to fully initialize the object. If the object cannot be initialized, it
must not be allowed to exist, so the constructor must throw.

Q 28: Define inheritance and give its example.

Major benefit of inheritance is reuse. In C++ we can inherit a class from another class in three ways,
• Public
• Private
• Protected Inheritance represents “IS A” relationship for example “a student IS A person”.

Q 29: What is constructor?

Constructor is used to initialize the objects of a class. Constructor is used to ensure that object is in well
defined state at the time of creation.

Q 30: Define static and dynamic binding.

Static binding means that target function for a call is selected at compile time. Dynamic
binding means that target function for a call is selected at run time.

Q 31: Fill in the blanks below with public, protected or private keyword.
Answer:
Public members of base class are _____ public _____ members of derived class.
Protected members of base class are _____ protected _____members of derived class.

Q 32: What is the difference (if any) between the two types of function declarations?
Template function_declaration;
Template function_declaration; P-4
The format for declaring function templates with type parameters is:
Template <class identifier> function_declaration;
Template <typename identifier> function_declaration;
The only difference between both prototypes is the use of either the keyword class or the keyword
typename. Both expressions have exactly the same meaning and same way.

Q 33: State any two reasons why the virtual methods cannot be static?
The virtual method implies membership; a virtual function cannot be a nonmember function. So a virtual
function is not static, a virtual function declared in one class can be declared a friend in another class.

Q 34: Give three advantages that Iterators provide over Cursors.

a. With Iterators more than one traversal can be pending on a single container
b. Iterators allow changing the traversal approach without changing the aggregate object
c. They contribute towards data abstraction

Q 35: Is it possible to have Virtual Constructor? Justify your answer.

There is nothing like Virtual Constructor. The Constructor can’t be a virtual because the constructor is a
code which is responsible for an occurrence of a class.
Q 36: Give the name of two cases when you MUST use initialization list as opposed to assignment in
constructors.
Both non-static const data members and reference data members cannot be assigned values; instead, you
should use initialization list to initialize them.

Q 37: In which situation do we need to implement Virtual inheritance? Explain with an example. In
multiple inheritance while solving diamond problem virtual inheritance need to implement. It can be used
in the situations when programmer wants to use two distinct data members inherited from base class. For
example, Class Vehicle { Protected:
Int weight;
};
Class LandVehicle: public virtual Vehicle { };
Class WaterVehicle: public virtual Vehicle {
};

Q 38: if iter is an iterator to a container. Write an expression that will have the value of the object
pointed to by iterator, and will then cause iterator to point to the next element. *iter++

Q 39: Describe three problems with multiple inheritance

If more than one base class has a function with same signature then the child will have two copies of that
function.
Calling such function will result in doubt.

Q 40: Sort data in the order in which compiler searches a function. Complete specialization, generic
template, Partial specialization, Ordinary function.
First of all compiler will look for complete specialization. If it cannot find any required complete
specialization then it searches partial specialization. In the end it searches some general template.

Q 41: Give the names of two types of containers basically known as first class containers. Sequence
and associative containers are referred to as a first-class container.
Q 42: Describe the way to declare a template function as a friend of any class.
Rule 4 says that when we declare a template as friend of any class then all kinds’ specializations of that
function – explicit, implicit and partial, also becomes friends of the class granting friendship.

Q 43: Explain two benefits of setter functions.

1- It minimize the changes to move the objects in irregular states
2- You can write checks in your setter functions to check the validity of data entered by the user, For
example age functions check to calculate the age from date entered.

Q 44: Consider the code below,

Template< typename T >
Class T1 { Public: T i;
Protected:
T j; P-5
Private:
T k;
Friend void Test () ;};
This code has a template class T1 with three members i, j and k and a friend function Test (), you have to describe
which member/s of T1 will be available in function Test ().
Answer:
All of them (i, j, k) will be available in function Test ().

Q 45: What do you mean by Stack unwinding?

The flow control (the order in which code statements and function calls are made) as a result of throw
statement is referred as “stack unwinding”

Q 46: What would be the output of this code?

Class mother { Public:
Mother () {
Cout << "mother: no parameters\n";}
Mother (int a) {
Cout << "mother: int parameter\n";}};
Class daughter: public mother { Public:
Daughter (int a) {
Cout << "daughter: int parameter\n\n";}}; P-6
Class son: public mother {public:
Son (int a): mother (a) {
Cout << "son: int parameter\n\n";}};
Int main () {
Daughter Rabia (0);
Son salman (0);
Return 0 ;} Answer:
Mother: no parameters
Daughter: int parameter
Mother: int parameter
Son: int parameter

Q 47: Enlist the kinds of association w. r. t Cardinality. With

respect to cardinality association has the following types,
a. Binary Association b. Ternary Association c. N-ary Association
Q 48: Give the differences between virtual inheritance and multiple inheritances.
In Multiple Inheritance, if more than one base class has a function with same signature then the child will
have two copies of that function; But In virtual inheritance there is exactly one copy of the unnamed base
class object.

Q 49: What is the output produced by the following program?

#include<iostream.h>
Void sample_function (double test) throw (int);
Int main () { Try
{
cout <<”Trying.\n”; sample_function (98.6); Cout
<< “Trying after call.\n” ;} catch (int) { Cout <<
“Catching.\n” ;} cout << “End program.\n”; Return
0 ;} void sample_function (double test) throw (int) {
Cout << “Starting sample_function.\n”;
If (test < 100)
Throw 42 ;} Answer:
Trying
Starting sample_function
Catching End program.

Q 50: Give two uses of a destructor.

1. Destructor is used to free memory that is allocated through dynamic allocation.
2. Destructor is used to perform housekeeping operations.

Q 51: State any conflict that may rise due to multiple inheritances?
If more than one base class has a function with same signature then the child will have two copies of that
function. Calling such function will result in doubt.

Q 52: What will be the output after executing the following code?
Class c1 { Public:
Virtual void function () {
cout<<”I am in c1”<<endl ;}};
Class c2: Public c1 { Public:
Void function () {
cout<<”I am in c2”<<endl ;}};
Class c3: public c1 { Public:
Void function () { P-7
cout<<”I am in c3”<<endl ;}}; Int main (){ c1 * test1 = new c2 (); c1 * test2 = new c3 (); test1-
>function (); test2->function (); System (“PAUSE”); Return 0 ;} Answer:
Am in c2
I am in c3

Q 53: Write the syntax of declaring a pure virtual function in a class? Class
Shape {
…
Public:
Virtual void draw () = 0 ;}

Q 54: What is meant by direct and indirect base class?

A direct base class is clearly listed in a derived class's header with a colon (:)
Class Child1: public Parent1 {// Here Parent1 is Direct Base Class of Child1 …};
An indirect base class is not explicitly listed in a derived class's header with a colon (:)
Class Grandparent {…};

Q 55: What is the purpose of template parameter?

We can change behavior of a template using template parameter.

Q 56: Can we use compiler generated default assignment operator in case our class is using
dynamic memory? Justify your answer.
In case our class involves dynamic memory allocation we write assignment operator code by our self
because we write the user defined code for copy constructor.

Q 57: Give the names of three ways to handle errors in a program.

a. Abnormal termination b. Graceful termination c. Return the illegal value

Q 58: Describe 2 Key components of STL?

Two components are,
1. Container: 2: Iterators: 3: Algorithms

Q 59: What is role of Static data member?

Static data member are used to store the information that is required by all objects.

Q 60: Give the general syntax of Nested try catch Blocks.

{
Try {
Try {
Throw 1 ;}
Catch (int)
{
Return 0 ;}

Q 61: Give code of template function to print the value of any type of array.
Template<Typename T>
Void PrintArray (T* array, int size)
{
For (int i = 0; i<size; i++)
Cout<<Array[i] <<,” ”; // Here data type of array is T} P-8

Q 62: What is meant by Simple Association?

Two interacting objects have no relationship with other objects. It is weakest link between objects. It is
reference by that one object can interact with other objects. Like, Employ work for company.

Q 63: In which situation we should use operator overloading and in which situation we should use
Templates?
To use operator overloading in situation where we want to perform basic operations (like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division and so on), C++ allows us to overload common operators like +, - or
* etc.
The situation in which we are required generic programming in C++ then to use Templates.
Q 64: Define public and private inheritance with examples.
Private Inheritance:
We use private inheritance when we want to reuse code of some class. Private Inheritance is used to
model “Implemented in terms of” relationship. For Example,
Suppose we have a class collection to store element collection as shown below, Class
Collection {
...
Public:
Void AddElement (int);
Bool SearchElement (int);
Bool SearchElementAgain (int);
Bool DeleteElement (int);
};
Public Inheritance:
In case of public inheritance it is “IS-A” relationship.

Q 65: We can achieve specialization from which of the following

public inheritance private inheritance protected inheritance.
We achieve specialization using private inheritance.

Q 66: Differentiate between unary and binary operators.

Unary Operator: Unary operators take one operand; they act on the object with reference. For example,
• --x
• -(x++)
Binary Operator: Binary operators act on two quantities. For example,
+ , - , / , * , % , ! , =, <, > etc.

Q 67: While overloading stream insertion and extraction operators a programmer cannot declare
ostream and istream referenced as a constant why?
Ostream reference cannot be const as it store the data in its buffer to insert on output stream, istream cannot be
constant and istream buffer will change. Complex object cannot be constant for stream extraction operator
because we will add data to it.

Q 68: Is Deque a Bidirectional Container?

Yes, Deque behaves like Bidirectional Container because in which we can add elements on both sides.

Q 69: What is meant by Generic Programming?

Generic programming refers to programs containing generic abstractions general code.

Q 70: List down any three cases in which copy constructors are called. P-9 When
one object is initialize with another object.
When passing an object by value.
When an object is return from a function by value.

Q 71: Name the technique which is used to implement Generic Algorithms in C++. Generic
algorithms in C++ are written using C++ templates.
Q 72: Binding is the process that connects the function call to function implementation you are
required to name the type of binding in which this process is done at run time instead of compile
time.
The simplest form of run-time binding is polymorphism. In context of C++ polymorphism is achieved
through virtual functions.

Q 73: What will be the output of following code?

Class ABC {
Int x;
Int y;
Int z; Public:
ABC ();
};
ABC::ABC (): y (10), x(y), z(y)
{
…
}
Answer: x =
Junk value y =
10 z = 10

Q 74: Write catch handler.

We can modify the code in catch. We pass the exception as reference in the catch handler to avoid
problem caused by shallow copy. The object thrown as exception is destroyed when the execution of the
catch handler completes.

Q 75: If we declare a function as friend of a template class will it be a friend for a particular data
type or for all data types of that class.
If a function is defined as a friend function then, the private and protected data of a class can be accessed
using the function. A nonmember function cannot access an object’s private or protected data. A friend
can be a function, function template, or member function, or a class or class template, in which case the
entire class and all of its members are friends.

Q 76: Suppose the base class and the derived class each have a member function with the same
signature. When you have a pointer to a base class object and call a function member through the
pointer, discuss what determines which function is actually called, the base class member function
or the derived-class function?
You can call a derived class member function through a pointer to a base class as the method is virtual
method.

Q 77: Write down the Advantages of Constructor and destructors in respect of class with no
dynamic data members?
Constructor:
A constructor is a special member function to initialize the objects of its class.
They are called automatically when the objects are created.
They do not have return types and they cannot return values.
Like other C++ functions, Constructors can have default arguments.
Constructors cannot be virtual constructor.
Destructor:
A destructor is used to destroy the objects that have been created by a constructor.
Like constructor, the destructor is a member function.
A destructor never takes any argument nor does it return any value. P-10

Q 78: Can we initialize a class if a constructor and destructor are declared as private? Justify. If
the constructor/destructor is declared as private, then the class cannot be represent. This is true;
however it can be represent from another method in the class. Similarly, if the destructor is private, then
the object can only be deleted from inside the class as well.

Q 79: Suppose person class is an abstract class which has some specific features. Briefly describe
important features of abstract class.
An abstract class cannot be representing.
An abstract class may contain abstract methods and assessors.
It is not possible to modify an abstract class with the sealed modifier because the two modifiers have
opposite meanings.

Q 80: What is anonymous base class object? Give an example.

Anonymous class is a class which has no name given to it. C++ supports this feature.
 These classes cannot have a constructor but can have a destructor.
 These classes can neither be passed as arguments to functions nor can be used as return values from
functions.
For example, Here is added () function rewritten using an anonymous object:
#include <iostream>
Int add (int x, int y) {
Return x + y; // an anonymous object is created to hold and return the result of x + y }
Int main () {
std::cout <<add (5, 3);
Return 0;
}

Q 81: Can derive template class take more parameters than parent template?

No, Template class derives from another template class, and where a template class derives from a
template class which shares one or more template parameters with it.

Q 82: In C++ why friend function is discourage?

Using friend is very discouraged in C++ because it breaks the whole encapsulation idea, friend classes
violates the principle of encapsulation it means that one class can get in internals of another.

Q 83: What is difference between simple association and aggregation? A

relationship between two objects is referred as an association. For example, A
Student and a Talent are having an association.
While an association is known as aggregation when one object is uses another object. For example, A
Library contains students and books. Relationship between library and student is aggregation.
Relationship between library and book is composition. A student can exist without a library and therefore
it is aggregation. A book cannot exist without a library and therefore it’s a composition.
Q 84: Write two types of cursor or iterator.
Types of Iterator: Input Iterators, Output Iterators, Forward Iterators, Bidirectional Iterators, Random
Access Iterators
Types of Cursor: Implicit Cursor, Explicit Cursor

P-11