Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-022-00519-z (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV)

RESEARCH PAPER

Fast Terminal Synergetic Control for Maximum Power Point Tracking

of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System
Rahma Ayat1,2 • Abdelouahab Bouafia1 • Jean-Paul Gaubert2

Received: 7 February 2021 / Accepted: 11 June 2022

Ó The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shiraz University 2022

Abstract
Based on the Fast Terminal Synergetic (FTS) approach, a powerful non-linear Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
controller for standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems is developed and presented in this paper. The PV system mainly
contains a PV array, a boost converter, an MPPT controller and a resistive load. The proposed MPPT controller contains
two loops. The first one provides an estimation of the PV voltage reference (Vref) which is used as input of the second
control loop to generate the FTSC signal (dFTSC) and so ensure the finite time convergence to the Maximum Power Point
(MPP) for each value of solar irradiation and cell temperature. The obtained simulation results using Matlab/SimulinkMT
toolbox have proven excellent performance. Good robustness and fast dynamic response under different atmospheric
conditions are successfully achieved with high reduced oscillations around the MPP.

Keywords Stand-alone PV System  Fast Terminal Synergetic Controller  Boost converter  Finite time convergence 
Robustness  Stability

1 Introduction conversion which is mainly undergoes temperature and

irradiation during its work. On this basis, it’s necessary to
Due to the ever-increasing energy demand in all areas and extract all the available power delivered by the PV gen-
the inability to cover all needs, scientists over the world erator at any moment although PV units are exposed to
have resorted to searching for alternative energies that non-uniform climate changes. To achieve this challenge, a
would relieve the pressure on fossil fuels and reduce the perfect choice of maximum power point tracker (MPPT)
environmental problems caused by the latter. should be taken into account.
Renewable Energy (RE) is one of the most prominent Among the various conventional MPPT control algo-
solutions in the past few decades to produce sustainable rithms mentioned in literature for years, perturbation and
and inexhaustible energy that helps in human development, observation (P&O), hill climbing (HC), and the incre-
and without any environmental damage. Among the vari- mental conductance (IC) (Ishaque and Salam 2013; Sub-
ous RE sources, solar energy has found great attention and udhi and Pradhan 2013; Lyden and Haque 2015) are the
wide attraction from researchers in different applications. most used for their simplicity and ease of implementation.
Despite the countless positives of solar energy as an However, the main drawbacks of these MPPT lie in the
alternative or complement to the conventional energies, oscillation around the MPP and the confusion in the
several photovoltaic units must be gathered in series and/or tracking direction that occurs because of the rapid change
in parallel to cover the problem of low electric energy in atmospheric conditions (Femia et al. 2005; Moacyre
et al. 2013). Moreover, these algorithms differ in speed of
convergence, cost and efficiency.
& Rahma Ayat
[email protected] Therefore, other intelligent control techniques are
designed to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages
1
Laboratoire Qualite d’Energie dans les Reseaux Electriques like fuzzy logic (Ishaque and Salam 2013; Li and al. 2019),
(QUERE), Universite de Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria neural network (Rezvani and al. 2016; Attia 2019), genetic
2
Laboratoire d’Informatique et d’Automatique pour les algorithm (Hadji et al. 2015) and sliding mode control
Systemes, (LIAS-ENSIP), Poitiers, France

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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

(Rekioua et al. 2013; Dhanesana et al. 2016). Despite their

effectiveness, right tracking and fast response compared to
the conventional techniques, this MPPT are more compli- d
cated and necessitate large information in the control sys-
tem design otherwise they will lead the system to
instability.
Recently, the synergetic approach has attracted many
PV array DC-DC Boost Converter Load
researchers where it was classified as one of the most
powerful control strategies due to the satisfactory results
Fig. 1 Photovoltaic system structure
that have been proven theoretically and experimentally in
various fields (Zerroug et al. 2018). This strategy has been 2.1 Mathematical Model of the PV Array
applied with success at DC–DC converters (Zerroug et al.
2018; Bouchama et al. 2019; Santi et al. 2003), charging of The single diode model is used in this work as shown in
batteries system (Jiang and Dougal 2004), in control of the Fig. 2. Detailed study of this model is presented in ref.
epidemic system (Hachana and Harmas 2018) and also in (Ayat et al. 2021).
photovoltaic system to track the MPP under different The mathematical model for the I-V characteristic can
temperatures and solar irradiances (Attoui et al. 2016; Ayat be determined by the following set of equations:
et al. 2021). In most of the above-mentioned applications,  
the synergetic control law in its classical version offers an Ns Vpv þ Ipv RS Ns =Np
Ipv ¼ Np Iph  Id  ð1Þ
asymptotic convergence, this means that the system errors RSh ðNs =Np Þ
converge theoretically to zero in an infinite time.
where:
In order to reach the equilibrium point in a finite time
    
and reduce the steady state error as much as possible, Fast q Ns Vpv þ Ipv RS ðNs =Np
Id ¼ Np I0 exp 1 ð2Þ
Terminal Synergetic approach has been introduced in AKTNs
several recent research works to overcome the problem of  3   
asymptotic stability and thus improve the robustness of the T qEg 1 1
I0 ¼ I0r exp   ð3Þ
system (Zerroug et al. 2018). Tr Kb A Tr T
According to this study, we present in this paper a novel E
non-linear control strategy based on Fast Terminal Syner- Iph ¼ ½Iscr þ Ki ðT  Tr Þ ð4Þ
1000
getic Control (FTSC) to track the MPP of an autonomous
From these equations, we can see that the output power
PV system. First control objective of the developed MPPT
of the PV array is severely affected by irradiance and
algorithm is to reach the MPP in limited time and without
temperature. In order to study how could these parameters
any fluctuations once the PV output power is located at the
affect on the characteristics of the cell we plot the Ipv-
maximum, by that we ensure the finite time stability.
- Vpv curve (Fig. 3) and the Ppv - Vpv curve (Fig. 4) for
Second objective is to confirm the high effectiveness and
various irradiations at different temperatures. It’s clear that
the strong robustness of the developed controller under
the output power increases with the increase of irradiance
non-uniform atmospheric conditions or load changes. To
or decrease of temperature.
evaluate the improvements provided by FTS-based MPPT
The PV array used for the suggested simulation is
controller, a comparative study with synergetic controller
Kyocera KC85T; resulting from the connection in series of
and conventional P&O algorithm is presented. The
36 solar cells to generate 87 watts as maximum of power
obtained simulation results using Matlab/Simulink MT
toolbox have proven excellent performance in steady and
transient states of the suggested controller which is much Rs
better than synergetic controller and conventional P&O
algorithm. Ipv

I ph ID Rsh Vpv
2 Photovoltaic System Modeling

The configuration of the proposed standalone PV system

used in the presented study contains a PV array, a boost
converter, a resistive load and a non-linear controller
allows maximum power tracking as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit of solar cell

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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

6
1000 W/m² We can write the above expression as:where:
dX
T=25°c X_ ¼ ¼ f ðx; tÞ þ gðx; tÞd
700 W/m² dt
Current(A)

4
2 3
1 
2 3 6 Cin i pv  x 2 7
400 W/m²
dVpv =dt 6 7
6 1 7
2 X_ ¼ 4 diL =dt 5; f ð xÞ ¼ 6 ðx1  x3 Þ 7; gð xÞ
6 L 7
dVo =dt 4 1 x3 5
x2 
T=50°c
2 3 Co R
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 6 1x 7
6 7
Voltage(V) ¼6 L 3 7 ð7Þ
4 1 5
Fig. 3 Ipv - Vpv characteristic at different irradiations and
 x2
Co
temperatures
The detailed parameters of the DC-DC boost converter
100 used in the suggested simulation are given in ref. (Ayat
1000 W/m² et al. 2021).
80
Power(W)

60 3 Basics of Synergetic Control Theory

700 W/m²
T=25°c

40 In what follows, we present the controlled system by a

400 W/m² nonlinear differential function of the following form:
20
T=50°c dX
¼ f ðx; d; tÞ ð8Þ
dt
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Voltage(V) where:
x is the system state vector.
Fig. 4 Ppv - Vpv characteristic at different irradiations and d is the control input vector.
temperatures Synthesis of synergetic control (SC) starts by the
selection of the so-called macro variable (MV) (Hachana
output. The detailed electrical characteristics of this panel and Harmas 2018; Attoui et al. 2016; Ayat et al. 2021;
at STC (1000 W/m2, 25 °C) are given in ref. (Ayat et al. Jiang 2009): W(x, t).
2021). The system trajectory will be forced by the controller to
operate on the attractor W = 0.
2.2 Mathematical Model of DC-DC Boost The choice of the required dynamic evolution of the MV
Converter will be according to Eq. 9:

The DC-DC boost converter used and shown in Fig. 1 can Ts W_ þ W ¼ 0; Ts [ 0 ð9Þ
be described by the equations given in (5), where d € [0 1] Ts > 0, smoothly affects on how quickly the system
is the duty cycle: converges to the equilibrium point.
dVPV 1   Differentiating the MV gives Eq. (10):
¼ ipv  iL ð5:aÞ   
dt Cin dW dW dx
¼ ð10Þ
diL Vo Vpv dt dx dt
¼  ð1  d Þ þ ð5:bÞ
dt L L
By replacing Eqs. (8) and (10) in Eq. (9) we get:
dVo iL Vo  
¼ ð1  d Þ  ð5:cÞ dW
dt Co RCo Ts f ðx; d; tÞ þ W ¼ 0 ð11Þ
dx
If we set Vpv, iL, Vo as system state variables, we obtain:
2 3 2 3 Solving Eq. 11 gives the control low expression
x1 Vpv described as following:
X ¼ 4 x2 5 ¼ 4 i L 5 ð6Þ
x3 Vo d ¼ gðx; t; Wðx; tÞ; Ts Þ ð12Þ

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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

 
From Eq. 12, it’s clear that the output control law relies Iph  Ipv þ Io 1
ln ¼ ð16Þ
on the appropriate choice of both MV and Ts to ensure the Io Iph  Ipv þ Io
good performance, the strong robustness and the system Solve the Eq. (16) gives linear dependence between the
stability. short circuit current (Iph) and the PV current corresponding
to the MPP (Iref) [22]:

4 MPPT Controller Based on Fast Terminal Iref ¼ 0:909Iph ð17Þ

Synergetic Strategy Finely substituting Iref by its value in Eq. (14) gives the
reference voltage corresponding to the MPP Vref:
A nonlinear MPPT based on FTS strategy is used for the  
Ns AKT Iph  Iref þ Io
extraction of total energy from the PV array; no matter Vref ¼ ln ð18Þ
what the weather changes or load variations. Structure of q Io
the control system is explained in Fig. 5. The controller is The second block (Fast Terminal Synergetic Controller)
composed by two blocks: takes the reference voltage Vref as input to adjust the duty
The first block (MPP seeking) calculates the reference cycle of the boost converter to achieve the MPP. In the next
voltage Vref by following explanation below: section we provide a detailed study on how to formulate the
Depending on many previous studies, the MPP of the problem to design the new Fast Terminal Synergetic
PV system is reached when: Controller.
 
dPpv d Ipv Vpv dVpv
¼ ¼ Vpv þ Ipv ¼0 ð13Þ 4.1 Problem Formulation
dIpv dIpv dIpv
From the Eq. 1, we can deduce the output PV voltage The aim of this formulation is to obtain a control law
Vpv: provides the desired values of PV output voltage
  (x1 = x1ref) and inductance current (x2 = x2ref).
Ns AKT Iph  Ipv þ Io
Vpv ¼ ln ð14Þ Let us first defining the tracking error as follows:
q Io
ei ¼ xi  xiref ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð19Þ
Consequently, the derivative of Vpv gives the following
expression: where:
 
dVpv Ns AKT 1 x1ref ¼ Vref ð20:aÞ
¼ ð15Þ
dIpv q Iph  Ipv þ Io
x2ref ¼ ipv  Cin x_1ref ð20:bÞ
By substituting Eq. 14 and Eq. 15 in Eq. 13 we get:

Fig. 5 Configuration of the

proposed MPPT controller

Irradiance DC-DC
Boost
Temperature PVG Load
Converter

MPPT Ipv D
Controller MPP
Vref Terminal
Vpv Seeking Synergetic
Controller

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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

The derivation of Eq. 19 and substituting Eq. 20 in it By using the same steps as in the SC strategy, substi-
gives: tuting Eqs. (24) and (26) into Eq. (9) give the fast terminal
e2 synergetic control law (dFTSC) expressed in the following
e_1 ¼  ð21:aÞ
Cin equation:
    
x3 x1 L W p ðp1Þ
e_2 ¼ ðd  1Þ þ  x_2ref ð21:bÞ dFTSC ¼ 1 þ Cin þ aZ2 þ b Z2 Z1 q
L L Vo Ts q
 ð27Þ
If we put: Vpv
 þ x_2ref
Z1 ¼ e1 ð22:aÞ L
e2 Under the control law determined in Eq. (27) with a
Z2 ¼  ð22:bÞ
Cin nonlinear macro-variable Eq. (24), the state variables Z1
and Z2 will reach zero and therefore the errors trajectory of
The Eq. 21 and Eq. 22 can be rewritten as follows:
the PV system will converge to the attractor in a finite time
Z_1 ¼ Z2 ð23:aÞ (Eq. (25)) and so ensures the convergence to the MPP
e_2 quickly in right direction.
Z_2 ¼ Z€1 ¼ 
C
 in    4.3 Stability and Robustness Analysis
1 1  Vo ð23:bÞ
¼ Vpv  Vo  x_2ref 
Cin L Cin L
Stability condition should be satisfied by designing an
¼ f ð xÞ þ gð xÞd appropriate control law. The stability problem is evaluated
Once the problem is formulated, choosing an appropri- using the following Lyapunov function:
ate control law is the next step so that each of Z1 and Z2 1
V ¼ W2 ð28Þ
converge to zero. In the next section, we applied FTS 2
theory to provide continuous control law dFTSC able to Differentiating (28) leads to:
guarantee a finite-time convergence and ensure required
robustness. V_ ¼ WW_ ð29Þ
We have from Eq. (26):
4.2 Fast Terminal Synergetic Controller Design  
p _ ðpq1Þ
W_ ¼ Z€1 þ aZ_1 þ b Z1 Z1
The concept of FTSC needs to determine a nonlinear macro q
 
variable. In what follows, we applied this concept in the p _ ðpq1Þ
MPPT controller design in order to define a control law ¼ f ð xÞ þ gð xÞd þ aZ_1 þ b Z1 Z1
q
able to guarantee an accurate tracking of the MPP in a
finite time. The selection of an appropriate macro variable Substituting the control law of Eq. (27) into W_ gives:
  
is based on the problem formulation explained above and 1 ð pÞ
expressed as follows: W_ ¼  Z_1 þ aZ1 þ bZ1 q
Ts
ð pÞ    
W ¼ Z_1 þ aZ1 þ bZ1 q ð24Þ ð pÞ 1 ð pÞ
V_ ¼ Z_1 þ aZ1 þ bZ1 q  Z_1 þ aZ1 þ bZ1 q
Ts
where: a [ 0, b [ 0, p and q are positive constants in
which q [ p. This controller will oblige the system tra-   2
1 _ ðpqÞ
jectory to approach to the attractor W = 0 in finite time (ts) ¼  Z1 þ aZ1 þ bZ1 0 ð30Þ
Ts
determined by the following expression (Zerroug et al.
2018; Zaidi et al. 2016): From Eq. (30), we get V_  0, that means the system’s
p ! stability is ensured and the trajectory of error cauld be
q aZ1 ð0Þð1qÞ þb pushed to the attractor w = 0 in a finite time ts .
ts ¼ ln ð25Þ
að q  pÞ b

Differentiating the MV of Eq. (24) leads to Eq. (26):

 
_ _ p _ ðpq1Þ
W ¼ Z2 þ aZ2 þ b Z1 Z1 ð26Þ
q

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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

5 Simulation Results and Discussion techniques as shown in Fig. 6(b). Moreover, the attached
zoom in Fig. 6(a) illustrates the output power of PV system
Robustness and effectiveness of the proposed MPPT con- in a steady state for the three techniques. It’s obvious that
troller are verified using Matlab/SimulinkMT environment, the oscillations appeared around the MPP using the P&O
we studied the influence of atmospheric conditions on one algorithm are almost eliminated using SC but without
side and the electric parameters on another side on the PV extracting the maximum energy and this is resulting from
output power. the asymptotic stability. While the FTS controller is able to
preserve the PV output power at the maximum and without
5.1 Influence of Atmospheric Condition oscillations around the MPP and this is due to the limited
time convergence towards zero of the macro-variable as
Figure 6 shows the obtained simulation results by the shown in Fig. 7.
suggested FTSC against that obtained by SC and conven- In what follows, we will evaluate the strength of the
tional P&O algorithm at STC (1000 W/m2, 298 K). suggested MPPT controller during a step change of irra-
In a transient state, we can note from Fig. 6(a) that the diance and temperature.
PV output power of above-mentioned techniques converge As a first step, at a constant temperature equal to 298 K
to the MPP in right direction but not at same time. we applied irradiance equal to 500 W/m2. After 0.2 s, it is
Developed controller ensures the finite time convergence raised up smoothly to 1000 W/m2 and finally, it is raised
and reaches the equilibrium point more quickly than the SC down to 650 W/m2 at 0.35 s. The tracking results of this
while the P&O algorithm requires more time before it step change of PV output power (Ppv), output voltage
stabilizes at the optimum. This is illustrated more by the (Vout), PV voltage (Vpv), and PV current (Ipv) are shown in
fast convergence of the duty cycle to stabilize at the opti- Fig. 8. We can observe at different stages the fast con-
mal value of the proposed technique compared to other vergence in the right direction to the maximum power

Fig. 6 Simulation results of 100

three MPPT controllers at STC
(1000 W/m.2, 298 K) a PV
80
PV Output Power (W)

Output power (Ppv), b Duty

cycle (d)
60 87.5

87
40 FTS Controller
86.5
Synergetic Controller
20 86 P&O Algorithm
0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Times (s)
(a)

0.6

0.5

0.4
Duty Cycle

0.3
FTS Controller
0.2 Synergetic Controller

0.1 P&O Algorithm

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)

(b)

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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

Fig. 7 Convergence of the 4

x 10
Macro-variable (W) of the FTS 1
controller at STC (S = 1000 W/
m2, T = 298 K)
0

Macro-Variable
-1

-2

-3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)

Fig. 8 Simulation results during 1100

a trapezoidal irradiance profile
1000
at constant temperature
(T = 298 K) for the FTS-based 900
Irradiance (W/m²)

MPPT controller
800

700

600

500

400
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time (s)

100

Ppv
Ppv(w),Vo(V),Vpv(V),Ipv(A)

80
Vout
Vpv
60
Ipv

40

20

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Time (s)

without any disturbances of the developed controller under robustness and the excellent efficiency of the FTS con-
irradiance change. troller under atmospheric changes.
Figure 9 shows simulation results of Ppv, Vout, Vpv, and In order to evaluate the tracking result, we plot the (Ppv/
Ipv during a trapezoidal temperature profile using the FTS Vpv) curve obtained by the proposed FTS controller against
controller. Temperature in this test suddenly decreased that obtained by P&O algorithm on one side and synergetic
from 298 to 288 K and then increased from 288 to 323 K at controller on the other side under fast irradiance changing
a fixed irradiance equal to 1000 W/m2. from 700 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 then go back to 700 W/m2
All these results prove that the system’s stability is at a constant temperature equal to 298 K. From Fig. 10, we
successfully achieved after a very short transient and with can see distinctly that the proposed technique able to track
no oscillations around the MPP which indicate the good the exact position of the maximum point and therefore
showcases a good performance by limiting the time

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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

Fig. 9 Simulation results during 330

a trapezoidal temperature profile
at constant irradiance 320

Temperature (K)
(S = 1000 W/m2) for the FTS-
based MPPT controller 310

300

290

280
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time (s)

100
Ppv(W),Vo(V),Vpv(V),Ipv(A)

80 Ppv

Vout
60 Vpv
Ipv

40

20

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Time (s)

100 same curves but under resistance change from 40 X to 20

1000 W/m²
P&O Algorithm T=25°c
X.
80 Synergetic Controller
According to these results, we can say without slight
FTS Controller
60 doubt that the developed strategy based on the fast terminal
Ppv(W)

700 W/m² synergetic theory is not very influenced by load change.

40 Indeed, we can see clearly that this controller is able to
20
keep the PV output power at the optimum point despite
load variation, while the duty cycle convergence to the
0 optimum value in record time.
0 5 10 15 20 25
Vpv(V)
5.3 Effect of Errors on the Control Performance
Fig. 10 MPPT trajectory under fast irradiance changing
The fast terminal synergetic-based MPPT control law of
convergence and eliminating the power perturbation com- Eq. (27) depends on the selected values of parameters Cin
pared to synergetic controller which takes relatively longer and L of the circuit. To check the effect of error in the
time before reaching the equilibrium point. Whereas the value of both parameters, on the robustness and the per-
P&O technique tracks the MPP in the wrong direction formance of this controller, simulation tests under standard
before adjusting it and this results in important fluctuations. conditions (1000 W/m2, 298 K) have proved that the
developed MPPT controller keeps the same control per-
5.2 Influence of Electric Parameter formance in steady state even in case of error of ± 10%
(for Cin) and ± 20% (for L).
To further emphasize the good effectiveness of the FTS As a first applied, the proposed strategy still maintaining
controller we study the influence of the load variations on strength and keeps her performance until the estimation
the PV output power at STC (1000 W/m2, 298 K). Simu- error on the input Capacity Cin reach (? 10%) and
lation results of the PV output power and the duty-cycle (- 10%). Starting from this interval, we note that the
under sudden resistance change from 25 X to 50 X are FTSC technique features beginning to retreat which is
shown respectively in Fig. 11, while Fig. 12 presents the

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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

Fig. 11 Simulation results 89

during a step increasing of
resistance load from 25 to 50 X Resistance change
88

Ppv(W)
87

86

85
0.085 0.09 0.095 0.1 0.105 0.11 0.115
Time (s)

0.7

0.65

0.6
Duty Cycle

0.55

0.5

0.45
0.085 0.09 0.095 0.1 0.105 0.11 0.115
Time (s)

Fig. 12 Simulation results 90

during a step decreasing of
Resistance change
resistance load from 40 X to
88
20 X
Ppv (W)

86

84

82
0.085 0.09 0.095 0.1 0.105 0.11 0.115
Time (s)

0.8

0.7
Duty Cycle

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.085 0.09 0.095 0.1 0.105 0.11 0.115

Time (s)

mainly represented in moving away little bit on the MPP, robustness until this rang. From (20%), loss of energy
which causes a loss of energy as shown in Fig. 13. appeared in transient state with delay in response time but
In the second application, we applied an estimation error the FTSC strategy was able to maintain the maximum
reach (± 20%) on the inductance L. Obtained simulation power in steady state as shown in Fig. 14.
results confirm the excellent performance and the high

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 Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering

100

90

80
PV Output Power (W)

70
87.4
60

50 87.2

40 87

30 FTSC with Cin=20 µF

86.8
0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 FTSC with (-10%) estimation error on Cin
20
FTSC with (+10%) estimation error on Cin
10

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Times (s)

Fig. 13 Effect of input capacitance error Cin on the control performance

100

90

80
PV Output Power (W)

70 88
60
86
50
84
40
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
30 FTSC with L=20 mH
20 FTSC with (+20%) estimation error on L
FTSC with (-20%) estimation error on L
10

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Times (s)

Fig. 14 Effect of Inductance error L on the control performance

6 Conclusion has confirmed the high efficiency and the strong robustness
under non-uniform weather conditions or under resistance
New controller to track the MPP based on fast terminal change as illustrated by simulation results obtained.
synergetic theory is presented in this work for a standalone
Acknowledgements In collaboration between QUERE laboratory
PV system which includes PV generator, DC–DC boost (FERHAT Abbas Sétif 1 University, Algeria) and LIAS laboratory
converter and a resistive load. Effectiveness and robustness (University of Poitiers, French) this work has been accomplished. It
of the suggested MPPT controller were confirmed by was completed under the patronage of the General Directorate of
simulation using Matlab/Simulink MT tools not only under Scientific Research and Technological Development (DGRSDT),
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Algeria.
atmospheric conditions change but also under load resis-
tance change. The good performance is proved in both
transient and steady states. The proposed controller has References
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reach the MPP in the right direction and almost with no Attia HA (2019) High performance PV system based on artificial
oscillations compared to the conventional P&O algorithm neural network MPPT with PI controller for direct current water
that caused a significant energy loss. At the same time, the pump applications. Int J Power Electron Drive Syst
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energy lost but not as the same quality and power provided Development and experimentation of a new MPPT synergetic
by the FTS controller. Moreover, the developed controller

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