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    Lipids&vitamins

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    alondz0109

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    Lipids&vitamins

    Uploaded by

    alondz0109
    5 views3 pages

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    lipids&vitamins

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    5 views3 pages

    Lipids&vitamins

    Uploaded by

    alondz0109

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    LIPIDS

    Bile salt and Cholesterol


    Bile salts and bile acids are polar cholesterol derivatives, and represent
    the major route for the elimination of the steroids from the body. They are
    molecules with similar but not identical structures and diverse physical and
    biological characteristics.
    They are synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, secreted into
    the duodenum, and finally for the most part, reabsorbed in the ileum.

    3 TYPES OF BILE SALTS


    1. PRIMARY BILE SALTS
    ➢ Primary bile acids are those synthesized directly from cholesterol
    in the hepatocytes. In humans, the most important are cholic acids
    and chenodeoxycholic acid, which make up 80% of all bile acids.
    Before being secreted into the biliary tree, they are almost
    completely conjugated, up to 98% with the glycine or taurine, to
    form glycoconjugates and tauroconjugates, respectively.

    ➢ In particular, approximately 75% of cholic acid and


    chenodeoxycholic acid are conjugated with glycine, to form
    glycocholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid, the remaining
    25% with taurine, to form taurocholic acid and
    taurochenodeoxycholic.

    2. CONJUGATED BILE

    ➢ Molecules with more hydrophilic groups than unconjugated


    bile acids, therefore with a increased emulsifying capacity.

    3. SECONDARY BILE ACIDS

    ➢ Secondary bile acids are formed from primary bile acids which
    have not been reabsorbed from the small intestine. Once they
    reach the colon, they can undergo several modifications by
    colonic micro biota to form secondary bile acids (see below).
    They make up the remaining 20% of the body’s bile acid pool.

    Cholesterol
    Cholesterols is derived from the Ancient Greek word Chole- bile and
    stereos- solid. Followed by the chemical suffix –ol for an alcohol, is an organic
    molecule. It is derived lipid molecules a sterol or modified steroid.

    2 TYPES OF CHOLESTEROLS

    1. LDL (Bad) Cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol)

     LDL cholesterol is called “bad” cholesterol. Think of it as less


    desirable or even lousy cholesterol, because it contributes to
    fatty buildups in arteries (atherosclerosis). Plaque buildups
    narrow arteries and raise the risk for heart attack, stroke and
    peripheral artery disease can narrowed arteries in the legs). It
    can also build up on the walls of your arteries and increase
    your chances of getting heart disease.

    2. HDL (Good) Cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein


    cholesterol)

     HDL cholesterol is “good” cholesterol. Think of it as the


    “healthy” cholesterol, so higher levels are better. Experts
    believe HDL acts as a scavenger, carrying LDL cholesterol
    away from the arteries and back to the liver. There it’s broken
    down and passed from the body.

     A healthy HDL cholesterol level may protect against heart


    attack and stroke. Studies show low levels of HDL cholesterol
    increase the risk of heart disease. HDL cholesterol does not
    completely eliminate LDL cholesterol. Only one-fourth to one-
    third of blood cholesterol is carried by HDL.

    Vitamins

    It is an organic compound, required in small amounts by an organism to


    obtain cellular functions. It is called vitamin, when it can not be synthesized in
    sufficient quantities by the organism, and must therefore be supplied by the diet.

    Vitamins are classified as either:

    1. water soluble (can dissolve in water solutions)

    These are readily excreted from the body. There are 9 water soluble
    vitamins.

    2. Fat- soluble ( can dissolve in lipid solution)


    These are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids
    (fats). There are 4 types of fat soluble vitamins.

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