REGULATION: 2021

Subject Code: EC3354 Year/Semester: II /03

Subject Name: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
UNIT I- CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
Standard signals- Step, Ramp, Pulse, Impulse, Real and complex exponentials and Sinusoids_
Classification of signals – Continuous time (CT) and Discrete Time (DT) signals, Periodic &
Aperiodic signals, Deterministic & Random signals, Energy & Power signals - Classification of
systems- CT systems and DT systems- – Linear & Nonlinear, Time-variant & Time-invariant,
Causal & Non-causal, Stable & Unstable.
PART A
Questions
Q.No

1 Find the even and odd part of the signal. (May 2019)

2 Determine whether the given discrete time sequence is periodic or not. If the sequence is
periodic, find the fundamental period. (May 2019)
 REGULATION: 2021

3 Give the mathematical and graphical representations of a

discrete time Ramp sequence. (Nov 2018)
Solution
Ramp signal
r (n) = n, n ≥ 0 0, n < 0

4 Evaluate the following integral (Nov 2018)

Solution

put
t=0
=3
5 Determine if the signal x (n) given below is periodic. If yes give its fundamental
Period. If not, state why it is aperiodic. x (n) = sin [(6πn/7)+1] (Nov 2017)
Solution
In DT signal periodic,

m = 3, N = 7
Therefore, signal is periodic and fundamental time period = 7.
6 Check whether the following system is time invariant / time variant and
also causal / non-causal. (Nov 2017)
y (t) = x(t/3)
Solution
y (t) = x (t/3)
Delay the input by T
y (t) = x[(t/3)-T] 1
Delay the output by t = t - T
y (t) = x [(t-T)/3] 2
 REGULATION: 2021

1≠2
Therefore it is called Time Variant system.
Causal or non-causal
y (t) = x (t/3)
The output of the system depends on present input. Therefore it is called causal system.
7 Find the summation x (n) = ∑𝒏=−∞
∞
𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒏 (May 2017)-
Solution
Given that, x (n) = ∑𝒏=−∞
∞
𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒏
n=1
x (n) = sin 2
x (n) = 0.909
8 Define linear system. (May 2017)- .
A system of equations is a set or collection of equations that you deal with all together at once.
Linear equations (ones that graph as straight lines) are simpler than non-linear equations, and
the simplest linear system is one with two equations and two variables.

9 Give the mathematical and graphical representation of continuous time and discrete unit
impulse functions. [Nov 2013, 2016] -.
Continuous time unit impulse functions
The impulse signal is a signal with infinite magnitude and zero duration, but with an area of A.
mathematically, impulse signal is defined as, 𝛿(𝑡)
𝛿(𝑡) = {∞, 𝑡 = 0 1
0, 𝑡 ≠ 0

Discrete time impulse function 𝛿(𝑛)

Impulse signal can be defined as,
𝛿(𝑛) = ∞, 𝑛 = 0 1
{ 0, 𝑛 ≠ 0

10 State the difference between causal and non-causal system [Nov 2013, 2016] –
.
Causal system
A system is said to be causal system if its output depends on present and past inputs only and
not on future inputs. Examples: The output of casual system depends on present and past inputs,
it means y(n) is a function of x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2), x(n-3)…etc
Non causal
 REGULATION: 2021

An anti causal system is a hypothetical system with outputs and internal states that depend
solely on future input values.

11 Sketch the following signals:

Rect (t+1/ 4) and 5 ramp (0.1 t) [May 2016] –.
Solution
Rect (t+1/ 4)

-0.25 0 0.25 -1.25 0 1.25

5 ramp (0.1 t)
5

0 0.1
12 Find the value of the integral ∫∞ 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝜹(𝒕 + 𝟐)𝒅𝒕 [Nov 2015] –.
−∞
Solution
∞
∫ 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝜹(𝒕 + 𝟐)𝒅𝒕
−∞
= ∫∞ 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝜹(𝒕 − (−𝟐))𝒅𝒕
−∞
= 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 for t = -2
= 𝒆𝟒
= 54.5982
13 Give the relation between continuous time unit impulse function δ (t). Step function u(t)
and ramp function r (t). [Nov 2015] - .
The standard signals such as impulse, step, ramp and parabolic signals are related through
integration and differentiation as follows,
δ(t) impulse response integration u (t) unit step integration t integration 𝑡²

δ(t) impulse response differentiation u (t) unit step differentiation t differentiation 𝑡²

14 Define a power signal. [May 2015] - .

The signals which have finite average power are called power signals. The periodic signals like
sinusoidal and complex exponential signals will have constant power so periodic signals are
power signals,
The average power of a continuous time signal x(t) is defined as,
P = lim 1 ∫𝑇 |𝑥(𝑡)|² dt
𝑡−∞ 2𝑇 −𝑇
 REGULATION: 2021

15 How the impulse response of a discrete time system useful in determining its stability and
causality? [May 2015] - .
Stability
The condition for stability of an LTI system is,
∑∞ |ℎ(𝑛)| < ∞
−∞
An LTI system is stable if the impulse response is absolutely summable.
Causality:
A system is said to be causal if the output of the system at any time n depends only on
the present input, past inputs and past outputs but does not depend on the future inputs and
outputs.
If the system output at any time n depends on future or outputs then the system is called
non causal system.
The causality refers to a system that is realizable in real time.
16 State two properties of unit impulse function [Nov 2014] –.
Property 1
∞
∫−∞ 𝛿(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 1
Property 2
∞
∫−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝛿(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥(0)
Property 3
∞
∫−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡𝑜)
17 Draw the following signals:
u(t) – u(t-10) b. (1/2)n u(n-1) [Nov 2014]–.
Solution
Given that, u (t) =1;t≥0
u (t-10) = 1 ; t ≥ 10
u (t) u (t-10)
1

10
Draw u(t) – u(t-10)
u(t) – u (t-10)

10
 REGULATION: 2021

(1/2)n u(n-1) x (n) = (1/2)n u(n-1)

Solution
Given that, u (n-1) = 1 ; n ≥ 0 0.5
=0 ; n ≥ 0
x (n) = (1/2) u(n-1) = (1/2)n ; n ≥ 1
n
0.25
n=1; (1/2) = (1/2) = 0.5
n 1
0.125
n= 2; (1/2) = (1/2) = 0.25
n 2
0.0625
n= 3; (1/2) = (1/2) = 0.125
n 3
0 1 2 3 4 n
n= 4; (1/2) = (1/2) = 0.0625
n 4

18 Define a signal and system. [May 2015] -.

Signal
Any physical phenomenon that conveys or carries some information can be called a
signal. A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with one or more independent
variables.
System
Any process that exhibits cause and effect relation can be called a system. A system will
have an input and an output signal.
19. What is meant by stability of a system? [May 2015] –.The
condition for stability of an LTI system is,
∑∞ |ℎ(𝑛)| < ∞
−∞
An LTI system is stable if the impulse response is absolutely summable.

It can be defined as,

{
u(𝑛) = 1,0, 𝑛𝑛≥< 00

Impulse signal
Impulse signal can be defined as,
{
𝛿(𝑛) = 1,0, 𝑛𝑛 =≠00
 REGULATION: 2021

20. Define DT system. (Nov 2015) -.

A system is defined as a physical device that performs an operation on a signal.
A discrete time system is a device or algorithm that operates on a discrete time input signal x
(n), to produce another discrete time signal y (n) called the output signal.

21. Sketch the following signals

x(t) = 2t for all t b. x (n) = 2n – 3 for all n [May 2014]- .
Solution
x(t) = 2t for all t
Given that, x (t) = 2t
t = -3; x (-3) = 2 * (-3) = -6
t = -2; x (-3) = 2 * (-2) = -4
t = -1; x (-3) = 2 * (-1) = -2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t = 0; x (-3) = 2 * (0) = 0
t = 1; x (-3) = 2 * (1) = 2
t = 2; x (-3) = 2 * (2) = 4
t = 3; x (-3) = 2 * (3) = 6

x (n) = 2n – 3 for all n

Given that, x (n) = 2n – 3
n = -2 ; x (-2) = 2 * (-2) -3 = -7
n = -1 ; x (-1) = 2 * (-1) -3 = -5
n = 0 ; x (0) = 2 * (0) -3 = -3
n = 1 ; x (1) = 2 * (1) -3 = -1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n = 2 ; x (2) = 2 * (2) -3 = 1
n = 3 ; x (3) = 2 * (3) -3 = 3

22. Given x (n) = [1, -4, 3, 1, 5, 2]. Represents x (n) in terms of weighted shifted impulse
functions. [May 2014] -.
Given that, x (n) = [1, -4, 3, 1, 5, 2]
 REGULATION: 2021

x (0) = 1 x (3) = 1
x (1) = -4 x (4) = 5
x (2) = 3 x (5) = 2
The shifted impulse, δ(n-k) = 1; for n = k
= 0; for n ≠ k
Therefore, if we multiply x (n) by δ (n-k) then it selects only kth sample of x (n).
The weighted shifted impulse function is,
x (n) = δ (n) – 4 δ (n-1) + 3 δ (n-2) + δ (n-3) + 5 δ (n-4) + 2 δ (n-5).
23 What is the condition for a system to be LTI system? [Nov 2013] -.x(t)

CT system y (t)

The operation performed by a continuous time system on input to produce output or response
can be expressed as,
Response, y (t) = H{x (t)}
Where, H denotes the system operation also called system operator.
When a continuous time system satisfies the properties of linearity and time invariance then it is
called LTI CT system.
24 Check whether the discrete time signal sin 3n periodic[May 2013, 2016] -.
Given that, x (n) = sin 3n
3N = 2πM
= 2πM
3
Here N cannot be an integer for any integer value of M and so x (n) will not be periodic
25 Determine whether the following signal is energy or power signal and calculate the energy
or power x (t) = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒖(𝒕) [Nov 2012] - .
Given that, x (t) = 𝑒 𝑢(𝑡)
−2𝑡

x (t) = 𝑒−2𝑡𝑢(𝑡) ; for all tx

(t) = 𝑒−2𝑡𝑢(𝑡) ; for t ≥ 0
∫𝑇 |𝑥(𝑡)|²𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑇|𝑒−2𝑡|²𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑇(𝑒−2𝑡)²𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑇(𝑒−4𝑡)𝑑𝑡
−𝑇 0 0 0
−4𝑡 0 −4𝑇
= [𝑒 ]− 𝑒 = [1] − 𝑒
−4 −4 4 4
Energy
E = lim ∫𝑇 |𝑥(𝑡)|2𝑑𝑡
𝑇−∞ −𝑇
−4𝑇
= lim [1] − 𝑒
𝑇− ∞ 4 4
−4∞
= [1] − 𝑒
4 4
E = ¼ joules
Power
 REGULATION: 2021

P = lim 1 ∫𝑇 |𝑥(𝑡)|² dt
𝑡−∞ 2𝑇 −𝑇
−4𝑇
P = lim 1 [1] − 𝑒
𝑡−∞ 2𝑇 4 4
P = 0. The given signal is an energy signal.

26 Verify whether the system described by the equation is linear and Time invariant
y(t) = x (t)² [May 2012] –.
Solution
Linear:
The system is linear since an output is direct function of input.
Time invariant:
The system is time variant since time parameter is squared in the given system function
equation.

27 Find the fundamental period of the given signal x(n) = sin(𝟔𝝅𝒏 + 𝟏) [May 2012] - .
𝟕

In DT signal periodic,
N = 2𝜋 (m)
𝜔
ω = 6𝜋7
N= 2𝜋
(m)
6𝜋/7
N = 7 samples.
3

PART B
Q.N
Questions
o
Find out whether the following signals are periodic or not. If periodic find the period x (t)
= 2 cos (10t + 1) – sin (4t - 1) and x (n) = cos (0.1 πn) (7M)[May 2017] -.
Answer: Page 57 - Ramesh babu
Solution
Given that, x (t) = 2 cos (10t + 1) – sin (4t - 1)
Let T1 be the periodicity of x1 (t). on comparing x1 (t) with standard form,
1 Find Time period T1
x1 (t) = 2 cos (10t + 1)
2πFo1 =10
Fo1 = 5/π period T1 = 1 = 5
𝐹𝑜1 𝜋
Find Time period T2
x2 (t) = sin (4t - 1)
2πFo2 = 4
 REGULATION: 2021

Fo2 = 2/π period T2 = 1 =𝜋

𝐹𝑜1 2
𝑇1
= T1 * 1 =5 2 (4M)
𝑇2 𝑇2 𝜋 𝜋
Since x1 (t) and x1 (t) are periodic, and the ratio of T1 and T2 is a irrational number, the
signal x (t) is Aperiodic.
x (n) = cos (0.1 πn)
In DT signal periodic,
N = 2𝜋 (m)
𝜔
ω = 0.1π
N = 2𝜋 (m)
0.1π
N = 20 samples. (3M)
Hence x (n) is a periodic with fundamental period of 20 samples.
Find out whether the following signals are energy or power signal or neither power nor
energy. Determine power or energy as the case may be for the signal.
x (t) = u (t) + 5 u (t - 1) – 2 u(t - 2) (6M)[May 2017] -BTL-4
Answer: Page 73 - Ramesh babu(Similar Type)
Energy and power signals
Energy signal
The signals which have finite energy are called energy signal. The nonperiodic signals defined
over finite interval will have constant energy and so nonperiodic signals defined over finite
interval are energy signals.
The energy E of a continuous time signal x (t) is defined as,
E = lim ∫𝑇 |𝑥(𝑡)|² dt (3M)
2 𝑡−∞ −𝑇
Power signals
The signals which have finite average power are called power signals. The periodic signals like
sinusoidal and complex exponential signals will have constant power so periodic signals are
power signals,
The average power of a continuous time signal x(t) is defined as,
P = lim 1 ∫𝑇 |𝑥(𝑡)|² dt (3M)
𝑡−∞ 2𝑇 −𝑇
Note: for energy signals, the energy will be finite or constant and average power will be
Zero.
For power signals the average power is finite or constant and energy will be infinite.

Determine the properties via linearity, causality, time invariance, dynamicity of the
given systems.
𝒅²𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3 𝒚(𝒕) = + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)
𝒅𝒕² 𝒅𝒕
y1(n) = x(n2) + x (n)
y1(n) = log x(n) (13M)[May 2017], [Nov 2014]-.
REGULATION: 2021

Answer: Page 112 - Ramesh babu

Solution
Given that, 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒅²𝒚 + 𝟑𝒕 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)

𝒅𝒕² 𝒅𝒕
Linearity
Consider two signals, x1 (t) and x2 (t).
Let y1 (t) and y2 (t) be the response of the system for inputs x1 (t) and x2 (t) respectively.
y1 (t) = 𝒅²𝒚𝟏 + 𝟑𝒕 𝒅𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟏(𝒕) = 𝒙𝟏(𝒕)
𝒅𝒕² 𝒅𝒕
y2 (t) = 𝒅²𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒕 𝒅𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐(𝒕) = 𝒙𝟐(𝒕)
𝒅𝒕² 𝒅𝒕
x3 (t) = a x1 (t) + b x2 (t)
Let, y3 (t) be the response the system for input x3 (t).
Therefore,
y3 (t) = 𝒅²𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒕 𝒅𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑(𝒕) = 𝒙𝟑(𝒕)
𝒅𝒕² 𝒅𝒕
y3 (t) = 𝑑 [a x1 (t) + b x2 (t)]
𝑑𝑡
y3 (t) = a y1 (t) + b y2 (t)]
The given system is linear.
Causality
y (t) = 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒅²𝒚 + 𝟑𝒕 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)
𝒅𝒕² 𝒅𝒕
In above equation, for any value of t, the x (t) is present input and past input.
Therefore any value of t depends on present and past input. Hence the system is causal.
Dynamic
The output of the system depends on differentiation of the input which in turn depends on past
and present input. Therefore, the given system is dynamic system.

Time invariance
Response for delayed input
x (t) x (t - T) y1 (t)
Delay delayed input
Input signal response for delayed
System
Input
Delayed response

x (t) y (t) y2 (t)

System Delay
Input signal undelayed input delayed response
Hence y1 (t) = y2 (t), therefore the system is time invariant
Stability
The given system is LTI system and the stability can be determined from impulse
response. Hence the system is stable. (5M)
REGULATION: 2021

Result
Linear
Causal
Dynamic
Time invariant
Stable

Given that, y(n) = x(n2) + x (n)

Causality
When n = 0 ; y(0) = x(02) + x (0); the response at n = 0 ; y (0) depends on the present
input x (0)
When n = 1 ; y(1) = x(1) + x (1); the response at n = 1 ; y (1) depends on the present
input x (1)
When n = 2 ; y(2) = x(4) + x (2); the response at n = 0 ; y (0) depends on the present
input x (2) and feature input x (4)

From above analysis for any value of n, the system output depends on present and feature
inputs. Hence the system is non-causal.

Linearity
Consider two signals, x1 (n) and x2 (n).
Let y1 (n) and y2 (n) be the response of the system for inputs x1(n) and x2 (n) respectively.
y1 (n) = x1 (n2) + x1 (n)
y2 (n) = x2 (n2) + x2 (n)
x3 (n) = a x1 (n2) + a x1 (n) + b x2 (n2) + b x2 (n)
Let, y3 (n) be the response the system for input x3 (n).
x3 (n) = a x1 (n) + b x2 (n)
Therefore,
y3 (n) = a x1 (n2) + a x1 (n) + b x2 (n2) + b x2 (n)
The condition to be satisfied for linearity is,
y3 (n) = a y1 (n) + b y2 (n)
The given system is linear.

Time invariance
Response for delayed input

x (n) x (n - N) System
y1(n) = x(n2-N) + x (n-
Delay
N)
delayed input response for delayed input
input signal
REGULATION: 2021

Delayed response

x (n) y (n) = x(n2) + x (n) y2(n)=x(n-N)2+x(n-N)

System Delay
input signal delayed response

Hence y1(n) ≠ y2(n), therefore the system is time variant.

Stability
The given system is an LTI system, so the stability can be determined from impulse response.
The system is stable.
Result (4M)
Non- Causal
Linear
Time variant
Stable

Given that y (n) = [log x (n)]

Linearity
Consider two signals, x1 (n) and x2 (n).
Let y1 (n) and y2 (n) be the response of the system for inputs x1(n) and x2 (n) respectively.
y1 (n) = log x1 (n)
y2 (n) = log x2 (n)
x3 (n) = a log x1 (n) + b log x2 (n)
Let, y3 (n) be the response the system for input x3 (n).
Therefore,
y3 (n) = log x3 (n)
y3 (n) = a log x1 (n) + b log x2 (n)
y3 (n) = log [a x1 (n) + b x2 (n)]
The given system is non linear.
Causality
When n = 0 ; y (0) = log x (0) the response at n = 0, y (0) depends on the present
Input x (0).
When n = 1 ; y (1) = log x (1) the response at n = 1, y (1) depends on the present
input x (0).
When n = 2 ; y (2) = log x (2) the response at n = 2, y (2) depends on the present
input x (2).
From above analysis the response for any value of n depends on the present input. Hence the
system is causal.
Time invariance
 REGULATION: 2021

Response for delayed input

x (n) x (n- N) y1 (n) = log x
(n-N) Delay System
input signal delayed signal response delay

Delayed response
x (n) y (n) = log x (n) y2 (n) = log x (n-N)
input signal system response undelayed delaydelayed r esponse
y1 (n) = y2 (n), therefore the system is time invariant.
Stability
The given system is a non linear system, and so the test for stability should be performed for
specific inputs.
Case i: x (n) tends to ∞ or zero, as n tends to infinity. In this case, y (n) = log x (n) will
be infinity as n tends to infinity and so the system is unstable.
Case i: x (n) tends to constant as n tends to infinity. Then, y (n) = log x (n) will be finite
as n tends to infinity and so the system is stable.
Result (4M)
Non linear
Causal
Time invariant

Sketch the following signals

u(-t+2)
r(-t+3)
2δ(n+2) + δ(n) – 2 δ (n - 1) + 3δ (n-3)
u(n+2) u(-n+3) (13 marks)[Nov 2016] -.
Answer: Page 44 - Ramesh babu
4 Solution
Draw u(-t+2) (3M)

Draw r(-t+3) (3M)

Draw 2δ(n+2) + δ(n) – 2 δ (n - 1) + 3δ (n-3) (7M)

Find whether the following signals are periodic or aperiodic.

If periodic find the fundamental period and fundamental frequency,
x1 (n) = sin 2πt + cos πt
5 x2 (n) = sin 𝒏𝝅 cos 𝒏𝝅 (8M) [May 2016] -.
𝟑 𝟓
Answer: Page 57 - Ramesh babu
Solution
 REGULATION: 2021

Given that, x1 (n) = sin 2πt + cos πt

Let T1 be the periodicity of x1 (t). on comparing x1 (t) with standard form,
Find Time period T1
x1 (t) = sin 2πt
2πFo1 =2π
Fo1 = 1 period T1 = 1 = 1
𝐹𝑜1
Find Time period T2
x2 (t) = cos πt
2πFo2 = π
Fo2 = ½ period T2 = 1 = 2
𝐹𝑜1
𝑇1
= T1 * 1 =1
𝑇2 𝑇2 2
Since x1 (t) and x1 (t) are periodic, and the ratio of T1 and T2 is a rational number, the
signal x (t) is periodic. (4M)
Given that, x2 (n) = sin 𝒏𝝅 cos 𝒏𝝅
𝟑 𝟓
In DT signal periodic,
N1 = 2𝜋 (m)
𝜔
ω=𝜋
3
N1 = 2𝜋 (m)
𝜋/3
N1 = 6 (m) samples. If m = 1
N1 = 6 samples.
Hence the x1 (n) is periodic signals. Fundamental period of 4 samples.

In DT signal periodic,
N2 = 2𝜋 (m)
𝜔
ω=𝜋
5
N2 = 2𝜋
𝜋
(m)
2
N2 = 4 (m) samples. If m = 1
N2 = 4 samples.
Hence the x2 (n) is periodic signals. (4M)
From above analysis x (n) is sum of periodic and periodic signals. Therefore, x (n) will be
periodic.

Given x (n) = {1, 4, 3, -1, 2}. Plot the following signals, (16M)[Nov 2015] -.
x (-n-1)
6
x (-n/2)
x (-2n + 1)
REGULATION: 2021

x (-𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝟐
Answer: Page 81 - Ramesh babu(Similar Type)
Solution

x (-2) = 1, x (-1) = 4, x (0) = 3, x (1) = -1, x (2) = 2

x (-n-1)
Given that, x (n) = x (-n-1)
n = -3 ; x1 (-3) = x (-(-3)-1) = x (2) = 2 x1 (n) = x (-n-1)
n = -2 ; x1 (-2) = x (-(-2)-1) = x (1) = -1
n = -1 ; x1 (-1) = x (-(-1)-1) = x (0) = 3
n = 0 ; x1 (0) = x (-(0)-1) = x (-1) = 4
n = 1 ; x1 (1) = x (-(1)-1) = x (-2) = 1
x1 (n) = x (-n-1) = {2, -1, 3, 4, 1} -3 -2 -1 0 1 n
x (-n/2) (4)
n = -4 ; x2 (-4) = x (- (-4/2)) = x (2) = 2
n = -3 ; x2 (-3) = x (- (-3/2)) = 0
n = -2; x2 (-2) = x (- (-2/2)) = x (1) = -1
n = -1 ; x2 (-1) = x (- (-1/2)) = x (0.5) = 0
n = -0 ; x2 (0) = x (- (0/2)) = x (0) = 3
n = 1 ; x2 (1) = x (- (1/2)) = x (-0.5) = 0
n = 2 ; x2 (2) = x (- (2/2)) = x (-1) = 4
n = 3 ; x2 (3) = x (- (3/2)) = x (-1.5) = 0
n = 4 ; x2 (4) = x (- (4/2)) = x (-2) = 1
x2 (n) = x (-n/2) = {2, 0, -1, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 1} (4M)
REGULATION: 2021

x (-2n + 1)
n = -1 ; x3 (-1) = x (-2(-1)+1) = x (3) = 0
n = 0 ; x3 (-1) = x (-2(0)+1) = x (1) = -1
n = 1 ; x3 (-1) = x (-2(1)+1) = x (-1) = 4
n = 2 ; x3 (-1) = x (-2(2)+1) = x (-3) = 0
x3 (n) = x (-2n+1) = {-1, 4} (4M)

x3 (n) = x (-2n+1)

0 1
iv. x (-𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝟐
n = 0 ; x4 (0) = x (-0 + 2) = x (2) = 2
2
n = 1 ; x4 (1) = x (-1 + 2) = x (3/2) = 0
2
n = 2 ; x4 (2) = x (-2 + 2) = x (1) = -1
2
n = 3 ; x4 (3) = x (- + 2) = x (1/2) = 0
3

2
n = 4 ; x4 (4) = x (- + 2) = x (0) = 3
4

2
n = 5 ; x4 (5) = x (-5 + 2) = x (-1/2) = 0
2
n = 6 ; x4 (6) = x (- + 2) = x (-1) = 4
6

2
x4 (n) = x (-𝑛 + 2) = {2, 0, -1, 0, 3, 0, 4}
2
(4M)
 REGULATION: 2021

Sketch the following signals.

[u (t-2) + u (t-4)]
[(t-4) u (t-2) – u (t-4)] (6M)[May 2015] -.
Answer: Page 81- Ramesh babu(Similar Type)
Solution
Given that, [u (t-2) + u (t-4)]
Step 1: step 2:
u (t) u (t-2)

1 time shift delayed by 2

t 2

Step 3:
u (t) u (t-4)
1 time shift delayed by 4

t 0 1 2 3
4
7
Step 4:
[u (t-2) + u (t-4)]

2 (3M)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
[(t-4) u (t-2) – u (t-4)]
Step 1: t step 2
t-4

2
1 time shift delayed by 4

0 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 0 1 2
 REGULATION: 2021

Step 3: step 4
u (t-2) – u (t-4) [(t-4) u (t-2) – u (t-4)]

(3M)

0 1 2 3 4 5 t 0 1 2 3 4

Give an account for the classification of signals in detail. Or

How the signals are classified? Explain. (10M)[May 2015] -.
Answer: Page 53-80 - Ramesh babu
The continuous time signals are classified depending on their characteristics.
Deterministic and non-deterministic signals
Periodic and A periodic signal
Symmetric and asymmetric signals
Energy and power signals
Causal and noncausal signal

Deterministic and non-deterministic signals (2M)

Deterministic signal
The signal that can be completely specified by a mathematical equation is called a
8
deterministic signal. The step, ramp, exponential and sinusoidal signals are examples of
deterministic signals.
Examples: x (t) = At
x (t) = Xm sin wt
Non-deterministic signal
The signal whose characteristics are random in nature is called a non-deterministic signal. The
noise signals from various sources like electronic amplifier, oscillator, and radio receiver are the
examples of random signals.
(2M)
Periodic and A periodic signal
A periodic signal will have a definite pattern that repeats again and again over a certain period
of time. Therefore, the signal which satisfies the condition,
x (t + T) = x (t) is called a periodic signal.
REGULATION: 2021

A signal which does not satisfy the condition, x (t + T) = x (t) is called an Aperiodic or non-
periodic signal.
In periodic signals, the term T is called the fundamental time period of the signal. Hence,
inverse of T is called the fundamental frequency, Fo in Hz, and 2πFo = Ωo is called the
fundamental angular frequency in rad / sec.
The sinusoidal signals and complex exponential signals are always periodic with a periodicity of
T,
Where, T = 1 = 2𝜋
𝐹𝑜 Ω
Symmetric and asymmetric signals
Odd signal or Symmetric
The signals may exhibits symmetry or antisymmetry with respect to t = 0.
When a signal exhibits antisymmetry with respect to t = 0, then it is called an odd signal.
Therefore, the odd signal satisfies the condition, x (-t) = - x (t).
x (t) = 𝑥(𝑡)−𝑥(−𝑡)
2

Even signal or asymmetric signals

When a signal exhibits symmetry with respect to t = 0, then it is called an even signal.
Therefore, the even signal satisfies the condition, x (-t) = x (t).
x (t) = 𝑥(𝑡)+𝑥(−𝑡)
2

Energy and power signals (4M)

Energy signal
The signals which have finite energy are called energy signal. The nonperiodic signals defined
over finite interval will have constant energy and so nonperiodic signals defined over finite
interval are energy signals.
The energy E of a continuous time signal x (t) is defined as,
E = lim ∫𝑇 |𝑥(𝑡)|² dt
𝑡−∞ −𝑇
Power signals
The signals which have finite average power are called power signals. The periodic signals like
sinusoidal and complex exponential signals will have constant power so periodic signals are
power signals,
The average power of a continuous time signal x(t) is defined as,
P = lim 1 ∫𝑇 |𝑥(𝑡)|² dt
𝑡−∞ 2𝑇 −𝑇
Note: for energy signals, the energy will be finite or constant and average power will be
Zero.
For power signals the average power is finite or constant and energy will be infinite.
Causal and noncausal signal (2M)
A signal is said to be causal, if it is defined for t ≥ 0.
REGULATION: 2021
 REGULATION: 2021

Therefore if x (t) is causal, then x (t) = 0, for t < 0.

A signal is said to be noncausal, if it is defined for either t ≤ 0, or both t ≤ 0 and t > 0.
Therefore if x (t) is noncausal, then x (t) ≠ 0, for t < 0.
When a noncausal signal is defined only for t ≤ 0, it is called anticausal signal.

Check if x (t) = 4 cos (3πt +𝝅) + 2 cos (4πt) is periodic (6M)[May2015] -.

𝟒
Answer: Page 57 - Ramesh babu(Similar Type)
Solution
Given that, x1 (t) = 4 cos (3πt +𝝅)
𝟒
Let T1 be the periodicity of x1 (t). on comparing x1 (t) with standard form,
Find time period T1
2πFo1 = 3π
9 Fo1 = 3 period T1 = 1 = 2 (3M)
2 𝐹𝑜1 3
Find time period T1
x1 (t) = 2 cos (4πt)
2πFo2 = 4π
Fo2 = 2 period T2 = 1 =1
𝐹𝑜1 2
𝑇1
= T1 * 1 =4 (3M)
𝑇2 𝑇2 3
Since x1 (t) and x1 (t) are periodic, and the ratio of T1 and T2 is a rational number, the
signal x (t) is also periodic.
Check whether the following signals are periodic / aperiodic signals.
x (t) = cos 2t + sin t/5
x (n) = 3 + cos 𝝅𝒏 + cos 2n (16M)[Nov 2014]-.
𝟐
Answer: Page 57 - Ramesh babu(Similar Type)
Solution
Given that, x (t) = cos 2t + sin t/5
x1 (t) = cos 2t
Let T1 be the periodicity of x1 (t). on comparing x1 (t) with standard form,
2πFo1 = 2
10
Fo1 = 2 period T1 = 1 = 2𝜋 = π
2𝜋 𝐹𝑜1 2
x2 (t) = sin t/5
2πFo2 = 1/5
Fo2 = 1 period T2 = 1 = 10 π
10 𝜋 𝐹𝑜1
𝑇1
= T1 * 1 = 𝜋∗ 1 = 1
𝑇2 𝑇2 10𝜋 10
Since x1 (t) and x1 (t) are periodic, and the ratio of T1 and T2 is a rational number, the
signal x (t) is also periodic. (6M)
x (n) = 3 + cos 𝝅𝒏 + cos 2n
𝟐
REGULATION: 2021
 REGULATION: 2021

x1 (n) = cos 𝝅𝒏
𝟐
In DT signal periodic,
N1 = 2𝜋 (m)
𝜔
ω=𝜋
2
N1 = 2𝜋 (m)
𝜋/2
N1 = 4 (m) samples. If m = 1
N1 = 4 samples. (5M)
Hence the x1 (n) is periodic signals. Fundamental period of 4 samples.
x1 (n) = cos 2n
In DT signal periodic,
N2 = 2𝜋 (m)
𝜔
ω=2
N2 = 2𝜋 (m)
2
N2 = π (m) samples. If m = 1
N2 = π samples.
Hence the x2 (n) is non-periodic signals. (5M)
From above analysis x (n) is sum of periodic and non-periodic signals. Therefore, x (n) will be
non-periodic.

PART - C
Questions
Q.No

Check whether the following system is linear, causal, time invariant and stable.
y (n) = x (n) – x (n-1)
y (t) = 𝒅 𝒙(𝒕) (15M)[Nov 2014] -.
𝒅𝒕
Answer: Page 113 - Ramesh babu (Similar Type)
Solution
Given that, y (n) = x (n) – x (n-1)
Causality
1 When n = 0 ; y (0) = x (0) – x (-1) ; the response at n = 0 ; y (0) depends on the present
input x (0) and past input x (-1)
When n = 1 ; y (1) = x (1) – x (0) ; the response at n = 1 ; y (1) depends on the present
input x (1) and past input x (0)
From above analysis for any value of n, the system output depends on present and past inputs.
Hence the system is causal.

Linearity
REGULATION: 2021

Consider two signals, x1 (n) and x2 (n).

Let y1 (n) and y2 (n) be the response of the system for inputs x1(n) and x2 (n) respectively.
y1 (n) = x1 (n) – x1 (n-1)
y2 (n) = x2 (n) – x2 (n-1)
x3 (n) = a x1 (n) – a x1 (n-1) + b x2 (n) – b x2 (n-1)
Let, y3 (n) be the response the system for input x3 (n).
x3 (n) = a x1 (n) + b x2 (n)
Therefore,
y3 (n) = a x1 (n) - a x1 (n-1) + b x2 (n) - b x2 (n-1)
The condition to be satisfied for linearity is,
y3 (n) = a y1 (n) + b y2 (n)
The given system is linear. (3M)

Time invariance
Response for delayed input

x (n) x (n - N) y1(n) = x (n-N)-x (n-

N-1) Delay System

input signal delayed input response for delayed input

Delayed response

x (n) y (n) = x (n) – x (n-1) y2(n) = x (n-N)-x (n-N-1)

System Delay
input signal delayed response

Hence y1(n) = y2(n), therefore the system is time invariant. (2M)

Stability
The given system is an LTI system, so the stability can be determined from impulse response.
The system is stable. (2M)
Result
Causal
Linear
Time invariant
Stable

Given that, y (t) = 𝒅 𝒙(𝒕)

𝒅𝒕
Linearity
Consider two signals, x1 (t) and x2 (t).
 REGULATION: 2021

Let y1 (t) and y2 (t) be the response of the system for inputs x1 (t) and x2 (t) respectively.
y1 (t) = 𝑑 x1 (t)
𝑑𝑡
y2 (t) = 𝑑 x2 (t)
𝑑𝑡
x3 (t) = a x1 (t) + b x2 (t)
Let, y3 (t) be the response the system for input x3 (t).
Therefore,
y3 (t) = 𝑑 x3 (t)
𝑑𝑡
y3 (t) = 𝑑 [a x1 (t) + b x2 (t)]
𝑑𝑡
y3 (t) = a 𝑑 x1 (t) + b 𝑑 x2 (t)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
y3 (t) = a y1 (t) + b y2 (t)]
The given system is linear. (3M)
Causality
y (t) = 𝑑 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
In above equation, for any value of t, the x (t) is present input and past input.
Therefore any value of t depends on present and past input. Hence the system is causal.

Dynamic
The output of the system depends on differentiation of the input which in turn depends on past
and present input. Therefore, the given system is dynamic system.

Time invariance
Response for delayed input
x (t) x (t - T) y1 (t) = 𝑑𝑡𝑑 x (t - T)
Delay System
Input signal delayed input response for delayed
Input
Delayed response

x (t) y (t) = 𝑑
𝑥(𝑡) y2 (t) = 𝑑
x (t - T)
System 𝑑𝑡 Delay 𝑑𝑡

Input signal undelayed input delayed response

Hence y1 (t) = y2 (t), therefore the system is time invariant (5M)
Stability
The given system is LTI system and the stability can be determined from impulse
response. Hence the system is stable.

Find whether the following systems are time variant or fixed. Also find whether
2
The systems are linear or nonlinear.
REGULATION: 2021

𝒅³𝒚(𝒕)
+ 4 𝒅² y(t) + 5 𝒅 𝒚(𝒕) + y² (t) = x(t).
𝒅𝒕³ 𝒅𝒕² 𝒅𝒕
y (n) = an² x (n) + bn x (n-2) (15M)[May 2016] -.

Answer: Page 112 - Ramesh babu

𝟑 𝟐
Given that 𝒅 𝒚(𝒕)
+ 𝟒 𝒅 𝒚(𝒕) + 𝟓𝒅𝒚(𝒕) + 𝟐𝒚𝟐(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)
𝒅𝒕𝟑 𝒅𝒕𝟑 𝒅𝒕𝟐

Linearity
𝒅𝟑𝒚(𝒕) 𝟒 𝒅𝟐𝒚(𝒕) 𝟓𝒅𝒚(𝒕)
+ + + 𝟐𝒚𝟐(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟑
𝒅𝒕 𝟑 𝟐

The response y (t) involves square root operation which is non-linear operation so system
response is non-linear
Causality
The response of the system depends on differentiation of the input which depends on past and
present inputs. Hence the system is causal system.

Dynamic
The output of the system depends on differentiation of the input which depends on past and
present inputs. Therefore, the given system is dynamic system.

Result
Non-Linear
Causal
Time invariant
Dynamic system
Given that, y (n) = an² x (n) + bn x (n-2)
Linearity
Consider two signals, x1 (n) and x2 (n).
Let y1 (n) and y2 (n) be the response of the system for inputs x1(n) and x2 (n) respectively.
y1 (n) = an² x1 (n) + bn x1 (n-2)
y2 (n) = an² x2 (n) + bn x2 (n-2)
y3 (n) = a1 an² x1 (n) + a1 bn x1 (n-2) + b1 an² x2 (n) + b1 bn x2 (n-2)
x3 (n) = a1 an² x1 (n) + a1 bn x1 (n-2) + b1 an² x2 (n) + b1 bn x2 (n-2)
Let, y3 (n) be the response the system for input x3 (n).
Therefore,
y3 (n) = a1 an² x1 (n) + a1 bn x1 (n-2) + b1 an² x2 (n) + b1 bn x2 (n-2)
The given system is linear. (3M)
Causality
When n = 0 ; y (0) = a0² x (0) + b0 x (0-2);the response at n = 0, y (0) depends on the
Present Input x (0).
 REGULATION: 2021

When n = 1 ; y (1) = a x (1) + b x (-2);the response at n = 1, y (1) depends on the

Present Input x (1) and past input x(-2).
From above analysis the response for any value of n depends on the present input and past
input. Hence the system is causal.
Time invariance (4M)
Response for delayed input
x (n) x (n- N) y1 (n)
input signal Delay
delayed signal response delay System

Delayed response
x (n) y (n) = log x (n) y2 (n)
system delay
input signal response undelayed delayed response
y1 (n) ≠ y2 (n), therefore the system is time variant. (4M)
Stability
The given system is a non linear system, and so the test for stability should be performed for
specific inputs.

Case i: x (n) tends to ∞ or zero, as n tends to infinity. In this case,

y (n) = an² x (n) + bn x (n-2) will be infinity as n tends to infinity and so the
system is
unstable.
Case i: x (n) tends to constant as n tends to infinity. Then, y (n) = an² x (n) + bn x (n-2) will be
finite as n tends to infinity and so the system is stable. (4M)
Result
Linear
Causal
Time variant

Given that input – output relationship of a continuous time system y (t) = t x (-t).
Determine whether the system is causal, stable, and linear and time invariant.
(15M)[Nov 2015] -.
Answer: Page 112- Ramesh babu(Similar Type)
Solution
3
Given that, y (t) = t x (-t)
Causal
t = -1 ; y (-1) = -1 * x (1) the response t = -1, depends on the future input x (1).
t = 0 ; y (0) = 0 * x (0) the response t = 0, depends on the present input x (0).
t = -1 ; y (1) = 1 * x (-1) the response t = 1, depends on the past input x (-1).
REGULATION: 2021

From above analysis we can say that the response of the system for t < 0 depends on future
input. Hence the system is called non-causal.
Linearity
Consider two signals, x1 (t) and x2 (t).
Let y1 (t) and y2 (t) be the response of the system for inputs x1 (t) and x2 (t) respectively.
y1 (t) = t x1 (-t)
y2 (t) = t x2 (-t)
x3 (t) = a x1 (t) + b x2 (t)
Let, y3 (t) be the response the system for input x3 (t).
Therefore,
y3 (t) = t x3 (-t)
y3 (t) = t [a x1 (-t) + b x2 (-t)]
y3 (t) = t a x1 (-t) + b t x2 (-t)]
y3 (t) = a y1 (t) + b y2 (t)]
The given system is linear. (5M)

Time invariance
Response for delayed input

x (t) x (t-T)
Delay System
Input signal delayed input response for dela yed input
Delayed response
x(t) y (t ) = t x (-t)
system Delay
input signal response for undelayed delayed response
input
y1 (t) ≠ y2 (t), therefore the system is time variant. (5M)
Stability
The given system is a time variant system, and so the test for stability should be performed for
specific inputs.
Case i: x (t) tends to ∞ or constant, as t tends to infinity. In this case, y (t) = t x (-t) will
be infinity as t tends to infinity and so the system is unstable.
Case i: x (t) tends to 0 as t tends to infinity. In this case, y (t) = t x (-t) will be 0 as t tends
to infinity and so the system is stable. (5M)

Result
Non causal
Linear
Time variant
 REGULATION: 2021

UNIT II- ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

Fourier series for periodic signals - Fourier Transform – properties- Laplace Transforms and
properties
PART A
Q.N Questions
o
Find the Fourier series co-efficient for the given signal, (May 2019) -.

Find the Laplace transform of the given signal, (May 2019)-.

Solution

2
f (t) = u (t) – u (t - T)
Take Laplace transform of above signal,

If X (jΩ) is the Fourier transform of the signal x (t), what is the Fourier transform of the
3
signal x (3t)
REGULATION: 2021

in terms of X (jΩ)? (Nov 2018)-.

 REGULATION: 2021

Solution

Find whether the following system with impulse response h (t) are stable or not.
h (t) = t e−tu(t) ( Nov 2017)-.

Solution

h (t) = 1
Condition 1 < ∞
The system is stable, since system is bounded.
Find the Fourier transform of x (t) = e−atu (t) (Nov 2017) -.
Solution

What is the condition for the existence of Fourier series for a signal? –.
State Dirichlets conditions. (or) State the conditions for the convergence of
Fourier series Representation of CT periodic signals. [May 2017, Nov 2015,
6 2014]The Fourier series exists only if the following Dirichlet’s conditions are
satisfied.
The signal x(t) is well defined and single valued, except possibly at a finite number of points.
The signal x(t) must possess only a finite number of discontinuities in the period T.
The signal must have a finite number of positive and negative maxima in the period T.
State parseval’s theorem for a continuous time aperiodic signal May 2018, [May 2017] -
7 .
The parseval’s theorem states that, x (t) = X (jΩ)
 REGULATION: 2021

Find the Fourierseries representation ofthex(t) and determine Fourier series

coefficient (May 2018), [Nov 2016] - .

The Exponential form of Fourier series is,

Comparing above equations,

co = 0 c1 = c-1 = 1/2

Find the Laplace transform of x (t) = e-at u(t)[Nov 2016] -.

Solution

Give the Laplace transform of x (t) [May 2016] -.

10

Solution
 REGULATION: 2021

Give the relation between Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform. -.[Nov
2015], [Nov 2014], [May 2016]
x (t) be a continuous time signal, defined as, The definition of Laplace Transform of x (t) is,

On substituting s = σ + jΩ in above equation,

11

σ = 0, the definition of Fourier Transform of x (t) is,

Find the Fourier coefficients of the signal x (t) = 1 + sin 2ωt + 2 cos 2ωt + cos(𝟑𝑚𝒕 +𝝅/𝟑)[May
2015] -.

12
 REGULATION: 2021

The exponential form of Fourier series is

c-3 = 0.25 – 0.433j c1 = 0
c-2 = 1 + 0.5j c2 = 1 -0.5j
c-1 = 0 c3 = 0.25 + 0.433j

Draw the spectrum of a CT rectangular pulse. [May 2015] -.

13

Find the ROC of the Laplace Transform of x (t) = u (t). [Nov 2014] -.
Solution

14

What is the Fourier Transform of x (t) = δ (t) [May 2015] -.The

15 impulse signal is defined as, x (t) = δ (t) = 1 for t = 0
0 for t ≠ 0
 REGULATION: 2021

X (jΩ) = 1
Obtain Fourier Series Coefficients for 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤n [May 2015] -.

16

State anytwo properties of ROC of Laplace transform X(s) of a Signal x(t). [May 2014] -.
Convolution property
Laplace transform of convolution of two functions are equivalent to multiplications of their
Laplace Transform.
17 Laplace Transform of, x1 (t) = X1 (s) Laplace Transform of, x2 (t) =X2 (s)
Laplace Transform of, x1 (t) * x2 (t) = X1 (s) * X2 (s)
Time shifting property
The Time shifting propertyof Laplace Transform says that, x (t) = X(s)
Laplace Transform of, x (t+a) = 𝑒𝑎𝑠 X (s) Laplace Transform of, x (t-a) = 𝑒−𝑎𝑠 X (s)
Give the equation for trigonometric Fourier series. [Nov 2013]-.
The trigonometric form of Fourier series of a periodic signal, x(t) with period T is Defined as,

18 Where,
Ωo = 2πfo = Fundamental frequency
Fo = Fundamental frequency n = Harmonic order
nΩo = Harmonic frequency
an,an and bo = Fourier coefficientsoftrigonometric formof Fourier series.
 REGULATION: 2021

States the time scaling property of Laplace transform. [May 2013]

-. The time scaling propertyof Laplace transformsays that,
19 Laplace transform of x (t) = X (s)

What is a FT of a DC signal of amplitude 1? [May 2013]

-.Let x (t) = A, where A is constant Where
A = lim 𝐴𝑒−𝑎|𝑡|
20 𝑎−0
x (t) = lim𝐴𝑒−𝑎|𝑡|
𝑎−0
X(jΩ) = δ(Ω)
Give the synthesis and analysis equations of CTFT. [Nov 2012] -.
Synthesis equation:
∞
x (t) = 1 ∫ 𝑋(𝑗Ω)𝑒𝑗𝑛Ω𝑡 𝑑Ω
2𝜋−∞
21 It is also called as inverse Fourier Transform.
Analysis equation:
X (jΩ) = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗𝑛Ω𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
It is also called as Fourier Transform
Define the region of convergence of the Laplace transform. [Nov 2012] -.
The Region of Convergence of X(s) is the set of set all values of σ for which the Laplace
Transform converges.
Condition for convergence:
22 The necessary condition for convergence of the Laplace transform is absolutely integrable of x(t)
exist if,

Distinguish between Fourier series and Fourier Transform. –.

Fourier series Fourier Transform

Defined only for periodic signals Defined both periodic and non-periodic
23 Signals
The spectrum is discrete The spectrum is continuous
Parseval’s relation of Fourier series is Parseval’s relation of Fourier Transform is
used to calculate power spectral density used to calculate power spectral density
 REGULATION: 2021

Determine the Laplace transform of the signal δ(t-5) and u(t-5) [May 2012] –.δ(t-5)
X (s) = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
X (s) = ∫∞ 𝛿 (𝑡 − 5)𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
If t = 5
X (s) = 𝑒−𝑠5
u(t-5)
X (s) = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
24 −∞
X (s) = ∫∞ 𝑢 (𝑡 − 5)𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
X (s) = ∫∞ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
5

Compare double sided and single sided spectrums. .

The method of representing spectrums of positive as well as negative frequencies are called
25 double sided spectrums.
The method of representing spectrums only in the positive frequencies is known as single sided
spectrums.

PART-B
Q.N
Questions
o.
Obtain the Fourier co-efficient and write the Quadrature form of afully rectified sine wave.
1
[May 2017] -.(13M)
Answer: Page 165- Ramesh babu
REGULATION: 2021

(2M)
The output of full wave rectifier and it has even symmetry

(2M)
The mathematical equationof full wave rectified output is,
REGULATION: 2021

(4M)

(3M)

When n is even integer, (1+n) and (1-n) will be odd, Therefore, cos (1+n)π = -1 ; cos (1-n) π = -1
When n is odd integer, (1+n) and (1-n) will be even,
Therefore, cos (1+n)π = 1 ; cos (1-n) π = 1

Fourier series equation

The trigonometric form Fourier series of x(t) is,
 REGULATION: 2021

(2M)
here, bn = 0 and an exists only for even values of n

Determine the inverse Laplace transform of the following (13M) [May 2017] -.

Answer: Page 404 - Ramesh babu(Similar Type)

Solution
Given that,

2 Bypartial fraction expansion technique, X (s) canbe expressed as,

Case i
Given that ROC lies between lines passing through s = -5 to s = 3. Hence x (t) will be two sided
signal. The term pole -5 will be causal and term 3 will be anticausal (7M)

case ii
Given that ROC is right of the line passing through s = 3, hence x (t) will be causal
signal. (6M)
 REGULATION: 2021

Find the Fourier transform of the signal x (t) = cos ΩO t u(t) (13M) [Nov 2016] -.
Answer: Page 306- Ramesh babu
Solution
Giventhat, x (t) = cos ΩO tu(t)
BydefinitionofFouriertransform,

(6M)
3. The complexexponentialsignal is defined as, x (t) = 𝑒𝑗Ω𝑡
on taking Fourier transform,

X (jΩ) = 2πδ (Ω - Ωo)

Similarly,
x (t) = 𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡
(3)
on taking Fourier transform, X (jΩ) = 2πδ (Ω + Ωo)
= ½ [2πδ (Ω - Ωo) +2πδ (Ω + Ωo]
= π [2πδ (Ω - Ωo) +2πδ (Ω + Ωo] (4M)

State and prove the multiplication and convolution property of Fourier transform.(13M)
[Nov 2016] -.
Answer: Page 320-327- Ramesh babu
Multiplication property
It is also called frequency convolution
Let, fourier transform of x1 (t) = X1(jΩ)
Let, fourier transformofx2 (t) =X2(jΩ)
4.
The frequency convolution property of Fourier transform says that,

(4M)
Proof
Bydefinitionof Fourier transform
 REGULATION: 2021

By definition of inverse Fourier transform,

Convolution property
The convolution theorem of Fourier transform says that, Fourier transform of convolution of two
signals is given by the product of the Fourier transform of the individual signals,
Let, fourier transform of x1 (t) = X1(jΩ) Let, fourier transform of x2 (t) = X2(jΩ)
x1 (t) * x2(t) = X1 (jΩ) X1 (jΩ)
This above equation is known as convolution propertyof Fourier transform. By definition of
convolution of CT signals,

(4M)
τ is a dummy variable used for integration.
Proof
By definition of Fourier transform
X1 (jΩ) = ∫∞ 𝑥1(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞
X2 (jΩ) = ∫∞ 𝑥2(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝑡=∞
x1 (t) * x2(t) = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑡=−∞ 1 2
e-jΩt = ejΩτ e-jΩτ e-jΩt = e-jΩτ e-jΩM
𝑡=∞ 𝑡=∞
x1 (t) * x2(t) = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡 (5M)
𝑡=−∞ 1 𝑡=−∞ 2
x1 (t) * x2(t) = X1 (jΩ) X2 (jΩ)

State and prove Parseval’s theorem of Fourier Transform? State and prove
Rayleigh’s theorem.(6M) [May 2016]R13, May 2013, May 2016]-.
5
Answer: Page 322 - Ramesh babu
The parseval’s theoremstatesthat, x (t) = X (jΩ)
 REGULATION: 2021

(3M)
ontaking conjugateofthe above equation,

(3M)
If x(t) = X(ω). Then using time shifting property showthe x(t + T) + x(t - T) = 2X(ω)
cosωT (6M)[May 2015]-.
Answer: Page 329 - Ramesh babu(Similar Type)
Solution
Given that, x (t) = X (jΩ)
The time shifting propertyof Fourier transformsays that, F {x (t - to)} = 𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑜𝑋(𝑗Ω)F
6 {x (t + T)} = 𝑒𝑗Ω𝑇𝑋(𝑗Ω)
F {x (t - T)} = 𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑇𝑋(𝑗Ω) (3M)
F {x (t + T) + x (t - T)} = 𝑒𝑗Ω𝑇𝑋(𝑗Ω) + 𝑒 𝑗Ω𝑇𝑋(𝑗Ω)
−

= X (jΩ) [𝑒𝑗Ω𝑇 + 𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑇]

= X (jΩ) [2 cosΩT]
F {x (t + T) + x (t - T)} = 2 X (jΩ) cosΩT (3M)

Find the Fourier transform of x (t) = t𝒆−𝒂𝒕𝒖(𝒕) (6M)[Nov 2015]-.

Answer: Page 332 - Ramesh babu
7 Solution
Giventhat, x (t) = t 𝒆−𝒂𝒕𝒖(𝒕) = t 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 ; t ≥ 0
By definition of Fourier transform,
X(jΩ) = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
REGULATION: 2021
 REGULATION: 2021

−∞
X(jΩ) = ∫∞ t 𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
0
X(jΩ) = ∫∞ t𝑒−(𝑎+𝑗Ω)𝑡𝑑𝑡
0 (3M)

(3M)

Find the Laplace transform and its associated ROC for the signal

(13M)[May 2016, 2015]R13, Nov 2013, May 2016-.

Answer: Page 395 - Ramesh babu(Similar
Type) Solution
Given that,

(6M)
REGULATION: 2021

(3M)

(4M)
 REGULATION: 2021

PART-C
Q.N Questions
o
From basic formula, determine the Fourier Transform of the given signals. Obtain the
magnitude and phase spectra of the given signals.
(i) t𝒆−𝒂𝒕u (t) , a > 0
(ii)𝒆−𝒂|𝒕| , a > 0 (15M)[May2016,2015],Nov 2013,May 2016-.
Solution
Giventhat, x (t) = t 𝒆−𝒂𝒕u (t) , a > 0
1 By definition of Fourier transform,
X(jΩ) = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞
X(jΩ) = ∫∞ t 𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
0
X(jΩ) = ∫∞ t𝑒−(𝑎+𝑗Ω)𝑡𝑑𝑡
0
REGULATION: 2021

(5)
Giventhat, x (t) = 𝒆−𝒂|𝒕|

By definition of Fourier transform,

X(jΩ) = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞
∞
X(jΩ) = ∫0 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + ∫
𝑎𝑡 −𝑗Ω𝑡
𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞ 0
= ∫0 𝑒(𝑎−𝑗Ω)𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∫∞𝑒−(𝑎+𝑗Ω)𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞ 0

(5)
Here X (jΩ) is purely real so phase becomes zero.
Assume a = 2
Magnitude and phase values
 REGULATION: 2021

Ω -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
|𝑋(𝑗Ω)| 0.2 0.308 0.5 0.8 1 0.8 0.5 0.308 0.2
phase 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(5)
Obtain the Fourier series co-efficient and plot the spectrum for the given Waveform.(15)
[May 2016]R13-.

Solution

The given waveform has even symmetry,

ao = 4 ∫𝑇/2 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇0
REGULATION: 2021

an = 4 ∫𝑇/2 𝑥(𝑡) cos 𝑛Ω 𝑑𝑡

𝑇0
bn = 0
from the waveform (3)

Find ao

ao = 1
(4)
Find an
 REGULATION: 2021

(4)
for even integer values of n, cos nπ = 1 for odd integer values of n, cos nπ = -1
an = 0 ; for even values of n
Fourier series equation
The trigonometric form Fourier series of x(t) is,

(4)
State and prove any four properties of Fourier Transform (15)[Nov
2015]R13 Let, Fourier transformof x1 (t) = X1(jΩ) Let, Fouriertransformofx2
(t) =X2(jΩ) The linearity property of Fourier transform says that,
Fourier transform of {a x1 (t) + b x2 (t)} = a X1 (jΩ) + b X2 (jΩ)
Proof
By definition of Fourier transform
3 X1 (jΩ) = ∫∞ 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞ 1
X2 (jΩ) = ∫∞ (𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑥
−∞ 2
Consider the linear combination,
a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t). on taking Fourier transform of this signal,
REGULATION: 2021
REGULATION: 2021

F { a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)} = ∫∞ [a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)]𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡 𝑑𝑡

−∞
= ∫∞ a1 x1 (t)𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + ∫∞ a2 x2 (t)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−𝑗Ω𝑡

−∞ −∞
= a1∫∞ x1 (t)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +a2 ∫∞ x2 (t)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ −∞
F { a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)} = a1X1 (jΩ) + a2X2 (jΩ) (4)
Time shifting
The shifting propertyof Fourier transformsays that, If F {x (t)} = X (jΩ)
F{x (t-to)} = 𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑜X(jΩ)
Proof
By definition of Fourier transform,
F{x (t)} = X(jΩ) = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞
F{x (t-to)} = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞
(3)
=∫∞ 𝑥(𝑟)𝑒−𝑗Ω(𝑟+𝑡𝑜)𝑑𝑟 let t-to =τ
−∞
∞
= ∫ 𝑥(𝑟)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑟𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑟 t = τ + to on
−∞
differentiating
∞
= 𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑜∫ 𝑥(𝑟)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑟𝑑𝑟 dt = dτ
−∞
∞
= − Ω ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗𝑡𝑟𝑑𝑡
𝑒 𝑗 𝑡𝑜
−∞
F{x (t-to)} = 𝒆−𝒋Ω𝒕𝒐 X(jΩ) (4)
Time scaling
The time scaling propertyof Fourier transform says that, If F {x (t)} = X (jΩ) then
Proof
By definition of Fourier transform,
X(jΩ) = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞
∞
F{x (at)} = ∫ 𝑥(𝑎𝑡)𝑒−𝑗Ω𝑡𝑑𝑡
−∞
REGULATION: 2021

(3)
Time reversal
The time reversal property Fourier transform says that,
If F {x (t)} = X (jΩ)
F {x (-t)} = X(-jΩ)
Proof
Form the time scaling property,

(4)
 REGULATION: 2021

UNIT III- LINEAR TIME INVARIANT CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS

Impulse response - convolution integrals- Differential Equation- Fourier and Laplace transforms
in Analysis of CT systems - Systems connected in series / parallel.
PART A
Q.N Questions
o
Check whether the given system isstable and causal? (May 2019)-.

State Dirichlet’s condition for Region of Convergence. (May 2019)-.

• x (t) is absolutely integrable,

2
• x (t) has finite number of maxima and minima within any finite interval.
• x (t) has finite number of discontinuities within any finite interval, and
each of the discontinuities must be finite.
Find the impulse response h (t). (NOV 2018)-.
3
 REGULATION: 2021

Two systems with impulse response h1 (t)and h2 (t) are connected in series. What is the
overall impulse response h (t) of the system?(Nov 2018)-.

Will there be two different signals having same Laplace Transform? Give an examples.
How do you differentiate these two signals?(Nov 2017) –.
5 Yes, two different signals have the same Laplace transform,
Examples, u(t)=1/s

u (- t) = 1/s
Find impulse response of a LTI system with transfer function H (s) is given by,( Nov 2017)-
.

Solution
By partial fraction expansion technique,
6

If s = -1 A = 1/2
If s = -3 B = -1/2
Taking inverse Laplace transforms,
 REGULATION: 2021

h (t) = 𝟏 𝒆−𝒕𝒖(𝒕) − 𝟏 𝒆−𝟑𝒕𝒖(𝒕)

𝟐 𝟐
Give the expression for convolution integral. [May 2017] -.
The convolution of two continuous time signals x1(t) and x2(t) is defined as,
∞
x3(t) = ∫ x1(λ) x2(t-λ)
7. −∞
Where,
x3(t) is the signal obtained by convolving x1(t) and x2(t) λ is a dummy variable used for
integration.
Symbol * indicates convolution operation.
Given h (t), what is the step response of a CT LTI system [May 2017] -.Input
and output of an LTI system are related by,
y (t) = ∞ 𝑥(𝑟) (𝑡 − 𝑟)
∫
8. −∞
It is a convolution. where,
x (τ) is the input variable function
(𝑡 − 𝑟) is the delay impulse response
Convolve the following signal u (t- 1) and δ (t-1) [May 2018], [Nov 2016]- .x1 (t)
= u (t-1)
x2 (t) = δ (t-1) Using convolution,
9
x1(t) * x2(t) = u (t-1) * δ (t-1)
= u (t-1-1) {hint: δ (t-t0)*x (t) = x (t-t0)}
= u (t-2)

Find the differential equation representation for the signal. [Nov 2016] -.

Solution
Given that,

10

On cross multiplying the above equation, (s)2 Y (s) + 2 s Y (s) + Y (s) = X (s)
On taking inverse Laplace Transform of the above equation,
 REGULATION: 2021

Find whether the following system whose impulse response is given Causal and stable h(t) =
𝒆−𝟐𝒕 u(t-1) [May 2016] -.
Given that, h(t)=𝒆 𝒕 u(t)
−2

The condition for causality is given by,

11 h (t) = 0 for t < 0
h (t) = 𝑒−2𝑡 , 𝑡 ≥ 00,
t<0
Therefore the condition is satisfied. Hence the system is causal.

Realize the block diagram representing the system (May 2016, 2018)-.

Solution

12

What is u (t-2)*f (t-1)? Where * represents convolution. [Nov 2015] -.x1

(t) = u (t-2)
x2 (t) = δ (t-1) Using convolution,
13 x1(t) * x2(t) = u (t-2) * δ (t-1)
= u (t-2-1) {hint: δ (t-t0)*x (t) = x (t-t0)}
= u (t-3)

Given the differential equation representation of a System 𝒅² y(t) + 2𝒅 𝒚(𝒕) - 3 y (t) = 2 x(t).
𝒅𝒕² 𝒅𝒕
Find the frequency response H (jΩ). [Nov 2015] -.
14 Given that, 𝑑² y(t) + 2𝑑 𝑦(𝑡) - 3 y (t) = 2 x(t)
𝑑𝑡² 𝑑𝑡
Taking Fourier Transform of the above equation, (jΩ)2 Y(jΩ) + 2 jΩ Y(jΩ) – 3 Y (jΩ) = 2
X(jΩ)
Y(jΩ) [(jΩ)2 + 2 jΩ - 3] = 2 X (jΩ)
 REGULATION: 2021

Frequency response,

Given x (t) = δ (t).Find X(s) and X (ω). [May 2015] -.

Solution

15

X(s) and X (ω)=1

State convolution integral. [May 2015],May 2013,2015-.The
convolution of two continuous time signals x1(t) and x2(t) is defined as,
x3(t) = ∫∞ x1(λ) x2(t-λ)
16 -∞
Where,
x3(t) is the signal obtained by convolving x1(t) and x2(t) λ is a dummy variable used for
integration.
Symbol * indicates convolution operation.
Draw the block diagram of the LTI system described By [No 2014] -.

Solution
17

s Y(s) + Y (s) = 0.1 X (s)

Find y(n) = x (n-1) * δ (n-2). [Nov 2014] -.
Solution
18 Given that, y(n) = x (n-1) * δ (n-2)
= ∑∞ 𝑥(𝑚 − 1𝛿(𝑛 − 𝑚 + 2)
−∞
 REGULATION: 2021

= 𝑥(𝑚 − 1𝛿(𝑛 − 𝑚 + 2)
= x (n+2-1)
= x (n+1)
State the necessary and sufficient condition for an LTI CT system to be causal.
[May 2014, 2015] -.
A system said to be causal if the output of the system at any time‘t’ depends only on the present
19
input, past inputs and past outputs but does not depend on the future inputs and outputs.
If the system output at any time t depends on future inputs or outputs then the system is called a
non-causal.
List the properties of convolution integral. [Nov 2014]- .
The convolution of continuous time signals will satisfy the following properties,
Commutative property:
x1(t) * x2(t) = x2(t) * x1(t)
Associative property:
20
[x1(t) * x2(t)]* x3(t) = x1(t) * [x2(t) * x3(t)]
Distributive property:
x1(t) * [x2(t) + x3(t)] = [x1(t) * x2(t)] + [x1(t) * x3(t)]

State the significance of impulse response. [Nov 2014]- .let, x

(t) = input of a LTI CT system
y (t) = output of the LTI CT system for the input x (t) h (t) = Impulse response
now, the response y (t) of the CT system is given by convolution of input and impulse response.
y (t) = x (t) * h (t) = ∫∞ 𝑥(𝜆) (𝑡 − 𝜆)𝑑𝜆
−∞
21 When the input to a continuous time system is a unit impulse signal δ (t) then the output is called
an impulse response of the system and it is denoted by h(t).
Impulse response, h (t) = δ (t)

Find the differential equation relating the input and output a CT System represented by
[May 2014] -.

22
 REGULATION: 2021

On cross multiplying the above equation, (jΩ)2 Y (jΩ) + 8 jΩ Y (jΩ) + 4 Y (jΩ) = 4 X (jΩ)
On taking inverse Fourier Transform of the above equation,

List and draw the basic elements for the block diagram Representation of the CT system.
[Nov 2012, 2013] -.

23

What is the condition for a LTI system to be stable? [May 2013,2015]-. For
an LTI system, the condition for BIBO stability can be transformed to a condition on
impulse response, h (t). For BIBO stability of an LTI continuous time system, the integral of
24 impulse response should be finite.
∫∞ | (𝑡)|𝑑𝑡 < ∞
−∞

What is the relationship between input and output of an LTI system?(or)

What are the conditions for a system to be LTI system? -.
Input and output of an LTI system are related by,
∞
25 y (t) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑟) (𝑡 − 𝑟)
−∞
It is a convolution.

PART-B
Q.N
Questions
o
 REGULATION: 2021

A causal LTI system having a frequency response H (jΩ) =1/ jΩ+3 is producing an
output y (t) = e-3t u(t) – e-4t u(t) for a particular input x (t). Determine x (t). (13M) [May
2017] -.
Solution
Given that,

y (t) = e-3t u(t) – e-4t u(t)

Determine x (t)
y (t) = e-3t u(t) – e-4t u(t)
Taking Fourier transform of above equation,

1.

(5M)

(5M)
Taking inverse Fourier transform
x (t) = e-4t u(t) (3M)

Realize the given system in parallel form (13M) [May 2017] -.

Solution
REGULATION: 2021

Given that,

Factorize the above equation

By partial fraction expansion technique,

if s = -1 A = -1/6

if s = -3 B = -3/2

if s = -4 C=2 (7M)

Parallel form
 REGULATION: 2021

(6M)
Convolution of the following two signals:
x (t) = 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒖 (𝒕) and h (t) = u (t+3) (16M)[Nov 2016] -.

Solution

Given that, x (t) = 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒖 (𝒕) and h (t) = u(t+3)

3
Let, y (t) = x (t) * h (t) (4M)

By definition of convolution,

𝜆=𝑡
y (t) = ∫ 𝑥 (𝜆)𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜆)𝑑𝜆
𝜆=−3 1 2
 REGULATION: 2021
𝜆=𝑡
y (t) = ∫ 𝑒−3𝜆𝑒−3(𝑡−𝜆)𝑑𝜆
𝜆=−3

𝜆=𝑡
y (t) = ∫ 𝑒−3𝜆𝑒−3𝑡𝑒3𝜆𝑑𝜆
𝜆=−3

y (t) = 𝑒−3𝑡 ∫𝜆=𝑡 𝑒−3𝜆𝑒3𝜆𝑑𝜆 (6M)

𝜆=−3

𝜆=𝑡
= 𝑒−3𝑡 ∫ 𝑒−3𝜆+3𝜆𝑑𝜆
𝜆=−3

𝜆=𝑡
= 𝑒−3𝑡 ∫ 𝑑𝜆
𝜆 =−3

= 𝑒−3𝑡[𝜆]𝑡
−3

= 𝑒−3𝑡𝑢(𝑡 − 3) ; t ≥ -3

y(t) = 𝒆−𝟑𝒕𝒖(𝒕 + 𝟑)𝒖(𝒕 + 𝟑)

A system is described by the differential equation

Find the transfer function and the Output signal y (t) for x (t) = δ (t). (16M)[Nov 2016]-
.
4
Solution
on taking the Laplace transform of the above equation
s2 Y(s) + 6s Y (s) + 8 Y (s) = s X(s) + X (s)
Y(s) [ s2 + 6s + 8 ] = X(s) [ s + 1]
REGULATION: 2021

(6M)
By partial fraction expansion technique,

If s = -2 A = -1/2
If s = -4 B = 3/2
Taking inverse Laplace transforms,

Response of the system

Y (s) = X (s) H (s) (5M)

(5M)
 REGULATION: 2021

Solve the differential equation (D2 + 5D + 4) y (t) = D x(t) using the input x (t) = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕

and with initial condition y (0) = 0 and y’(t) = 1(10 marks)[May 2015]R13, Nov 2011, Nov

2014-.
Solution
Given that, (D2 + 5D + 4) y (t) = D x(t)
Input x (t) = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕
Taking the inverse Laplace transform

At initial condition input x (t) = 0

The given system equation is,

5
Taking Laplace transform of the above equation,
s2 Y(s) – s y(0) – y’(0) + 5[s Y (s) – y(0)] + 4 Y (s) = s X(s) – x (0)

Substituting initial values,

s2 Y(s) – s (0) – 1 + 5[s Y (s) – 0] + 4 Y (s)= s X(s) – 1

s2 Y(s) + 5 s Y (s) + 4 Y (s) = s X(s)

(5)
 REGULATION: 2021

If s = -1 A = -1/3
If s = -2 B=1
If s = -4 C = -2/3

Taking inverse Laplace transforms,

y (t) = −𝟏 𝒆−𝒕𝒖(𝒕) + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒖(𝒕) − 𝟐 𝒆−𝟒𝒕𝒖(𝒕) (5M)
𝟑 𝟑

Draw the block diagram representation for

(6M)[May 2015]-.

Solution Direct form – I

6 Given that,
6 4
.

(3M)
REGULATION: 2021

(3M)
 REGULATION: 2021

Using graphical representation, find the response of the system whose Impulse response is,
h (t) = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒖 (𝒕) foran input, (8 Marks) [May 2016] -.

(2M)

(3M)

(3M)

8 Realize the following is indirect form II. (8 marks) [May 2016] -BTL6
REGULATION: 2021

(3M)

(2M)
 REGULATION: 2021

(3M)
Determine frequency response and impulse response for the system described by the
following differential equation. Assume zero initial conditions. (6 Marks) [May 2016]-
.

(3M)
 REGULATION: 2021

(3M)

Convolve the following signals x (t) = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟐) and h (t) = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒖(𝒕) (16 marks) [Nov
2015] May 2010-.

10

(6M)

(6M)
 REGULATION: 2021

(4M)
Define convolution integral and derive its equation (8 marks) (Nov 2013)
What is impulse response? Show that the response of an LTI system is convolution
integral of its impulse response with input
signal? (Nov 2012) –.

Solution
In an LTI continuous time system, the response y(t) of the system for an
arbitrary input
x (t) is given by convolution of input x (t) with impulse response h (t) of the system. It
is expressed as,
y (t) = x (t) * h (t)
y (t) = ∞ 𝑥(𝜆) (𝑡 − 𝜆)𝑑𝜆
∫ −∞
Where * represents convolution operation
11
Proof (3M)
Let y (t) be the response of system H for an input x (t)
y (t) = ∞ 𝑥(𝜆)𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜆)𝑑𝜆
y (t) = ∞ 𝐻 𝑥(𝜆)𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜆)𝑑𝜆
∫∫ −∞
−∞
y (t) = ∞ 𝑥(𝜆) 𝐻 {𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜆)}𝑑𝜆
∫ −∞
y (t) = ∞ 𝑥(𝜆) (𝑡 − 𝜆)𝑑𝜆 (5M)
∫ −∞
The above equation represents the convolution of input x (t) with the impulse response h(t)
to yield the output y (t).
Hence it is proved that the response y (t) of LTI continuous time system for an arbitrary
input x (t) is given by convolution of input x (t) with impulse response h(t) of the system.
 REGULATION: 2021

PART-C
Q.N Questions
o
Using Laplace transform determine the response of the system described by the equation
with initial conditions y(0) = 0 ; dy(t)/dt = 1 for the input x (t) = e-2t u(t). (15M)[May 2017]
-.

Solution
Taking the Laplace transform

At initial condition input x (t) = 0 The given system equation is,

s2 Y(s) – s y(0) – y’(0) + 5[s Y (s) – y(0)] + 4 Y (s) = s X(s) – x (0)

Substituting initial values,
s2 Y(s) – s (0) – 1 + 5[s Y (s) – 0] + 4 Y (s) = s X(s) – 1 (4)
s2 Y(s) + 5 s Y (s) + 4 Y (s) = s X(s)

By partial fraction expansion technique,

If s = -1 A = -1/3
If s = -2 B=1
If s = -4 C = -2/3 (8)
Taking inverse Laplace transforms,
 REGULATION: 2021

(3)

The input-output of a causal LTI system are related by the differential equation

i. Find the impulse response h (t)

ii. Find the response y (t) of the system if x (t) = u (t)
Use Fourier transform(15 marks) [Nov 2015,] Nov 2012-.

Solution
Given that,

(6M)
 REGULATION: 2021

Response of the system

Given that, x (t) = u (t)
Taking inverse Fourier transform
X (jΩ) = 1
𝑗Ω
Y (jΩ) = X(jΩ) H (jΩ)

If jΩ = 0 (4M)
A = 0.25
If jΩ = -2
B = -0.5
If jΩ = -4
C = 0.25

By taking inverse Fourier transform

y (t) = 0.5 u(t) – 0.5 𝒆−𝟐𝒕𝒖(𝒕) + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒆−𝟒𝒕𝒖(𝒕) (5M)

Find the response y(t) of a continuous time system using Laplace transform with transfer
function

3
for an input x (t) = e-t u(t). (15M)[Nov 2016] -.
Solution
Response of the system
y (t) = x (t) h (t)
Y (s) = X (s) H (s)
REGULATION: 2021
REGULATION: 2021

x (t) = e-t u(t)

Taking Laplace transform of the above equation

(3M)
By partial fraction expansion technique

If s = -1 A=½
If s = -2 B = -1
If s = -3 C=½ (5M)

Taking inverse Laplace transforms,

(7M)
 REGULATION: 2021

UNIT IV- ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

Baseband signal Sampling – Fourier Transform of discrete time signals (DTFT) – Properties of
DTFT - Z Transform & Properties
PART A
Q.N Questions
o
Define sampling theorem. (May 2019)-.
 Sampling is a process in which a continuous signal is converted into a sequence of
discrete samples, with each sample representing the amplitude of the signal at a particular instant
of time.

Fs > 2 Fm

 In this process, it is necessaryto choose the sampling rate properly. So, the
sampling theorem stated that,
 A bandwidth signal which has no spectral components above the frequency fm Hz is
uniquely determine by its values at uniform intervals less than ½ fm seconds apart.

Write the relationship between DTFT and Z transform. (May

2019)-. Solution

TheDTFTofadiscretetimesignalx(n) isgivenasX(ejw) =2ej2w +3+4e-jw -2e-j2w. Find the

3 time domain signal x (n). (Nov 2018)-.
Solution
 REGULATION: 2021

x (n) = {2, 3, 4, -1}

List the ROC properties of Laplace Transform (Nov 2017)-.ROC

doesn’t has any pole because it cannot include a pole.
ROC is a strip parallel to jω axis.
4
If the ROC includes the axis σ = 0, Fourier transform exits.
For right handed signal, ROC is given by Re (s) > σ.

Find the z – transform of a sequence x (n) = cos (nωT) u (n) (Nov 2017)-.
Solution
Given that, x (n) = cos (nωT) u(n)
By the definition of z – transform

Using infinite geometric series sum formula

 REGULATION: 2021

What is the z transform of a unit step sequence? [May 2017]R13-.

Solution
Given that, unit step sequence
x (n) = u (n)
6

Find x (∞) of the signal for with the z-transform is given by [May 2017]-.

x (∞)=0
Find the nyquist rate of the signal x (t) = sin 200 πt – cos 100 πt (May 2018, Nov 2016)-
.
Solution
Given that,
x (t) = sin 200 πt – cos 100 πt
8
2πF1 = 200 π F1 = 100
2πF2 = 100 F2 = 50
Nyquist sampling rate Fs = 2 Fmax
Fs = 2 * 100 Fs = 200 Hz.

Find the z transform of the signal and associated ROC..x(n) =

[2, -1, 3, 0, 2] (Nov 2016)-.

Solution
9
From the given sequence,
x (-2) = 2, x (-1) = -1, x (0) = 3, x (1) = 0, x (2) = 2
Definition of z – Transform,
 REGULATION: 2021

X (z) = 2z2 – z + 3 + 2z-2

The ROC is entire z – plane except z = 0 and z = ∞

Write the condition for existence of DTFT. [May 2016] -.

DTFT
The Fourier transform of discrete signal is called Discrete time Fourier Transform

10

Find the final value of the given signal, [May 2016]-.

Solution

11

State the need for sampling. [Nov 2015] -.

The sampling is needed for processing of continuous time signal using its sampled version of
12 digital systems.
When sampling frequency Fs is equal to 2Fmax , the sampling rate is called nyquist rate.
REGULATION: 2021
 REGULATION: 2021

Find the z – Transform and its associated ROC for, x(n) = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4} [Nov 2015]
-.
Solution
Given that, x(n) = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}
From the given sequence,
x (-3) = 1, x (-2) = -1, x (-1) = 2, x (0) = 3, x (1) = 4
13 Definition of z – Transform,

X (z) = z3 – z2 + 3z + 3 + 4z-1
The ROC is entire z – plane except z = 0 and z = ∞

Determine the nyquist sampling rate for, x(t) = sin (200 πt) + 3 sin² (120πt) [May 2015] -
.
Solution
Given that, x(t) = sin (200 πt) + 3 sin² (120πt)
x1 (t) = sin (200 πt)
14
2πF1 = 200 π F1 = 100
x2 (t) 3 sin² (120πt)
2πF2 = 120 π F2 = 60
Nyquist sampling rate Fs = 2 Fmax
Fs = 2 * 100
Fs = 200 Hz.
List out the methods for finding the inverse z –Transform. [May 2015] -.They
are three methods for finding inverse z – transform
Long division method
15
Partial fraction method
Residue method

Find the DTFT of x (n) = δ (n) + δ (n-1) [Nov 2014] -.

16
Solution
 REGULATION: 2021

State and prove the time folding property of z- Transform. [Nov 2014]= .

Time reversal property

If z transform of x (n) = X(z)
x (-n) = X (z-1)
Proof
By definition of z – transform

17

State sampling theorem. [May 2015,2010] -.

A band limited continuous time signal with maximum frequency Fm can be fully recovered from
its samples provided that the sampling frequency Fs is greater than or equal to twice the
18
maximum frequency Fm.
Fs > 2 Fm

19 What is meant by ROC of z – Transform? [May 2015]-.

 REGULATION: 2021

Write a note on ROC. [Nov 2014]

The z – Transform is an infinite power series, it exists only for those values of z for which the
series converges. The region of convergence of X (z) is the set of all values of z, for which X (z)
attains a finite value.
Every X (z) there will be a set of values of z for which X (z) can be computed. Such a set of
values will lie in a particular region of z – plane and this region is called Region of Convergence
(ROC) of X (z).

What is aliasing? [May 2013,2016,Nov 2013,2014] -.

The phenomenon of high frequency component getting the identity of low frequency component
during sampling is called aliasing.
20
Due to overlap of frequency spectrum, the high frequency components get the identity of low
frequency components. This phenomenon is called aliasing.

What is an anti – aliasing filter? [May 2014] -.

A continuous time signal with large bandwidth can be band limited by passing through a filter
before sampling. When the frequency range of the output signal of the filter is chosen to prevent
21
aliasing due to sampling, the filter is called anti-aliasing filter.
in order to avoid aliasing the sampling frequency Fs should be greater than twice the maximum
frequency Fm of continuous time signal.

State the multiplication property of DTFT. [May 2014] -.

Multiplication property of DTFT
Z transform of x1(n) = X1(ejω)
Z transform of x2(n) = X2(ejω)
22 The complex convolution theorem state that

v is the dummy variable used for contour integration.

23 Define unilateral and bilateral z – Transform. [Nov 2013,May 2016] -.

 REGULATION: 2021

Find the z – Transform and its associated ROC for x (n) = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4} [Nov 2015,
2016] -.
From the given sequence,
x (-3) = 1, x (-2) = -1, x (-1) = 2, x (0) = 3, x (1) = 4
Definition of z – Transform,
24

X (z) = z3 – z2 + 2z + 3 + 4z¯¹
The ROC is entire z – plane except z = 0 and z = ∞

Define circularly folded sequences..

25 A circularly folded sequence is represented as x((-n))N. It is obtained by plotting x(n) in
clockwise direction along the circle.

PART-B
Q.N
Questions
o
State and explain sampling theorem both in time domain and frequency domain with
necessary quantitative analysis and illustrations. (10 marks & 16 marks)
(or )State and prove sampling theorem for a band limited signal. (16 marks)
[May 2017]R13, [May 2016] R13, [Nov 2015] R13[Nov 2014]R13
[Nov 2012, Nov 2015, 2014, 2012, 2011]R08-.
1
Base band sampling
The term base band signal is used to indicate the unmodulated signal which has the original
frequency components. Therefore a signal in its original form is called base band sampling. The
sampling of unmodulated or original signal is called base band sampling.
Sampling
REGULATION: 2021

The sampling is the process of conversion of a continuous time signal into a discrete time signal.
The sampling is performed by taking samples of continuous time signal at definite intervals of
time.
Periodic or uniform sampling
The time interval between two successive samples will be same and such type of sampling is
called periodic or uniform sampling.

(5)
Sampling time
The time interval between two successive samples is called sampling time (or sampling period or
sampling interval), denoted as T.
Sampling frequency
The inverse of sampling period is called sampling frequency (or sampling rate), and it is denoted
by Fs.
Let x (t) is the continuous time signal x (n) is the discrete time signal
The relation between x (n) and xa (t) can be expressed as,
x (n) = xa(t) at t = nT
x (nT) = xa(n/Fs)
T is the sampling period
Fs is the sampling or sampling frequency
The relation between frequency of analog and discrete time signal is,

The range of frequency of discrete time signal is,

-1/2 ≤ f ≤ 1/2
REGULATION: 2021

(3)
Alias
Infinite number of higher frequency continuous time signals will be represented by a single
discrete time signal. Such signals are called alias
Aliasing
The phenomenon of high frequency component getting the identity of low frequency component
during sampling is called aliasing
Folding frequency
Sampling an analog signal with frequency F by choosing a sampling frequency Fs such that Fs/2
> F will not result in alias. But sampling frequency is selected such that Fs/2 < F that the
frequency above Fs/2 will have alias with frequency below Fs/2. Hence the point of reflection is
Fs/2, and the frequency Fs/2 is called folding frequency.
For unique representation of analog signal with maximum frequency Fmax, the sampling
frequency should be greater than 2Fmax.
To avoid aliasing Fs ≥ 2Fmax. (4)
When the sampling frequency Fs is equal to 2 Fmax, the sampling rate is called Nyquist rate.

Sampling theorem
A band limited continuous time signal with maximum frequency Fm can be fully recovered from
its samples provided that the sampling frequency Fs is greater than or equal to twice the
maximum frequency Fm.
Fs > 2 Fm
Frequency spectrum of Discrete Time Signal
For Fourier transform X(ejω) of a signal x (n) represents the frequency content of x (n). the
signal decomposed into its frequency components. Hence X(ejω) is called frequency spectrum of
discrete time signal or signal spectrum.
X(ejω) is a complex function of ω the frequency spectrum can be divided into two components,
Magnitude spectrum
Phase spectrum
Aliasing in frequency spectrum due to sampling
Let x (t) be an analog signal and X (jΩ) be Fourier transform of x (t). The definition of
continuous time inverse Fourier transform,

Let x (nT) be a discrete time signal obtained by sampling x (t) with sampling period T, therefore
 REGULATION: 2021

The frequency spectrum of a discrete time signal obtained by sampling continuous time signal
will be sum of frequency shifted and amplitude scaled spectrum continuous time signal.
In order to avoid aliasing the sampling frequency Fs should be greater than twice the maximum
frequency Fm of continuous time signal.
Fs > 2 Fm
Anti-aliasing filter (4)
A continuous time signal with large bandwidth can be band limited by passing through a filter
before sampling. When the frequency range of the output signal of the filter is chosen to prevent
aliasing due to sampling, the filter is called anti-aliasing filter.
Signal Reconstruction
If the sampling frequency Fs > 2 Fm, then the spectrum X(ejω) of the sampled continuous time
signal will have aliased components of the spectrum X (jΩ) of original continuous time signal.
The aliasing of spectral components prevents the recovery of original signal x (t) from the
sampled signal x (t).

State and prove the following properties of DTFT

i.Differentiation in frequency
2.
ii.Convolution in frequency domain (13M)[May 2017] -.
Differentiation in frequency
REGULATION: 2021

Convolution in frequency domain

By using the Fourier transform in discrete signal

(7M)
The Fourier transform of the convolution of x1 (n) and x2 (n) is equal to the product of
 REGULATION: 2021

X1 (ejω) and X2 (ejω). it means that if we convolve two signals in time domain, it is equivalent
to multiplying their spectra in frequency domain.
Proof

(6M)
Discuss the effect of under sampling a signal using necessary diagrams. (5 marks)
[Nov 2016] -.

In signal processing, under sampling or band pass sampling is a technique where one samples a
3 band pass-filtered signal at a sample rate below its Nyquist rate (twice the upper cutoff
frequency), but is still able to reconstruct the signal. (2M)
When one under samples a band pass signal, the samples are indistinguishable from the samples
of a low-frequency alias of the high-frequency signal. Such sampling is also known as band pass
sampling, harmonic sampling, IF sampling, and direct IF-to-digital conversion.
 REGULATION: 2021

(3M)
In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete- time
signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous signal) to a
sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).
A sample is a value or set of values at a point in time and/or space.
A sampler is a subsystem or operation that extracts samples from a continuous signal.
A theoretical ideal sampler produces samples equivalent to the instantaneous value of the
continuous signal at the desired points.

Find the z-transform of x (n) = an u (n) – bn u (-n-1) and specify its ROC. (8 marks)
[Nov 2016]- .
By the definition of z – transform,

X (z) = ∑∞ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧−𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
x (n) = an u(n) – bn u (-n-1) (3M)
4.
X (z) = ∑∞ {an u(n) – bn u (−n − 1)}𝑧−𝑛
𝑛=−∞
Taking z transform of the signal,

(2M)
Hence the condition for convergence of an u(n) is 0 < az-1 < 1 i.e., z > a
 REGULATION: 2021

Hence the condition for convergence of bn u(-n-1) is 0 < az-1 < 1 i.e., z < b
(3M)
ROC

The term z = b represents a circle of radius b in z-plane and

term z = a represents a circle of radius a in z-plane.

Give the relation between DTFT and z- Transform. (5 marks)[Nov 2016]-.

Solution

The z – transform of a discrete time signal x (n) is defined as,

By the definition of z – transform,

The Fourier transform of a discrete time signal x (n) is defined as,

5
By the definition of DTFT,

(3M)
The X(z) can be viewed as a unique representation of the signal x (n) in the complex
z – plane. in z-plane, the point z = ejω, represents a point with unit magnitude and having a
phase of ω. the range of frequency of discrete time signal ω is 0 to 2π.
 REGULATION: 2021

Hence, the points on unit circle in z-plane are given by, z = ejω . When ω is varies
from 0 to 2π. (2M)
It is important to note that X(z) exists for z = ejω if unit circle is included in
ROC of X(z). Therefore the Fourier transform can be obtained from z-transform by
evaluating X(z) at z = ejω , if and only if ROC of X(z) includes the unit circle.

State and prove the time shifting property and time reversal property of Z-transform.
(8 marks)[Nov 2016] -.
Time shifting property (4M)
Let DTFT of x (n) = X (ejω)
x (n - m) = e-jωm X(ejω)
x (n + m) = ejωm X(ejω)
This relation means that if a signal shifted in time domain by m samples,
its magnitude spectrum remains unchanged.
Proof
By definition of Fourier transform,

Time reversal property (4M)

If z transform of x (n) = X(z)
x (-n) = X (z-1)
Proof
By definition of z – transform
 REGULATION: 2021

What is aliasing? Explain the steps to be taken to avoid aliasing.

(6 marks)[May 2016]R13, Nov 2012-.
Aliasing (3M)
 The phenomenon of high frequency component getting the identity of low
frequency component during sampling is called aliasing.
 Due to overlap of frequency spectrum, the high frequency components get the
identity of low frequency components. This phenomenon is called aliasing.
Folding frequency
Sampling an analog signal with frequency F by choosing a sampling
frequency Fs such that Fs/2 > F will not result in alias. But sampling frequency is
selected such that Fs/2 < F that the frequency above Fs/2 will have alias with
frequency below Fs/2. Hence the point of reflection is Fs/2, and the frequency Fs/2
is called folding frequency.
7.
For unique representation of analog signal with maximum frequency Fmax,
thesampling frequency should be greater than 2Fmax.
To avoid aliasing Fs ≥ 2Fmax.
When the sampling frequency Fs is equal to 2 Fmax, the sampling rate is
called Nyquist rate.
Sampling theorem (3M)
A band limited continuous time signal with maximum frequency Fm
can be fully recovered from its samples provided that the sampling
frequency Fs is greater than or equal to twice the maximum frequency Fm.
Fs > 2 Fm
Anti-aliasing filter
A continuous time signal with large bandwidth can be band limited by passing
through a filter before sampling. When the frequency range of the output signal of the
 REGULATION: 2021

filter is chosen to prevent aliasing due to sampling, the filter is called anti-aliasing
filter.

State and prove the following theorems:

(i) Convolution theorem of DTFT(8 marks)
(ii) Initial value theorem of z – Transform. (8 marks)
[May 2013] -.

Convolution theorem of DTFT (8M)

If DTFT of x1 (n) = X1 (ejω) DTFT of x2 (n) = X2 (ejω)

x1 (n) * x1 (n) = X1 (ejω) X1 (ejω)

The Fourier transform of the convolution of x1 (n) and x2 (n) is equal to the product
of X1 (ejω) and X2 (ejω). It means that if we convolve two signals in time domain, it
is equivalent to multiplying their spectra in frequency domain.
Proof
By the definition of Fourier transform,
8
 REGULATION: 2021

Initial value theorem of z – Transform (8M)

Let x (n) be a one sided signal defined in the range 0 ≤ n ≤ ∞.

If z – transform x (n) = X (z)

Then the initial value of an x (n) [i.e., x (0)],
x (0) = lim 𝑋(𝑧)
𝑧− ∞
Proof
By the definition of z - transform,

Find the DTFT of x (n) (5 marks) [May 2015]R13-.

(3M)
 REGULATION: 2021

(2M)

Using suitable z – Transform properties find X(z) (6 marks)[May 2015] –.

Solution
Given that,

10

(3)

(3M)
 REGULATION: 2021

PART-C

Q.N Questions
o
Determine the z-transform of the following signal and plot the ROC.
i. x (n) = an u(n)
ii. x (n) = -an u(-n-1)(15 marks) [May 2015]-.

Solution
Given that, x (n) = an u (n) (5M)

By the definition of z – transform

u (n) = 1 ; for n ≥ 0

0;n<0

Using infinite geometric series sum formula

 REGULATION: 2021

Poles are at z = a (2M)

ROC:
The term x (n) = an u (n) converges if z > a (5M)
Given that, x (n) = -an u (-n-1)
By the definition of z – transform
u (n) = 1 ; for n ≥ 0
0;n<0

Poles are at z = a
ROC:
The term x (n) = -an u (-n-1) converges if (3)
z>a

2. Explain in detail properties of DTFT.(15 marks)[May 2015] -.

REGULATION: 2021

Properties of DTFT
Linearity (2M)
The linearity property of Fourier transform states that the Fourier transform of
a linear weighted combination of two or more signals is equal to the similar linear
weighted combination of the Fourier transform of the individual signals.
DTFT of x (n) = X (ejω)
DTFT of x1 (n) = X1 (ejω)
DTFT of x2 (n) = X2 (ejω)
a x1 (n) + b x2 (n) = a X1 (ejω) + b X2 (ejω)
Time shifting property (4M)
Let DTFT of x (n) = X (ejω)
x (n - m) = e-jωm X(ejω)

x (n + m) = ejωm X(ejω)

This relation means that if a signal shifted in time domain by m samples, its
magnitude spectrum remains unchanged.
Proof
By definition of Fourier transform

Convolution theorem of DTFT (4M)

If DTFT of x1 (n) = X1 (ejω)
DTFT of x2 (n) = X2 (ejω)
REGULATION: 2021

x1 (n) * x1 (n) = X1 (ejω) X1 (ejω)

The Fourier transform of the convolution of x1 (n) and x2 (n) is equal to the product of X1 (ejω)
and X2 (ejω). It means that if we convolve two signals in time domain, it is equivalent to
multiplying their spectra in frequency domain.
Proof
By the definition of Fourier transform,

Differentiation in frequency (5M)

If DTFT of x (n) = X (ejω), then

Proof
By the definition of Fourier transform,
 REGULATION: 2021

Time reversal property

If DTFT transform of x (n) = X (ejω)
x (-n) = X (𝑒−𝑗𝜔𝑛)
Proof
By definition of z – transform

Find inverse z – Transform of X(z)

For (i) ROC:z > 0.75 and

3. z < 0.5 (15 marks) [Nov 2014] -.
Solution
Given that,

Multiplying both side on z2 we get,

REGULATION: 2021

Factorize the above equation

(4)
if z = 0.75 A = 0.8

if z = -0.5 B = - 0.8
The poles of X (z) are at, z = 0.75 and z = -0.5 (3M)

(4M)
The specified ROC is exterior of the circle whose radius corresponds to
the largest pole, hence x (n) will be a causal signal (right sided).
Let take the inverse z – transform of X (z) to get x (n) as causal. x (n) = 0.8 (0.75)n u (n) – 0.8
(-0.5)n u (n)

The specified ROC is interior of the circle whose radius corresponds to

the smallest pole, hence x (n) will be an anti-causal signal (left sided).
REGULATION: 2021

Let take the inverse z – transform of X (z) to get x (n) as causal. x (n) = - 0.8 (0.75)n u (-n-1) +
0.8 (-0.5)n u (-n-1) (4M)
 REGULATION: 2021

UNIT V- LINEAR TIME INVARIANT-DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS

Impulse response – Difference equations-Convolution sum- Discrete Fourier Transform and Z
Transform Analysis of Recursive & Non-Recursive systems-DT systems connected in series and
parallel.
PART A
Q.N Questions
o
Determine the Z-Transform of the following two signals. Note that the Z-Transform for
both have the same algebraic expression and differ only in the ROC. (May
2019)-.

1.

Find the initial and final value of the function, (May 2019)-.

2.
 REGULATION: 2021

The input x (n) and output y (n) of a discrete time LTI system is given as x (n) = {1, 2, 3, 4}
and y (n) =
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. Find the impulse response h (n). (Nov 2018)-.

X (z) = 1 + 2 z-1 + 3 z-2 + 4 z-3

Y (z) = z-1 + 2 z-2 + 3 z-3 + 4 z-4

Find the difference equation representation of the system. (Nov 2018)-.

4.
Solution
Difference equation,
y (n-2) + 2 y (n-1) + 4 y (n) = x (n-1)

Write the condition for stability of a DT-LTI system with respect to the Position
of poles. (Nov 2017)-.
Solution
LTI system is stable,
5 ∑∞ | (n)| < ∞ Absolutely
integral.n=−∞
ROC of H (s)
An LTI system is stable if and only if ROC of the system function H (s) include jω axis.

Realize the difference equation y (n) = x (n) – 3 x (n - 1) in direct form – 1 (Nov 2017)-BTL6

What is the necessary and sufficient condition on impulse response for Stability of a
causal LTI system? [May 2017] -.
7 (or)
In termsofROC, statetheconditionforan LTI DT systemtobe Causalandstable. [Nov
2014]R13
Define stability in LTI system. [May 2015]
A stable discrete time system the ROC of impulse response should include the unit circle.
 REGULATION: 2021

Condition for stability

On combining the condition for location of poles and the ROC, for a stable LTI discrete time
system the poles should lie inside the unit circle and the unit circle should be included in ROC of
impulse response of the system.

What is the difference between recursive and non-recursive systems?[May 2017]

Distinguish between recursive and non – recursive systems.[Nov 2015] -.

Recursive systems Non – Recursive systems

A system whose output y (n) at time n A system whose output does not depend on
8 depends on any number of past output values past output but depends only on the present
as well as present and past inputs is called and past input is called non-recursive system.
recursive system.

IIR system are called recursive system FIR system are called non-recursive system
y (n) = y (n-1), y (n-2),…….x (n), x (n-1)…. y (n) = x (n), x (n-1)….

Define the non-recursive system. May 2016]R13-.

Non recursive system.
9
A system whose output does not depend on past output but depends only on the present and past
input is called non-recursivesystem.
FIR systemare called non-recursive system Examples y (n) = x (n), x (n-1)….
Convolve following sequence x (n)={1,2,3} h May 2018, Nov 2016-.
(n)={1,1,2}
Solution
Giventhat, x(n) ={1, 2, 3}&h(n) ={1, 1, 2}

x (n)/ 1 1 2
h (n)
1 1 1 2
10
2 2 2 4

3 3 3 6

y(n) ={1, 3, 7, 7, 6}
 REGULATION: 2021

Given the system function H (z) = 2+3z-1+4z-3-5z-4. Determine impulse

Response h (n). [Nov 2016]R13-.
Solution
11 Giventhat, H (z) = 2+3z-1+4z-3-5z-4 Impulse response
h(n)H (z) = 2+3z-1+4z-3-5z-4

Take the inverse z transform h (n) = {2, 3, 4, -5}

From discrete convolution sum, find the step response in terms of h (n). [May 2016]R13-.
Solution
The Discrete or linear convolution sum can be defined as,
12

Convolve the following signals, x(n) ={1,1,3} and h(n) [Nov 2015] -.
={1,4,-1}
Solution
Given that,
x(n) = {1,1,3} and h(n) = {1,4,-1}

x (n)/ 1 4 -1
h (n)
13 1 1 4 -1

1 1 4 -1

3 3 12 -3

y (n) = {1, 5, 6, 11, -3}

Name the basic building blocks used in LTIDT system block diagram.[May 2015] -.
unit delay INT
x(n) x (n-1)
14
REGULATION: 2021
 REGULATION: 2021

Constant Multiplier
x (n) a x (n)

Signal Adder
x1(n)
x1(n) + x2(n)
x2(n) +

Write the nth order difference equation. [May 2015], [Nov 2014] -.In
general, the time domain representation of an Nth order IIR system is,
y (n) = − ∑𝑁 𝑎𝑚𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑚) + ∑𝑁 𝑏𝑚𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑚)
15 𝑚=1 𝑚=1
The z domain representation of an Nth order IIR system is,
−1 −2 −𝑀

H (z) = 𝑌(𝑧)𝑋(𝑧)= 𝑏0+𝑏1+𝑎

1𝑧 1𝑧−1+𝑎
+𝑏22𝑧𝑧−2+ …….+
+ …….+𝑏 𝑧
𝑎𝑁𝑧𝑀−𝑁

A causal LTI system has impulse response h (n),for which the z – Transform is
H (z) = 𝟏+𝒛¯¹
is the system stable? Explain
(𝟏−𝟎.𝟓𝒛¯¹)(𝟏+𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝒛¯¹)
[Nov 2012, May 2016] -.
Solution
Given that, H (z) = 𝟏+𝒛¯¹

(𝟏−𝟎.𝟓𝒛¯¹)(𝟏+𝟎.𝟐𝟓𝒛¯¹)

16 Multiplying both Nr and Dr by z2 we get,

H (z) = (𝒛−𝟎.𝟓)(𝒛+𝟎.𝟐𝟓)
𝒛²+𝒛

The poles of H (z) lie at z = 0.5 and z = -0.25

When ROC is z > 0.5, the impulse response h (n) is right sided signal.
The ROC includes the unit circle. Hence the system is stable.
The impulse response is right sided signal. Hence the system is causal.

Using z –Transform, check whether the following system is stable,

H (z) = 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒛 [May 2014] -.
𝒛−𝟏/𝟐 𝒛−𝟑
17
Solution
Given that, H (z) = 𝒛
+ 𝟐𝒛
𝒛−𝟏/𝟐 𝒛−𝟑
ROC: 0.5 < z < 3
 REGULATION: 2021

The impulse response h (n) is two sided signal. Since z > 0.5, the term with pole z = 0.5
corresponds to right sided signal. Since z < 3, term with pole z = 3 corresponds to left sided
signal.
H (z) = 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒛
𝒛−𝟏/𝟐 𝒛−𝟑
Take inverse z transform,
h (n) = (0.5)n u(n) – 2 (3)n u(-n-1)
Here the ROC includes the unit circle but one of the pole lie outside the unit circle and
hence the system is unstable.

Define convolution sum with its equation. [Nov 2013] -.

Convolution sum
The Discrete or linear convolution sum can be defined as,
x3 (n) = ∑∞𝑚=−∞ 𝑥1(𝑛) 𝑥2(𝑛 − 𝑚) (or)
x3 (n) = ∑∞
𝑚=−∞
𝑥2(𝑛) 𝑥1(𝑛 − 𝑚)
Where,
18
x3 (n) is the sequence obtained by convolving x1 (n) and x2 (n)
m is a dummy variable
The convolution relation can be expressed as,
x3 (n) = x1 (n) * x2 (n) = x2 (n) * x1 (n)
Where, * indicates convolution operation.

If X(ω) is the DTFT of x (n),what is the DTFT of x* (-n) [May 2013] -.

Solution
By time reversal property,
x (n) = X (ejω),then
19 x (-n) = X (e-jω)
By conjugation property,
x (n) = X (ejω), then
x (n) = X* (e-jω)
*

x* (-n) = X* (ejω)

Give the impulse response of a linear time invariant as h(n) = sin πn. Check whether
the system is stable or not. [Nov 2014]-.
20 Solution
Giventhat, h (n) = sinπn
The condition for the stability of a system is,
 REGULATION: 2021

∑∞ | (n)| <
∞n=−∞

∑∞ | (n)| = ∑∞ |sinπn|
n=−∞ n=−∞

Sin θ lies between -1 and 1 for all θ. The output is bounded for any value of input and therefore the
given system is stable.

Convolve the following two sequences: x (n) = {1,1,1,1,} h (n) = {3,2}[Nov 2012, May 2016] –
.
Solution
Given that, x (n) = {1, 1, 1, 1,} and h (n) = {3, 2}
x (n)/ 1 1 1 1
h (n)

21
3 3 3 3 3

2 2 2 2 2

y (n) = {3, 5, 5, 5, 2}

List the steps involved in linear convolution. [May 2015]R08-.

 Procedure
 change of index
 folding
22
 shifting
 multiplication
 summation

Find the overall impulse response h(n) when two systems h1(n) = u(n)
h2 (n) = δ (n) + 2δ (n-1) are in series. [May 2014]R08-.
Solution
23 Given that, h1 (n) = u (n) and h2 (n) = δ (n) + 2δ (n-1)
Let h (n) be the impulse response of the cascade system. Now h (n) is given by
convolution of h1 (n) and h2(n).
h (n) = h1 (n) * h2 (n)
 REGULATION: 2021

= u (n) * {δ (n) + 2δ (n-1)}

Note : x (n) * δ (n) = x (n)
x (n) * δ (n - 1) = x (n - 1)

= u (n) * δ (n) + 2 u (n) δ (n-1)

h (n) = u (n) + 2 u (n-1)
What is the relationship between Fourier Transform and DFT? –.

Fourier Transform DFT

24  Obtained by performing sampling
 Gives the frequency information operation in both the time and
for an aperiodic signal frequency spectrum
 Discrete frequency spectrum
 Continuous frequency spectrum
State the properties of DFT? –.

• Periodicity
• Linearity and symmetry
• Multiplication of two DFTs
25 • Circular convolution
• Time reversal
• Circular time shift and frequency shift
• Complex conjugate
• Circular correlation
PART B

Q,N Questions
o

Perform convolution to find the response of the system h1 (n) and h2 (n) for the input
sequences x1 (n) and x2 (n) respectively.
x1 (n) = {1, -1, 2,3} h1 (n) = {1, -2, 3, -1}
x2 (n) = {1, 2, 3, 2} h1 (n) = {1, 2, 2} [May 2017] -. (13M)
1
Solution
Given that, x1 (n) = {1, -1, 2,3} h1 (n) = {1, -2, 3, -1}
y (n) = x (n) * h (n)
Where
y (n) is the response of the system
 REGULATION: 2021

x (n) is the input of the system

h (n) is the impulse response of the system
Using linear or tabular convolution (6M)

x1 (n)/ 1 -1 2 3
h1 (n)

1 1 -1 2 3

-2 -2 2 -4 -6

3 3 -3 6 9

-1 -1 1 -2 -3

The response of the system is,

y1 (n) = {1, -3, 7, -5, 1, 7, -3}
Given that, x2 (n) = {1, 2, 3, 2} h1 (n) = {1, 2, 2} (6M)
x (n)/ 1 2 3 2
h11 (n)

1 1 2 3 2

2 2 4 6 4

2 2 4 6 4

The response of the system is,

y (n) = {1, 4, 9, 12, 10, 4}

For a causal LTI system the input x (n) and output y ( n) are related through a difference
equation y (n) – 1/6 y (n-1) – 1/6 y (n-2) = x (n). Determine the frequency response H (ejω)
and the impulse response h (n) of the system.(13) [May 2017] -.
2 Solution
Given that, y (n) – 1/6 y (n-1) – 1/6 y (n-2) = x (n)
Taking the z – transform of the above equation,
Y (z) - 𝑌(𝑧)𝑧−1 − 1 𝑌(𝑧)𝑧−2 = 𝑋(𝑧)
1
6 6
REGULATION: 2021
 REGULATION: 2021

Y (z) {− 1 𝑧−1 − 1 𝑧−2} = 𝑋(𝑧)

6 6
H (z) = 𝑌(𝑧)

𝑋(𝑧)
H (z) = −1 1
(4M)
𝑧−1 −1𝑧−2
6 6
Multiplying both Nr and Dr by z2 we get,
2
H (z) = 𝑧𝑧
−16 −1 6
2
H (z) = 𝑧

−1 (𝑧+1)
6
Frequency response (5M)
put z = ejω
𝑗2𝜔
H (ejω) = 𝑒

−1 (𝑒𝑗𝜔+1)
6
𝑗2𝜔
H (ejω) = −6 𝑒
(𝑒𝑗𝜔+1)
h(n) calculation (4M)
Convolve the following signals,
x (n) = u (n) – u (n-3)
h (n) = 0.5n u(n) (13M)[Nov 2016] -BTL-3
Solution
Given that, x (n) = u (n) – u (n-3)
h (n) = 0.5n u(n) (7M)
Solve x (n) = u (n) – u (n-3)
u(n) u(n-3)

0 1 2 3 4 5…. n 0 1 2 3 4 5 n
u (n) – u (n-3)

0 1 2 3 4 5
 REGULATION: 2021

x (n) = u (n) – u (n - 3)
x (n) = 1 ; for 0 , 0 < n < 2
The Discrete or linear convolution sum can be defined as, (6M)
y (n) = ∑𝑚=−∞
∞
𝑥(𝑚) (𝑛 − 𝑚)
2
y (n) = ∑∞ (1) 𝑢 (𝑛 − 𝑚 + 2)
𝑚=−∞ 2 2
y (n) = ∑𝑛 (1)
𝑚=2 2
Determine whether the given system is stable by finding H (z) and plotting the pole zero
diagrams. y(n) = 2y(n-1)-0.8y(n-2)+x(n)+0.8x(n-1) (13M)[Nov 2016] -. Solution
Given that, y(n) = 2y(n-1)-0.8y(n-2)+x(n)+0.8x(n-1)
Transfer function H (z)
Taking the z – transform of the above equation we get,
Y (z) = 2 Y (z) z-1 – 0.8 Y(z) z-2 + X (z) + 0.8 X (z) z-1
Y (z) - 2 Y (z) z-1 + 0.8 Y(z) z-2 = X (z) + 0.8 X (z) z-1
Y (z) [1 - 2 z-1 + 0.8 z-2 ] = X (z) [ 1+ 0.8 z-1]
−1
H (z) = 1+0.8𝑧 (5M)
1−2𝑧−1+0.8𝑧−2
Multiplying both Nr and Dr by z2, then we get
2
H (z) = 𝑧𝑧2−2𝑧+0.8
+0.8𝑧
Hence, H (z) is called transfer function
Poles and zero
2
H (z) = 𝑧𝑧2−2𝑧+0.8
+0.8𝑧
Factorize the above term we get,
4. H (z) = 𝑧(𝑧+0.8)
(𝑧−1.447)(𝑧−0.552)
The poles of the denominator term are, (5M)
p1 = 1.447, p2 = 0.552
The zero of the numerator term,
z1 = 0 and z2 = -0.8
Pole zero diagrams (3M)
Ima

z - plane unit circle

Re
 REGULATION: 2021

Realize the following system in cascade form,

𝟏+𝟏𝒛¯¹
H (z) = 𝟏 𝟏
𝟓
𝟏 (10 marks) [May 2016] -.
(𝟏− 𝒛−𝟏+ 𝒛−𝟐)(𝟏+ 𝒛¯¹)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Solution
𝟏+𝟏𝒛¯¹
Given that, H (z) = 𝟏 𝟏
𝟓
𝟏
(𝟏− 𝒛−𝟏+ 𝒛−𝟐)(𝟏+ 𝒛¯¹)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
1+1 𝑧¯¹
H1 (z) = 1
5
1
(1− 𝑧−1+ 𝑧−2)
2 3

Using Direct form – II (5M)

x(n) y(n)
+ +
z-
0.5 1/5
+
z-
5

1/3
H2 (z) = (1+114¯¹)
𝑧

x (n) + + y (n)
z
-

-1/4
 REGULATION: 2021

Cascade form (5M)

+ + + +
z z
+ 0.5 -1/4

1/3

Convolve x (n) = {1,1,0,1,1} and h (n) = {1,-2,-3,4} (6M)[May 2016] -.

Solution
Given that,
x (n) = {1,1,0,1,1} and
h (n) = {1,-2,-3,4} (6M)
x1 (n)/
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
h1 (n)

1 1 0 1 1

6 -3 1 1 1 0 1 1

-2 -2 -2 -2 0 -2 -2

-1 -3 -3 -3 0 -3 -3

0 4 4 4 0 4 4

The response of the system is

y (n) = {1, -1, -5, 2, 3, -5, 1, 4}
 REGULATION: 2021

A system is governed by a linear constant coefficient difference Equation,

y (n) = 0.7 y(n-1) – 0.1 y (n-2) + 2 x(n) – x (n-2) find the Output response of the system y (n)
for an x (n) = u(n)
(16 marks) [May 2016] -.
Solution
Given that, y (n) = 0.7 y(n-1) – 0.1 y (n-2) + 2 x(n) – x (n-2)
x (n) = u(n)
y (n) = 0.7 y(n-1) – 0.1 y (n-2) + 2 x(n) – x (n-2)
Taking z – transform of the above equation
Y (z) = 0.7 Y (z) z-1 – 0.1 Y(z) z-2 + 2 X (z) - X (z) z-2
Y (z) - 0.7 Y (z) z-1 + 0.1 Y(z) z-2 = 2 X (z) - X (z) z-2
Y (z) [1 - 0.7 z-1 + 0.1 z-2 ] = X (z) [2 - z-2 ]
H (z) = 𝑌(𝑧) (4M)
𝑋(𝑧)
−2
H (z) = 2 −z

1−0.7𝑧−1+0.1𝑧−2
Multiplying both Nr and Dr by z2
H (z) = 𝑧²−0.7𝑧+0.1
2z²−1

Factorize the above equation

H (z) = 2z²−1
7 (𝑧−0.2)(𝑧−0.5)
Hence above H (z) is called transfer function.

Response of the system

y (n) = x (n) h (n) (7M)
Given input signal, x (n) = u (n)
Taking the z transform of the equation
X (z) = 𝑧
𝑧−1
Y (z) = X (z) H (z)
Y (z) = 𝑧−1
𝑧 (𝑧−0.2)(𝑧−0.5)
2z²−1

𝑌(𝑧)
𝑧 = 2z²−1
(𝑧−0.2)(𝑧−0.5)(𝑧−1)
By the partial fraction expansion technique
𝑌(𝑧)
𝑧 = 2z²−1
(𝑧−0.2)(𝑧−0.5)(𝑧−1) = (𝑧−0.2)
𝐴 + 𝐵
(𝑧−0.5)
+ 𝐶
(𝑧−1)
If z = 0.2 A = -3.833
If z = 0.5 B = 3.33
If z = 1 C = 6.666
𝑌(𝑧)
𝑧 = −3.833
(𝑧−0.2)
+ (𝑧−0.5)
3.33 + 6.666
(𝑧−1) (5M)
 REGULATION: 2021

Y (z) = −3.833𝑧 + 3.33𝑧 + 6.666𝑧

(𝑧−0.2) (𝑧−0.5) (𝑧−1)
Taking the inverse z –transform
y (n) = -3.833 (0.2)n u (n) + 3.33 (0.5)n u (n) + 6.66 (1)n u (n)

Determine the impulse response and step response

y(n) + y(n-1)-2y(n-2) = x (n-1) + 2 x (n-2) (10 marks) [May 2015] -BTL-3
Solution
Given that, y(n) + y(n-1)-2y(n-2) = x (n-1) + 2 x (n-2)
Impulse response
The difference equation system is,
y(n) + y(n-1)-2y(n-2) = x (n-1) + 2 x (n-2)
Taking z transform of the above equation
(z) + Y (z) z – 2 Y(z) z-2 = X (z) z-1 + 2 X (z) z-2
-1

Y (z) [ 1+ z-1 – 2 z-2 ] = X (z) [z-1 + 2 z-2]

H (z) = 𝑌(𝑧)
𝑋(𝑧)
−1 −2
H (z) = 𝑧 + 2𝑧
(5M)
1+𝑧−1−2𝑧−2
Multiplying both Nr and Dr by z2
H (z) = 𝑧+ 2

𝑧2+𝑧−2
Factorize the above term we get
8 H (z) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2)
𝑧+ 2

H (z) = 1

(𝑧−1)
Hence H (z) is called transfer function
Taking the inverse z transform
h (t) = u (n)

Step response
Input, x (n) = u (n) (5M)

X (z) = (𝑧−1)
𝑧

Output response,
Y (z) = X (z) H (z)
Y (z) = 𝑧 1

(𝑧−1) (𝑧−1)

Y (z) = (𝑧−1)
𝑧
2
Taking the inverse z transform we get
y (n) = n u (n)
 REGULATION: 2021

A causal system has x (n) = δ(n) = ¼ δ(n-1)-1/8 δ(n-2) and y (n) = δ(n) – ¾ δ(n-1).find
impulse response and output if x(n) = (1/2)ⁿu(n) (12M)[May 2015] -.
Solution
Given that, x (n) = δ (n) = ¼ δ (n-1)-1/8 δ (n-2) and y (n) = δ (n) – ¾ δ (n-1)
x (n) = (1/2)ⁿ u(n)
Impulse response of the system
x (n) = δ (n) = ¼ δ (n-1)-1/8 δ (n-2)
Taking the z transform of the above equation
X (z) = 1 + 1 𝑧−1 − 1 𝑧−2
4 8
y (n) = δ (n) – ¾ δ (n-1)
Taking the z transform of the above equation (4M)
Y (z) = 1 --3 𝑧−1
4
Transfer function,
H (z) = 𝑌(𝑧)
𝑋(𝑧)
1−−3𝑧−1
H (z) = 1
4
1
1 + 𝑧−1− 𝑧−2
4 8
Multiplying Nr and Dr by z we get, 2

z2−3 𝑧
H (z) = 1
4
1
z2+ 𝑧−
9 4 8
Factorize the above term,
z (z −3)
H (z) = 1
4
1 (4M)
(z− ) (𝑧+ )
4 2
3
4
𝐻 (𝑧) 𝑧= 1) (𝑧) 1)
(z−(z−
4 +2
By using partial fraction expansion technique,
3
4
𝑧 (z−1) (𝑧) 1) (z− + (𝑧+1
𝐻 (𝑧) = (z− = 𝐴 41 𝐵2
4 +2 ) )
if z = ¼ A = −2
3

if z = -1/2 B = 35
2 5
3 3
𝑧 ) (𝑧+1
𝐻 (𝑧) = − 1 +
(z−
2)
24 5
− 𝑧 𝑧
H (z) = 3
1 + 3
1
(z−4) (𝑧+2 )
Taking inverse z transform
𝒏 𝒏
h (n) = −𝟐 (𝟏) 𝒖(𝒏) + 𝟓 (−𝟏) 𝒖(𝒏) (4M)
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
Output response
x (n) = (1/2)ⁿ u(n)
 REGULATION: 2021

X (z) = 𝑧

𝑧−1
2
Y (z) = X (z) Y (z)
3
4
Y(z) = 𝑧 z (z− )
𝑧−1 (z−1)4(𝑧 31)2+ 2
4
𝑧
𝑌(𝑧) = (𝑧 −1)(z−1 (𝑧+
z (z− )) 1 )
2 4 2
By using partial fraction expansion technique,
3
4
𝑧 (𝑧− 1)(z−1 )(𝑧+1 = (z− + (𝑧−1 ) + (𝑧+ 1)
𝑌(𝑧) = z (z− )
2 4 2
) 𝐴1)
4
𝐵
2
𝐶
2
If z = ¼ A=1
If z = ½ B = −1
2

If z = -½ B = 103
1 10

𝑌(𝑧)𝑧 = 1 1)
(z− − (𝑧−
2 1 + (𝑧+
31
2 2
4 1 ) 10 )
Y (z) = 𝑧
− 2
𝑧 + 3
𝑧
(z−1 ) (𝑧 −1) (𝑧 +1)
4 2 2
The output y(n) is obtained by using inverse z transform,
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
y (n) = (𝟏) 𝒖(𝒏) + 𝟏 (𝟏) 𝒖(𝒏) + 𝟏𝟎 (−𝟏)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐

Determine the range of value of the parameter ‘a’ for which the LTI system with impulse
response h (n) = an u (n) is stable. (6 marks) [May 2013] -BTL-3
Solution
Given that,
The condition to be satisfied for the stability of the system is,
∑∞ |ℎ(𝑛)| < ∞
𝑛=−∞

10 h (n) = an u (n)
∑∞ |ℎ(𝑛)| = ∑∞ |𝑎𝑛| (3M)
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=0
The summation of infinite terms in the above equation converges if,
0 < |𝑎| < 1. Hence by using infinite geometric series formula,
∑∞ |ℎ(𝑛)| = 1 (3M)
𝑛=−∞ 1−|𝑎|
Therefore, the constant is stable if a < 1

A LTI system is described by the system function. Specify the ROC Of

H (z) = 𝟑−𝟒𝐳¯¹
and determine h (n) for the following
𝟏−𝟑.𝟓𝐳¯𝟏+𝟏.𝟓𝐳¯²

14 Conditions:
The system is stable
The system is causal
The system is anti-causal. (10 marks) [Nov 2012,May 2016] -BTL-5
REGULATION: 2021
REGULATION: 2021

Solution
Given that, H (z) = 𝟑−𝟒𝒛¯¹

𝟏−𝟑.𝟓𝒛¯𝟏+𝟏.𝟓𝒛¯²
Multiply the z2 both Nr and Dr
2
H (z) = 𝑧2−3.5𝑧+1.5
3𝑧 −4𝑧
Factorize the above equation
H (z) = (𝑧−3)(𝑧−0.5)
𝑧(3𝑧−4)

𝐻(𝑧)
𝑧 = (3𝑧−4)
(𝑧−3)(𝑧−0.5)
By using partial fraction expansion technique
𝑧 = (𝑧−3)(𝑧−0.5)
𝐻(𝑧) (3𝑧−4) 𝐴 + (𝑧−0.5)
= (𝑧−3) 𝐵

if z = 3 A=2
if z = 0.5 B=1
𝐻(𝑧)
𝑧 = 2
(𝑧−3)
+ 1
(𝑧−0.5)
H (z) = 2𝑧
+ 𝑧
(𝑧−3) (𝑧−0.5)
The poles of H(z) are at z = 3 and z = 0.5 (5M)
system is stable
The ROC is stable system should include the unit circle. Therefore ROC is
0.5 < z < 3
H (z) = 2𝑧 + 𝑧
(𝑧−3) (𝑧−0.5)
Taking inverse z transform
h (n) = -2 (3)n u (-n-1) + 0.5n u (n)

Ima

z - Plane

Re

The system is causal

For a causal system the ROC should be exterior of a circle, whose radius is equal to the
magnitude of outermost pole.
REGULATION: 2021
 REGULATION: 2021

h (n) = 2 (3)n u (n) + 0.5n u (n)

jΩ

Re

The system is anti causal

For an anti causal system, the ROC should be interior of a circle, whose radius is equal to
magnitude of innermost pole.
h (n) = -2 (3)n u (-n-1) - 0.5n u (-n-1)

PART-C
Q.N
Questions
o
LTI discrete time system y (n) = 3/2 y(n-1) – ½ y (n-2) + x (n) + x (n-1)
Given an input x (n) = u (n)
Find the transfer function of the system.
Find the impulse response of the system. (15 marks) [Nov 2014] -.
Solution
Given that, y (n) = 3/2 y(n-1) – ½ y (n-2) + x (n) + x (n-1)
Transfer function
The difference equation system is,
y (n) = 3/2 y(n-1) – ½ y (n-2) + x (n) + x (n-1)
1 Taking z transform of the above equation
Y (z) = 3/2 Y (z) z-1 – ½ Y (z) z-2 + X (z) + X (z) z-1
Y (z) - 3/2 Y (z) z-1 + ½ Y (z) z-2 = X (z) + X (z) z-1
Y (z) [ 1- 3/2 z-1 + ½ z-2 ] = X (z) [1 + z-1]
H (z) = 𝑌(𝑧)
𝑋(𝑧)
−1
H (z) = 1−3 1+𝑧
−1+1 −2𝑧
𝑧
2 2
Multiplying both Nr and Dr by z2
H (z) = 𝑧2−𝑧²+𝑧
3 +1 𝑧
2 2
 REGULATION: 2021

H (z) = 𝑧²+𝑧

𝑧2−1.5𝑧+0.5
Factorize the above term we get
H (z) = 𝑧(𝑧+ 1) (7)
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−0.5)
Hence H (z) is called transfer function
By using partial fraction expansion technique,
𝐻 𝑧(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−0.5)
(𝑧+ 1) = (𝑧−1)
𝐴 + (𝑧−0.5)
𝐵

If z =1 A=4
If z = ½ B = -3
𝐻 𝑧(𝑧) = 4
(𝑧−1)
− 3
(𝑧−0.5) (5)
H (z) = 4𝑧
− 3𝑧
(𝑧−1) (𝑧−0.5)
Taking the inverse z transform
h (n) = 4 u (n) – 3 (0.5)n u (n) (3)
Convolve the following signals: x (n) = (1/2)ⁿ¯² u (n-2) and h (n) = u (n+2)
(15 marks) [Nov 2015]R13 .
Solution
Given that, : x (n) = (1/2)ⁿ¯² u (n-2) and h (n) = u (n+2)
𝑛−2
x (n) = (1) 𝑢(𝑛 − 2)
2
𝑛−2
x (n) = (1) ;𝑛 ≥ 2
2
𝑚−2
x (m) = (1) 𝑢(𝑛 − 2)
2
𝑚−2
x (m) = (1) ;𝑚 ≥ 2
2
h (n) = u (n+2) = 1 ; n ≥ -2
2. =0 ; n < -2
h (m) = u (m+2) = 1 ; m ≥ -2
= 0 ; m < -2 (5M)
The Discrete or linear convolution sum can be defined as,
x (n) * h (n) = ∑𝑚=−∞
∞
𝑥(𝑚) ℎ(𝑛 − 𝑚)
𝑚−2
x (n) * h (n) = ∑∞ (1) 𝑢(𝑛 − 𝑚 + 2)
𝑚=−∞ 2 𝑚 −2
= ∑𝑛 (1) (1)
𝑚=2−22 2 𝑚
= (1) ∑𝑛 (1)
−2 2 𝑚=2
𝑚 2 0 1
= (1) ∑𝑛 (1) − (1) − (1)
2 𝑚=0 2 2 2
𝑚 1
= 22 ∑ 𝑛
(1) − 1 − (1) (5M)
𝑚=0 2 2
 REGULATION: 2021

finite geometric series sum formula

𝑵
∑ 𝑪𝒏 = 𝟏 − 𝑪𝑵+𝟏
𝟏−𝑪
𝒏=𝟎

1 𝑛+1

= 4 [1−(1−) − 32]
2 12
𝑛
= 4 [2(1 − (1) (1) − 3]
2 2 2
𝑛−2
x (n) * h (n) = 2 – (1) ; n≥2 (5M)
2

Consider an LTI system with impulse response h (n) = αn u (n) and the input to this system
is x (n) = βn u (n) with α < 1and β < 1. Determine the response y(n).
when α = β
when α ≠ β using DTFT (15 marks) [Nov 2015] -.
Solution
Given that, h (n) = αn u (n)
x (n) = βn u (n)
y (n) is the response of the LTI system
Y (ejω) is the Fourier transform of y (n)
The response y (n) of the system is given by the convolution of x (n) and h (n)
y (n) = x (n) * h (n)
On taking Fourier transform of above equation
Y (ejω) = X (ejω) H (ejω)
By definition of Fourier transform
3. X (ejω) = ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑒−𝑗𝜔𝑛
X (ejω) = ∑∞𝑛=0 βn𝑒−𝑗𝜔𝑛
X (ejω) = ∑∞ (𝛽𝑒−𝑗𝜔 𝑛
𝑛=0 )
Using infinite geometric series sum formula ∑∞ 𝑪𝒏 = 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎 𝟏−𝑪

X (ejω) = 1
(5M)
1−𝛽𝑒−𝑗𝜔
By definition of Fourier transform
H (ejω) = ∑∞𝑛=−∞ ℎ(𝑛)𝑒−𝑗𝜔𝑛
H (ejω) = ∑∞𝑛=0 αn𝑒−𝑗𝜔𝑛
H (ejω) = ∑∞ (𝛼𝑒−𝑗𝜔 𝑛
𝑛=0 )
Using infinite geometric series sum formula ∑∞ 𝑪𝒏 = 𝟏

𝒏=𝟎 𝟏−𝑪
REGULATION: 2021

H (ejω) = 1−𝛼𝑒−𝑗𝜔
1

Y (ejω) = 1 1

1−𝛽𝑒−𝑗𝜔 1−𝛼𝑒−𝑗𝜔
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔
Y (ejω) = 𝑒 𝑒

(𝑒𝑗𝜔−𝛽)(𝑒𝑗𝜔−𝛼)
Condition
α=β
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔
Y (ejω) = 𝑒 𝑒

(𝑒𝑗𝜔−𝛽)2
(5M)
By partial fraction expansion technique
𝑗𝜔
𝑌 𝑒(𝑒𝑗𝜔
𝑗𝜔 = (𝑒𝑗𝜔𝑒−𝛽)2
𝑗𝜔
𝑌 𝑒(𝑒𝑗𝜔
𝑗𝜔 = (𝑒𝑗𝜔𝑒−𝛽)2 = (𝑒𝑗𝜔−𝛽)
𝐴 2 + (𝑒𝑗𝜔−𝛽)
𝐵

if ejω = β A=β
B=1
𝑌 𝑒(𝑒𝑗𝜔
𝑗𝜔
= 𝛽
(𝑒𝑗𝜔−𝛽) 2
+ (𝑒𝑗𝜔−𝛽)
1
𝑗𝜔 𝑗𝜔
𝑌 (𝑒𝑗𝜔) = 𝛽𝑒
+ 𝑒

(𝑒𝑗𝜔−𝛽)2 (𝑒𝑗𝜔−𝛽)
The response y (n) is obtained by taking inverse Fourier transform,
y (n) = n βn u (n) + βn u (n) (5M)